social psychology

Question 1

What is a schema in social psychology?

Answer 1

A mental framework that helps interpret and fill in gaps in experience and memory; guides what we notice, think about, and remember.

Question 2

What is the self-fulfilling prophecy?

Answer 2

When expectations about someone influence how we act toward them, causing them to behave in ways that confirm our expectations.

Question 3

What is the perseverance effect?

Answer 3

The tendency for beliefs to persist even after the evidence supporting them is discredited.

Question 4

What is attribution theory?

Answer 4

The study of how people determine the causes of behavior, especially whether causes are internal or external.

Question 5

What are Heider’s two types of attribution?

Answer 5

Internal (dispositional) and external (situational) attribution.

Question 6

What are the key cues in Jones & Davis’ Correspondent Inference Theory?

Answer 6

Freely chosen act, non-common effect, social desirability, impact on observer, and intentionality.

Question 7

What are Kelley’s Covariation Model dimensions?

Answer 7

Consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus.

Question 8

In Kelley’s model, what causes external attribution?

Answer 8

High consistency, high distinctiveness, and high consensus.

Question 9

What is the Fundamental Attribution Error?

Answer 9

Overestimating internal causes and underestimating situational causes for others’ behavior.

Question 10

What is correspondence bias?

Answer 10

The tendency to believe someone’s behavior reflects their personality, even when it is situational.

Question 10

What is the cognitive miser model?

Answer 10

People conserve mental effort by using simple rules or heuristics.

Question 11

What are three common heuristics?

Answer 11

Representativeness, availability, anchoring & adjustment.

Question 12

What is self-discrepancy theory?

Answer 12

The idea that differences between actual, ideal, and ought selves cause emotional distress.
(cats vs lions)

Question 13

What is self-complexity theory (Linville)?

Answer 13

People with more varied and independent self-aspects are more resilient to stress.

Question 14

What are the three components of social comparison in Tesser’s theory?

Answer 14

Relative performance, closeness to the person, and importance of the domain.

Question 15

What does self-categorisation theory explain?

Answer 15

How and why people group themselves and others based on social categories.

Question 16

Social Comparison Theory (Tesser)

Answer 16

Our self-esteem is influenced by how close we are to others, how our performance compares to theirs, and how important the domain is to our self-concept.

Question 17

What Are Attitudes?

Answer 17

Cognitive (beliefs/thoughts)
Affective (feelings/values)
Behavioural (actions/observations)

Question 18

What are the functions of attitude?

Answer 18

Save cognitive energy
Guide responses (utilitarian function)

Question 19

What is cognitive dissonance?

Answer 19

Discomfort from inconsistency between beliefs and actions.

Question 20

How do we reduce cognitive dissonance?

Answer 20

Change belief, change behaviour, or justify with new cognition.

Question 21

What is informational social influence?

Answer 21

Conforming because we believe others are right (leads to private acceptance).

Question 22

What is normative social influence?

Answer 22

Conforming to be liked or accepted (leads to public compliance).

Question 23

What is the Social Impact Theory?

Answer 23

Conformity depends on strength, immediacy, and number of people.

Question 24

What is minority influence?

Answer 24

When a consistent, committed minority changes the majority’s view via critical thinking.

Question 25

What did Milgram’s study show?

Answer 25

People obey authority even when it conflicts with their morals.

Question 26

What factors increased obedience in Milgram’s study?

Answer 26

Authority presence, ambiguous situation, fast pace, lack of personal responsibility.

Question 27

What is social facilitation?

Answer 27

Improved performance on simple tasks in the presence of others.

Question 28

What is social loafing?

Answer 28

Decreased individual effort when in a group and performance isn’t evaluated.

Question 29

What is entitativity?

Answer 29

The extent to which a group appears as a distinct, coherent, bounded entity

Question 30

What is group cohesiveness?

Answer 30

The emotional connection that binds people to the group, increasing conformity and liking

Question 31

What are social roles?

Answer 31

Shared expectations about how individuals in certain positions should behave

Question 32

What did the Stanford Prison Experiment show?

Answer 32

Situational roles can override personal values, leading to extreme behaviour

Question 33

What did Reicher & Haslam's BBC study emphasis?

Answer 33

People only conform to roles if they internalise them as part of their identity

Question 34

What is deindividualisation?

Answer 34

Loss of self-awareness in crowds, leading to increased conformity to group norms

Question 35

What are the ABC components of stereotypes and prejudice?

Answer 35

Affective (prejudice), Behavioural (discrimination), Cognitive (stereotypes)

Question 36

Define stereotypes

Answer 36

A generalisation about a group where traits are assigned to all members

Question 37

Define prejudice

Answer 37

A negative attitudes towards a group based solely on group membership

Question 38

What is illusory correlation?

Answer 38

Perceiving a relationship between variables when none exists, often reinforcing stereotypes.

Question 39

What is the two-step model of stereotypes activation?

Answer 39

1. Automatic activation of stereotypes 2. Controlled suppression if motivated

Question 40

What does the Stereotype Content Model propose?

Answer 40

Groups are evaluated on warmth and competence (e.g. admired, pitied, envied or dehumanised)

Question 41

How can stereotypes be reduced?

Answer 41

Through bookkeeping (gradual), conversion (sudden) or sub typing (most common)

Question 42

What is the jigsaw classroom?

Answer 42

A cooperative learning method to reduce prejudice by promoting interdependence

Question 43

What is social dilemma?

Answer 43

Conflict between individual interest and collective good (e.g., prisoner dilemma)

Question 44

What is the "tit-for-tat" strategy?

Answer 44

A cooperation strategy that mimics the other player's precious move

Question 45

What helps trust evolve?

Answer 45

Repeat interactions, potential win-wins and minimal miscommunication

Question 46

What does Realistic Conflict Theory state?

Answer 46

Limited resources lead to group conflict, prejudice and discrimination

Question 47

What was the outcome of the Robbers Cave study?

Answer 47

Shared goals (superordinate goals) reduced intergroup hostility

Question 48

What did communication experiments show?

Answer 48

Structured communication and perspective-tasking foster cooperation

Question 49

What is Social Identity Theory (SIT)?

Answer 49

A theory that explains group behaviour through identity and self-esteem derived from group membership.

Question 50

What is in-group favouritism?

Answer 50

Preferential treatment and bias toward one's own group

Question 51

What is out-group derogation?

Answer 51

Negative evaluation and treatment of other groups

Question 52

What is self-categorisation theory?

Answer 52

The process of defining oneself based on group membership

Question 53

What belief systems arise from SIT?

Answer 53

Social mobility (change groups) and social change (improve groups status)

Question 54

What are symptoms of group think?

Answer 54

Illusions of invulnerability, pressure to conform, poor decision- making