Social Psychology Flashcards
(31 cards)
Social: Causal Attributions: Causal attributions are defined as:
inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behaviors
Attributions can be either:
internal also known as (AKA) dispositional or external AKA situational;
stable or unstable;
specific or global.
What causal attributions may an individual with an optimistic explanatory style employ as an explanation for the failing attempt? (Failing the EPPP)
external
unstable (effort)
specific
What causal attributions may an individual with a negative explanatory style employ as an explanation for the failing attempt? (failing the EPPP)
internal aka dispositional
stable (effort)
global
What are biases affecting causal attributions?
Fundamental attribution error
Actor-observer affect
Self-servicing bias
Ultimate attribution error
group attribution error
What is fundamental attribution error?
blame the victim, 2 people involved. In social psychology, fundamental attribution error, also known as correspondence bias or attribution effect, is a cognitive attribution bias in which observers underemphasize situational and environmental factors for the behavior of an actor while overemphasizing dispositional or personality factors
What is actor-observer effect?
the same negative consequence to two consequences. involves 2 people. For example, if you perform poorly on a test, you might blame the result on external factors such as teacher bias or the questions being harder than usual. However, if a classmate fails the same test, you might attribute their failure to a lack of intelligence or preparation
What is self-servicing bias?
always going to do with you. The tendency to attribute our successes to internal, personal factors, and our failures to external, situational factors. In other words, we like to take credit for our triumphs, but we are more likely to blame others or circumstances for our shortcomings.
What is the ultimate attribution error?
external excuse for their
behavior majority minority would be external
ingroup majority
outgroup minority internal
What is group attribution error?
The group attribution error refers to people’s tendency to use a group’s decision to attribute correspondent attitudes to its members, even when information is available that indicates that all members do not support the decision. One person.
What is controlled processing?
One definition of a controlled process is an intentionally-initiated sequence of cognitive activities. In other words, when attention is required for a task, we are consciously aware and in control. Controlled processes require us to think about situations, evaluate and make decisions.
What is automatic processing?
Automatic processing is a type of thinking or cognition that does not involve any effort or deliberation. It is also known as unconscious processing and often occurs almost like an automatic reflex. One does not have to try to do it.
What errors and biases caused by Automatic processing?
confirmation bias
illusory correlation
base rate fallacy
hindsight bias “knew it all along”
false consensus effect/consensus bias
gambler’s fallacy/Monte Carlo fallacy
spotlight effect
sunk-cost fallacy/Concorde effect
counterfactual thinking
illusory control
illusion of tranparency
What is a confirmation bias?
only pay attention to things of what we
Already think
tendency to seek pay attention to concerns that validates our own biases.
Illusory correlation?
two variables that aren’t related but only
Slightly related
over estimating the relationship between unrelated things.
Base rate fallacy?
percentage of ppl who or something happening to
tendency to ignore or underuse base rate info instead
being influenced the distinctive features of case being judged
Hindsight bias/effect?
Hindsight 2020. The term “hindsight bias” refers to the tendency people have to view events as more predictable than they really are. Before an event takes place, while you might be able to offer a guess as to the outcome, there is really no way to actually know what’s going to happen.
False consensus effect/consensus bias?
tends to overestimate the extent to which
other ppl share our opinions our values our beliefs
found to effect judgments in a variety of situations
Gambler’s fallacy/Monte Carlo fallacy?
you try to predict chance events keep betting
particular chance event is a predictor of
future events not the case.
Spotlight effect?
more ppl take note of your actions who they
are and their appearance. Social Anxiety.
Under the Spotlight effect what is Imaginary Audience (Elkind)?
The imaginary audience refers to a psychological state where an individual imagines and believes that multitudes of people are listening to or watching them. It is one of the mental constructs in David Elkind’s idea of adolescent egocentrism (along with the personal fable).
Sunk-cost fallacy/Concorde effect?
This incident gave birth to the term “Concorde fallacy,” which describes how people continue with failing endeavors because they’ve already invested so much. But more commonly, the Concorde fallacy is called by another name—the sunk cost fallacy.
Counterfactual thinking?
the woulda coulda shoulda
involve imagine better or worse outcomes
something is personally relevant
Illusory control?
the belief that ppl can influence events
outside of their control Superstitious behaviors
