Social Psychology Flashcards

Question

Adorno et al., 1950 --> Altemeyer, 1981, 1998

Answer 1

right wing authoritarianism - submission, aggression, conventionalism 1. authoritarian submission - tendency to yield to authority (government, military officials, policies & civic officers, religious officials) 2. authoritarian aggression - supports aggression towards those who defy social conventions 3. conventionalism - adheres to traditional social values endorsed by established authorities (patriotism, marriage, sex) - higher levels of RWA associated with greater endorsement of prejudice

Answer 2

social domination orientation - measures people's preferences for hierarchy within social system & namely the desire that in-groups dominate out-groups higher SDO associated with support for meritocracy, racism, death penalty, war related to RWA but distinct

Answer 3

realistic group conflict theory - perceive competition for finite resources -prejudice towards immigrants 22 12y/o boys at summer camp in US phases 1. engaged in activities, formation of friendships 2. In-group formations (boys randomly assigned to groups that split up friendships) 3. intergroup competition (isolated from each other and competition activities with rewards if they won - tug of war, baseball ⇒ named themselves Eagles and Rattlers, exchanged verbal insults, conducted raids on the other’s cabin, burned each other’s flags (competition and intergroup discrimination even outside of the set activities) 4. intergroup harmony (via superordinated goals - e.g. desirable goals that could only be achieved with intergroup cooperation) results - Competition for scarce resources produced intergroup hostility and fierce competition between the group which generalised to situations outside the organised activities - Ingroups formed despite the fact friends were outgroup members - Introduction of superordinate goals improved intergroup relations (simple contact was not enough) - Degree of latent ethnocentrism with inter-group formation (in absence of competition)

Answer 4

adorno and colleagues (1950s - 60s)

Answer 5

Tajfel & Turner (1970s - 90s)

Answer 6

stereotypes help us save cognitive energy - Research question - does using stereotypes save us cognitive energy? 24 participants asked to perform 2 tasks concurrently 1 - look at personality traits describing 4 people (Nigel, Julian, John, Graham) 2 - listen to information about Indonesia Information (personality traits and info about Indonesia) was always the same, however, half of the participants receives category labels (Nigel- doctor; Julian - artist; john - skinhead; graham - estate agent) Half participants received no labels Participant asked to recall the traits of the 4 people and complete a multiple choice questionnaire about Indonesia (to examine the amount of information recalled) Prediction - when present the labels would simplify the information processing task and thus saving processing resources and thereby enhancing the performance on recalling the traits results - We have more energy for other things

Answer 7

stereotypes are useful when we are taxed - Research question - if stereotypes save cognitive energy are we more likely to use them when we lack energy? 98 participants asked to remember a person (john smith) Condition 1 - man described as priest Condition 2 - man described as skinhead Information was always the same, however ⅓ positive (priest consistent) ⅓ negative (skinhead consistent) ⅓ neutral 24 hours later, participants shown set of words containing the target words plus stereotypic and non-stereotypic fillers Half were under high cognitive load (remember 8 digit number) Half under low cognitive load Dv - how many stereotypic words were misremembered Or how much they relied on stereotypes when remembering results - We can use them when we are short on energy

Answer 8

- stereotypes make it easier to process the world around us - Category membership helps us detect, process and remember info about people - Research question - if stereotypes are designed for cognitive efficiency, then we should be faster to think along category membership (stereotype consistent) lines - Participants completed a lexical decision task using woman, Chinese, control words and non-words results - We can use them to rapidly process information

Answer 9

Stereotypes interfere with ability to learn about stereotype inconsistent information - what we see changes how we learn about the world 42 dutch students were presented with stereotype consistent/inconsistent descriptors of action Timed how quickly participants were able to reject the trait associated with the action

Answer 10

conducted a meta-analysis on 54 studies of memory and stereotyping, findning that people display superior recall for information that fits their stereotypes what we recall changes what we remember about the world - Stereotype consistent information is simply better recalled than stereotype inconsistent information

Answer 11

examined the ‘serial reproduction’ of information about an individual Participants played a game of ‘broken telephone’ where they had to communicate with each other abot an individual The information they initially received was either stereotype consistent or inconsistent what we speak about changes how we communicate with others

Answer 12

Can be accurate or inaccurate, positive or negative But do they directly influence the lives of stereotyped groups (or is that just prejudice) 1 common stereotype in USA is that African Americans - particularly African American men- are aggressive Could this stereotype of aggression alter the way African American men are perceived? Exposed participants to pictures of African-American or white American men and followed these with pictures of guns or tools Participants had to decide asap if they saw a gun or tool ppts, when wrong, would say gun for black men over white men, when needed to answer quickly

Answer 13

Stereotypes change how we see others but also know stereotypes about ourselves E.g. African Americans & women may be aware that they are stereotyped as being stupid, particularly bad at maths Being seen as stupid is undesirable. Members of this group may fear confirming this, and their preoccupation with it can hamper actual performance asking Black and White participants to sit a standardised verbal IQ test In study 1 Half of participants are told it is an IQ test Half are not told this In study 2 Half of the participants identified their race Half of the participants wrote nothing results Knowing a stereotype can preoccupy us and make us more likely to confirm it Ironically and sadly, worrying about resisting the stereotype, disadvantaged group members actually generate support for it

Answer 14

contact hypothesis - Contact between different social groups reduces prejudice and discrimination

Answer 15

contact hypothesis - Contact between different social groups reduces prejudice and discrimination

Answer 16

Optimal conditions for contact to reduce prejudice - Equal status of the groups in the situation (unequal status contact is more likely to confirm stereotypes and forming prejudices) - Common goals and intergroup cooperation (as showed by Sherif’s summer camp studies) - Support of authorities, law or custom (by creating a climate that enables tolerant social practices to emerge) - Situational conditions - Substantial body of research that supports the contact hypothesis

Answer 17

How contact quality and exposure to intergroup conflict predict attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours relevant to intergroup reconciliation Two surveys with Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland (study 1), and Black and White people in South Africa (study 2) Study 1 Effect of contact quality among Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland Survey with questions about: Quality of contact: How positive, friendly, cooperative, equal in status everyday contact with outgroup is Exposure to personal intergroup conflict and intergroup conflict in the neighbourhood Trusting the outgroup Attitudes towards the outgroup Perceived outgroup intentions towards peace Active engagement in reconciliation Results For both Protestants and Catholics, higher contact quality predicted significantly greater trust, more positive intergroup attitudes, more positive perceptions of outgroup members’ intentions in working toward peace and greater engagement in reconciliation efforts Even when taking into account reported exposure to violence (= controlling exposure to violence) Same findings found among Black and White South Africans

Answer 18

Meta-analysis showed that contact reduces prejudice even when the optimal conditions are not all present Applicable to intergroup relations based on race and ethnicity, age, disability, mental illness, and sexual orientation

Answer 19

Extended Contact Effect

Answer 20

Imagined Contact Effect - if you ask people to think about contact between self and outgroup member, negative attitudes about outgroup are reduced

Answer 21

Positive-negative contact asymmetry - When contact is negative, majority is in conflict with minority, has negative effects on attitudes and is a stronger effect than positive contact - Promoting positive contact between groups reduces prejudice and discrimination

Answer 22

Decategorization - Can improve intergroup relations by promoting personalised interactions (e.g. asked different groups to make friends with other groups, think of them as individuals, reduces prejudice)

Answer 23

Common ingroup identity model - To destroy categorisation, it is non-practical, we live in a world formed/structured by groups (nationalities etc) Rather than destroy, might ask people to re categorise themselves into members of the same category - improves relations Categorization-based approach to prejudice reduction asserting that a common ingroup identity will improve intergroup attitudes

Answer 24

Dual identity approach - via re-categorization of themselves as members of a same group (“we”) which can be facilitated by making salient existing common superordinate identities or introducing a common goal that is perceived to be shared by both group members

Answer 25

Value-based approach - Values are beliefs and related to goals, that transcend actions and situations - Facilitating and making salient certain values (such as tolerance, multiculturalism, and egalitarianism) might improve intergroup relations

Answer 26

Multiculturalism (belief that diversity should be acknowledged and celebrated) is a better policy for reducing bias

Answer 27

Multiculturalism (belief that diversity should be acknowledged and celebrated) is a better policy for reducing bias

Answer 28

Media & Reducing Real World Conflict - 994 genocide - 10% of population and 85% of Tutsi ethnic minority were killed - Mass media culpable in the genocide - Could mass media be used to reduce intergroup prejudice and promote reconciliation between the ethnic groups 10 years after the conflict? 2 groups - listeners of the NGO’s radio soap opera - listeners of health radio soap opera (control group) - Radio soap opera created by NGO with messages on -- mistrust and lack of interaction between the groups in two fictional Rwandan communities -- trauma created by the genocide -- ways of reducing prejudice Behavioural observations, individual interviews and surveys, and focus group discussions Results ; -- Exposure to radio soap operas did not influence listener’s personal beliefs (e.g. intermarriage causes tensions; how violence emerges; the role of bystanders) but influenced their perceptions of social norms and behaviours (e.g changes in social norms and behaviours with respect to intermarriage, open dissent, trust, empathy, cooperation, and trauma healing) compared to the control group

Answer 29

Media & Reducing Real World Conflict - 994 genocide - 10% of population and 85% of Tutsi ethnic minority were killed - Mass media culpable in the genocide - Could mass media be used to reduce intergroup prejudice and promote reconciliation between the ethnic groups 10 years after the conflict? 2 groups - listeners of the NGO’s radio soap opera - listeners of health radio soap opera (control group) - Radio soap opera created by NGO with messages on -- mistrust and lack of interaction between the groups in two fictional Rwandan communities -- trauma created by the genocide -- ways of reducing prejudice Behavioural observations, individual interviews and surveys, and focus group discussions Results ; -- Exposure to radio soap operas did not influence listener’s personal beliefs (e.g. intermarriage causes tensions; how violence emerges; the role of bystanders) but influenced their perceptions of social norms and behaviours (e.g changes in social norms and behaviours with respect to intermarriage, open dissent, trust, empathy, cooperation, and trauma healing) compared to the control group

Answer 30

Collective Actions - Any actions taken to improve the conditions of a social group and/or achieve social change - Why do people participate? (predictors of collective action)

Answer 31

Social identity model of collective action (SIMCA) - Identify as someone who participates in collective action (as belonging to disadvantage group or supporting the cause) - Perceive that the issue is unfair and feel angry about the unfairness - Perceive that participating in collective action will bring about social change

Answer 32

Social identity model of collective action (SIMCA) - Identify as someone who participates in collective action (as belonging to disadvantage group or supporting the cause) - Perceive that the issue is unfair and feel angry about the unfairness - Perceive that participating in collective action will bring about social change

Answer 33

Allyship - Advantage group members also participate for disadvantaged groups (men for feminists, white people for BLM) - Can be very helpful in promoting social change and intergroup relations - Tensions can arise in political movements if they are not genuinely interested in improving the status of the disadvantaged group

Social Psychology Flashcards

(57 cards)