Social Psychology

Question 1

Social psychology

Answer 1

How thoughts feeling and behaviors are influenced by our surroundings.

Question 2

Attributions

Answer 2

are explanations for events / actions including others behaviors.

Question 3

Dispositional attribution:

Answer 3

behavior is determined by internal factors (like ability mood effort traits)

Question 4

Situational attribution

Answer 4

behavior determined by the environment factors external to the person

Question 5

What attribution do we favor?

Answer 5

Dispositional attribution

Question 6

Correspondence bias:

Answer 6

we make dispositional attributions for other behaviors when the situation can better explain the behavior.

Ex even though people were told that the author was instructed to write a pro castro essay (situationsal explanation), they still said the author was pro castor (dispositional attribution)

(more updated fundamental attribution error)

Question 7

Cross cultural differences in correspondence bias

Answer 7

Collective cultures : less likely to focus on situational vs. dispositional
They do still make it, just lesser extent, and more likely to correct it after highlighted

Question 8

Actor observer bias

Answer 8

For other people’s behavior
We make correspondence bias
Cause of behavior : gps isn’t working (situational attribution)
Attribution: that jerk cut in line (dispositional attribution)

For our own behavior
We make the correct situational attribution
Cause of behavior: gps isn’t working
Attribution “”

Question 9

Self Serving Bias

Answer 9

Failure:
Our own
Situational attribution
Others
Dispositional attribution
Success
Our own
Dispositional
Others
Situational attribution

Question 10

Attitudes

Answer 10

Evaluation of a person idea or object
Positive negative or neutral
** people want to hold correct attitudes

Question 11

3 components of attitude

Answer 11

Affect
Cognitive
Behavioral

Question 12

Social psychology looks at
(attitude)

Answer 12

Changing attitudes
Persuasion

Question 13

Attitude persuasion and the Yale Method

Answer 13

Messenger
- Credibility
- attractiveness
Message
- Subtle (important but not obvious)
- Sidedness (helps if people are on your side)
- Timing (primacy vs. recency)
Audience
- Self-esteem
- Intelligence
- All should be more average / medium

Question 14

Yale Method

Answer 14

Explains when a message is persuasive (messenger, message, audience)
Does not tell us about the strength of attitude change

Question 15

Elaboration likelihood model

Answer 15

The model aims to explain different ways of processing stimuli, why they are used, and their outcomes on attitude change.
Central route
Peripheral route

Question 16

Central Route

Answer 16

Critically engaged with material
Based on logic and reasoning
Stronger arguments = better

Attitude change
Resistant to counter persuasion
Longer lasting

Question 17

Peripheral route

Answer 17

Do not critically engage
Heuristics
Who is telling the message
What emotions are associated
Positive characteristics

Attitude change
Susceptible to counter persuasion
Short lasting

Question 18

The foot in the door method

Answer 18

We want to behave in a consistent manner
We want to hold consistent attitudes
If you get someone to agreer to a small favor
Much more loikley to agree to a larger one

Question 19

Door in the face technique

Answer 19

Bigger ask - rejection, smaller ask - accept
Ask for something outlandish, then compromise for something smaller
Other person more willing to compromiser too (social reciprocity)

Question 20

Cognitive dissonance: def

Answer 20

experiencing an uncomfortable mental state because i held two inconsistent attitudes/behaviors/beliefs

Question 21

Cognitive dissonance ex

Answer 21

Things that are important to us cause more cognitiv =e dissonance
Physchologically and physiologically uncomfortable
Bringing future behaviour in line with attitudes (ex. Stop smoking)
Rationalize/ deny discrepant attitudes (8 years, my lungs cna recover)
Add new cognition (smoking helps me deal with depression)
Bring attitudes in line with behaviour (I like R and B)

Question 22

How to change behaviour

Answer 22

Peresausion (Yale and ELM)
Get to agree to simpler task (foot in door technique)
Get them to compromise cause we compromised (door in the face technique)
Create cognitive dissonance

Question 23

Obey

Answer 23

Tendency to do what powerful people tell us to do

Question 24

Milgram’s study of obedience

Answer 24

Rigged student word shock study

People who disobey more
Stronger moral development
Lower in right wing authoritarianism

Obedience is highest when
Experimenter close
Seen as legit
No defiers
Learner was further away

Question 25

Asch experiment (Milgram’s teacher) (conformity)

Answer 25

1 participant, many actors Actors guess wrong on purpose Participant will conform even though they know the answer is wrong 75% conformed one 25% never conformed

Question 26

Conformity is the highest..

Answer 26

Group 3+ people Everyone agrees Feeling incompetent/insecure Admire group status No prior commitment to response Culture emphasizes social respect

Question 27

Types of social influence

Answer 27

Approval Motive: Normative influence: Informational influence:

Question 28

Approval Motive:

Answer 28

want approval from other people

Question 29

Normative influence:

Answer 29

want to be good group members; what are other people doing, we do that in order to fit in. Behavior changes; attitudes remain the same

Question 30

Informational influence:

Answer 30

when you are not sure what behavior is appropriate so you look to others to copy their behavior Look to other for hints as to what reality is Your attitude and behavior changes

Question 31

Social facilitation

Answer 31

What you do well you do well in front of others

Question 32

Social inhibition

Answer 32

What you do not-so-well, you will do worse around others

Question 33

Latane, Williams and Harkins (1979) Slapping experiment

Answer 33

Effort put in Most effort alone Less effort the more people there are Soundproof boxes and blindfold Most effort alone When thought there were more people less effort

Question 34

(groupwork) Social Loafing

Answer 34

Reasons Accountability (easy task) If rewards are spread equally / proportionally The more group members there are, the larger the social loafing Decreases for difficult tasks where efforts are anonymous

Question 35

Groupthink

Answer 35

(intelligent) Groups reach consensus about a decision to keep harmony Holier than thou, think are more moral Ignore / silence people who disagree People feel they can not disagree leader that is respected Moral superiority

Question 36

Group Formation

Answer 36

We psychologically identify with groups of people who we admire or are similar to Ingroup Outgroup Tajfel (1970) – we identify with seemingly “meaningless” groups * Similarities in liking a painting * Estimating the number of dots on a page.

Question 37

Group formation s

Answer 37

Being part of a group is a source of self esteem for ourselves Derogating against another group makes us feel better about ourselves We feel affiliation with a group even when we are told that group membership was part of random assignment

Question 38

Outcomes of group formations:

Answer 38

Attitude Cognitions Behaviour

Question 39

Stereotypes:

Answer 39

Overgenerelized beliefs about a whole group About n individual based on their membership of a group Influence how we interpret behaviour Forms the basis of our prejudice

Question 40

Fisk (2002) Stereotype Content Model

Answer 40

Attitudes are contingent on our stereotypes

Question 41

Intergorup attitudes and prejudices

Answer 41

Negative attitude towards someone/a group of people because they are a member of a group Ex anti asian hate in COVID

Question 42

Discrimination

Answer 42

Negative behaviour towards someone because theta re a member of that group

Question 43

In group favoritsm

Answer 43

More willing to lie to help an in group member Mor elikley to help in gorup member than out group member