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Social Psychology > Social Psychology Exam 1 > Flashcards

Social Psychology Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Tendency for people to exaggerate how much they could have predicted something before it occurred after knowing that it occurred.

A

Hindsight Bias

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2
Q

How do social psychologists for hypotheses and theories?

A
  • Inspiration from earlier theories and research
  • Disagree with previous researchers’ interpretations of studies
  • Inspired by personal observations in everyday life
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3
Q

Social influence can be studied scientifically is the ___________ ________.

A

Fundamental Principle

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of research methods?

A
  • Observational - Correlational - Experimental
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5
Q

Researcher observes people and systematically records behavior. (Focus = Description)

A

Observational

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6
Q

Two or more variables are systematically measured and the relation between them is assessed. (Focus = Prediction)

A

Correlational

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7
Q

Researcher randomly assigns participants to different conditions that are identical except for the independent variable. (Focus = Causality)

A

Experimental

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8
Q

Description of group/culture by observing it from the inside, to get an insider’s point of view.

A

Ethnography

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9
Q

Researcher examines the accumulated documents/archives of a culture.

A

Archival Analysis

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10
Q

Level of agreement between 2 or more people who independently observe and code a set of data.

A

Interjudge Reliability

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11
Q

What are some limits of observation?

A
  • Certain behaviors are hard to observe
  • Archival analysis may not have all the info you need
  • Limited to description
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12
Q

Statistical technique that assesses how well you can predict one variable from another.

A

Correlation Coefficient

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13
Q

Both variables go up, both go down.

A

Positive Correlation

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14
Q

One variable goes up, the other goes down.

A

Negative Correlation

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15
Q

Representative sample of people asked about attitudes or behavior.

A

Survey

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16
Q

What is a limit of surveys?

A

Accuracy of responses

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17
Q

What are some limits of the correlational method?

A

Does not equal causation, only tells us 2 variables are related.

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18
Q

What is manipulated by the researcher.

A

Independent Variable

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19
Q

What is measured to see if it is affected by the IV.

A

Dependent Variable

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20
Q

Making sure nothing besides the independent variable can affect the dependent variable. (control extraneous variable and randomly assign people to experimental conditions)

A

Internal Validity

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21
Q

Indicated likelihood that results of experiment occurred by chance instead of by the IVs. Its significant when p

A

Probability Level (p-value)

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22
Q

Extent to which results can be generalized to other situations and other people.

A

External Validity

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23
Q

The 2 kinds of external validity?

A

Generalizability across 1) Situations 2) People

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24
Q

What are some limits of experiments?

A

Artificial and distant from real life.

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25
Q

Psychological processes triggered by experiments are similar to processes in real life.

A

Psychological Realism

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26
Q

Story given to participants used to maintain psychological realism.

A

Cover Story

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27
Q

A test for external validity?

A

Replication

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28
Q

Test for internal validity?

A

Meta-Analysis

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29
Q

Research conducted for intellectual curiosity

A

Basic Research

30
Q

Research designed to solve a particular social problem

A

Applied Research

31
Q

Research conducted across cultures to see if psychological processes are present in both or specific to 1

A

Cross-Cultural Research

32
Q

Explains social behaviors in terms of genetic factors and adaptations to past environments.

A

Evolutionary Psychology

33
Q

Examines connection between biological processes and social behavior.

A

Social Neuroscience

34
Q

How people think about themselves and the social world. How they select/interpret/remember/use social info to make judgments and decisions.

A

Social Cognition

35
Q

2 Types of Thinking?

A
  • Automatic (quick, no conscious deliberation of thoughts/perceptions/assumptions)
  • Controlled (effortful, deliberate)
36
Q

Mental structures that organize our knowledge of the social world. Influence what we notice/think/remember. Encompasses our knowledge and impression of other people, ourselves, social roles, and specific events.

A

Schemas

37
Q

Extent to which schemas/concepts are at the forefront of people’s minds and are likely to be used when making judgments about the social world.

A

Accessibility

38
Q

Recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema/trait/concept.

A

Priming

39
Q

Schema can become accessible for 3 reasons.

A

1) Chronically accessible due to past experience.
2) Related to current goal.
3) Temporarily accessible because of a recent experience.

40
Q

People have an expectation of what someone is like which influences how they act toward the person which causes that person to behave consistently with people’s original expectations making the expectations come true.

A

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

41
Q

Prime goals in a subtle way to see if it influences behavior.

A

Automatic Goal Pursuit

42
Q

Distracting onseself prior to making a decision improves decision making.

A

Automatic Decision Making

43
Q

Mental shortcuts people use to make judgments quickly and efficiently.

A

Judgmental Heuristics

44
Q

People base a judgment on the ease of which they can bring something to mind.

A

Availability Heuristic

45
Q

Mental shortcut where people classify something according to how similar it is to a particular case.

A

Representativeness Heuristic

46
Q

Focus on objects without considering surrounding context. (Western cultures do it)

A

Analytic Thinking Style

47
Q

Focus on overall context/relation between objects. (Eastern cultures do it)

A

Holistic Thinking Style

48
Q

Mentally changing some aspect of the past in imagining what might have been. (Easier it is to undo, the stronger the emotional reaction to it)

A

Counterfactual Reasoning

49
Q

Study of how we form impressions of and make inferences about other people.

A

Social Perception

50
Q

How people communicate, intentionally or unintentionally, without words.

A

Nonverbal communication

51
Q

Express of emit nonverbal behavior

A

Encode

52
Q

Interpret the meaning of nonverbal behavior

A

Decode

53
Q

The 6 major emotional expressions are ______.

A

Universal

54
Q

Facial expressions where 1 part of the face registers 1 emotion while another part registers a different emotion.

A

Affect Blends

55
Q

Dictate what kinds of emotional expressions people are supposed to show. (Are culture specific)

A

Display Rules

56
Q

Nonverbal gestures that have well-understood definitions within a given culture. (are not universal)

A

Emblems

57
Q

Drawing meaningful conclusions about another person’s personality or skills based on an extremely brief sampling of behavior.

A

Thin-slicing

58
Q

1st traits we perceive in others influence how we view the info that we learn about them later.

A

Primacy Effect

59
Q

Tendency to stick with an initial judgment even in the face of new info that should prompt us to reconsider.

A

Belief Perseverance

60
Q

2 Attribution Theories

A

1) Attribution Theory (Fritz Heider)

2) Covariation Model (Harold Kelley)

61
Q

The way in which people explain the causes of their own and other’s behavior. (Internal = the cause is something about the person, external = the cause is something about the situation)

A

Attribution Theory

62
Q

We make choices about internal versus external attributions by using 3 pieces of info (consensus, distinctiveness, consistency)

A

Covariation Model

63
Q

Make internal attributions for other people’s behavior and underestimate the role of situational factors.

A

Fundamental Attribution Error

64
Q

Seeming importance of info that is the focus of people’s attention.

A

Perceptual Salience

65
Q

1) Make an internal attribution

2) Adjust attribution by considering the situation

A

2 Step Attribution Process

66
Q

Credit successes with internal factors and explain failures by blaming external factors. We do this to 1)Maintain self-esteem. 2)We want others to think well of us and admire us. 3)We know more about our situational factors than others.

A

Self-Serving Attributions

67
Q

People get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

A

Belief In A Just World

68
Q

Noticing others’ bias but not our own.

A

Bias Blind Spot

69
Q

Individualistic cultures prefer ______ attributions.

A

Internal

70
Q

Collectivistic cultures prefer _______ attributions.

A

External

Social Psychology (2 decks)

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