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Russia A-LEVEL History! Lenin to Yeltsin 1917-91 > Social Reform Of The USSR > Flashcards

Social Reform Of The USSR Flashcards

1
Q

Priority 1918- 21

A
  • winning the civil war
  • social benefits secondary of importance
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2
Q

1921-28 priorities:

A
  • economic development and social peace
  • saw promotion of social benefits
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3
Q

1928-41 priotirtes

A
  • economic development
  • social benefits limited
  • to ensure enough resources for industrial growth
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4
Q

1941-45 priorities

A
  • winning WWII
  • social benefits are secondary of importance
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5
Q

1945-53 priorities

A
  • economic reconstruction (after WWII)
  • social benefits were secondary of importance
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6
Q

1954-64

A
  • reforming socialism to ensure that it guaranteed a good life for all
  • all social benefits became central to the system
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7
Q

1964-85

A
  • ensuring social stability
  • Social benefits used to secure peace among the citizens
  • catch up with the west
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8
Q

What were social reforms supported by?

A
  • propaganda
  • showing happy citizens with recent development
  • showing modern and civilised society
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9
Q

Family under Lenin:

A
  • Radical family policies suggested by Kollantai to encourage socialism - family unit seen as bourgeoise
  • communal living and free love suggested (abandoned by mid-20s)
  • Lenin recognised abuses in traditional marriages
  • 1917/18 Abortion made legal/contraception
  • Women considered equal to men under the new constitution
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10
Q

Family under Stalin:

A

Traditional views reinstates: The Great Retreat 36-53 (for war)
- aimed to increase birth rate for industrialisation/cut divorces - family = key to stability
- abortion criminalised/contraception banned
- 1930s offered money to have big families - 2000 roubles for 5 kids = PRONATALISM
- homosexuality criminalised 5 years labour/lesbianism as a disease - conversion measures
- premarital sex stigmatised
- divorce expensive, got more expensive after 1st
- BUT child support = 1/3 of pay

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11
Q

Family under Khrushchev:

A

Liberation of women on traditional assumptions: - family still key to social security

  • abortion legalised 1955
  • 1956 = longer maternity leave
  • 6th 5YP -crèches and laundries expanded
  • 7th 5YP- convenience foods and mass produce clothing to end double shift
  • fridges made available (no need for daily shopping)

BUT:
- contraception hard to acquire
- crèches open for short hours - cant work full day
- lack of domestic appliances and didn’t work great

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12
Q

Family under Brezhnev:

A
  • 1965 - divorces liberalised - 79 = 1/3 in divorce
  • wanted to increase birth rate
  • 1968 - illegal to divorce a pregnant lady
  • prenatal campaigns emphasised natural differences in the sexes
  • criticised women who neglected children by working (persisted to the 1980s - working women responsible for delinquency, alcoholism, drug taking and crime)
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13
Q

Social benefits under Lenin:

A
  • 1918 - legal abortion

Under war communism:
- work cards gave those in work food/fuel rations by Prodraspred
- housing and transport free for workers
- laundries and crèches
- (however rations too little - malnourishment)

NEP:
- 1920s develop social benefit system:
- social insurance = maternity, medical, disability, unemployment
- invest in education for working families
- all provided by trade unions - 9 million urban workers covered

BUT PEASANTS HAVE NO ACCESS

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14
Q

Employment under Lenin:

A

Believed all able bodied men should work:
- between 16-50 all must work or fight:
- 1918 - labour exchanges set up
- 18-21 = conscription to the workplace under war communism

Under war communism:
- work cards gave those in work food/fuel rations by Prodraspred
- housing and transport free for workers
- laundries and crèches
- (however rations too little - malnourishment)

NEP:
- return of soldiers push women and others out of jobs - 18% unemployed
- 1920s develop social benefit system:
- social insurance = maternity, medical, disability, unemployment
- invest in education for working families
- all provided by trade unions - 9 million urban workers covered

BUT PEASANTS HAVE NO ACCESS

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15
Q

Good aspects of Work and social benefits under Stalin:

A
  • full employment - 5YPs increased labour force
  • 1930 = full employment
  • social benefits include rations
  • transport access - metro and 300,000 km of train
  • 1941-5 female conscription into families
  • two weeks holiday paid
  • 1947 = typhus and malaria vaccines available
  • sick pay organised by the unions
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16
Q

Bad aspects of Work and social benefits under Stalin:

A
  • full employment so 1930 Unemployment benefit cancelled
  • internal work pass ports restricted workers movements (couldn’t get away from abusive workplaces)
  • 1939 - absenteeism criminal offence
  • peasants unentitled to rations
  • food shortages in factory canteens = major issue, rotting meat + animal feed = illness and malnutrition
  • harsh discipline and unsanitary/safe working conditions
17
Q

Work and social benefits under Khrushchev:

A
  • 1956 lowered retirement age + pension increased (not for peasants tho) - quadrupled pensions budget up until 65
  • state spending on benefits increased
  • 1956 - minimum wage
  • 1957 reduction of working hour week
  • 1961 - free school, office and factory lunches/ free public transport/pensions and healthcare for some farmers
18
Q

Brezhnev social benefits:

A
  • 67-77 - real wages rose 50%
  • low govt prices (subsidised - low choice)
  • peasant pensions
  • 1968 - illegal to divorce pregnant lady
  • 1966 - wages introduced on collective farms
  • 1977 - Soviet constitution guarantees you a job
  • wage differentials small between workers
    1974 - collective peasants allowed to travel

HOWEVER: a lot of policy based on traditional views about women - often refused industrial jobs so female unemployment was at 10% in some cities

19
Q

Why did Brezhnev need social benefits to improve:

A
  • it was part of the social contract between citizen and state
  • goal of achieving communism by 1980 abandoned
  • is the people support the party the party will ensure a certain loving stat card
  • in 1970s highest soviet standard of living in the cities (could become comfortable through govt provisions and black market trading
20
Q

Housing under Lenin:

A
  • large areas of land/housed of the aristocracy seized and redistributed in 1920s
21
Q

Housing under Stalin:

A
  • rapid industrialisation = shortages and poor quality
  • badly designed, a lot of communal living
  • 1936 = 25% of people love in dormitories
  • Stalingrad lost 90% of housing WW2, but rebuilding housing is lower priority than rebuilding industry
  • Narkomfin apartment experiment in Moscow (similar rare and expensive)
  • barracks constructed on new industrial centres like Magnitogorsk (Moscow coal fields = 15000 beds for 26000 miners)
22
Q

Housing under Khrushchev and Brezhnev

A
  • 1956-65 - extend the housing programme
  • a main priority of Stalin
  • K7 housing block = Khrushchyovka (low cost housing blocks which were constructed quickly, easily, large concrete panels)
  • families now had whole apartments to themselves! Running water, central heating etc..

However the Khruschyovka = standard model for all homes even though meant to be temporary, and shortage remained an issue still - single occupancy in the 1970s

23
Q

Healthcare under Lenin:

A
  • many doctors left in the revolution
  • 1921 cholera epidemic and vaccination programme
  • lice problems
24
Q

Healthcare under Stalin:

A

1928 - 70,000 doctors, 1940 - 155,000 doctors
- hospital bed numbers rise to almost 800,000
-1936 = illegal abortion
- healthcare access to all but remained severely varied
- typhus and malaria vaccinations 1947 onwards

25
Q

Healthcare under Khrushchev

A
  • Provision of medical care extended, particularly in urban areas
  • Medical care varies throughout the USSR
  • 1955-abortion once more made legal
  • doubled spending of healthcare by 1959
  • infant mortality dropped and so did deathrate
26
Q

Healthcare under Brezhnev

A
  • Provision of medical care extended further
  • 1978-2,000 sanatoria & 1,000 rest homes developed
  • Quality of medical care varies throughout the USSR
  • increased spending on healthcare every year and free healthcare

However alcoholism is still rife:
- life expectancy drops form 68-64 for men in the 1970s

27
Q

Education under Lenin:

A
  • 1917-Commissariat of Education established
  • 1918-Church schools taken over by the state
  • 1919-Campaign for the ‘Liquidation of illiteracy’
  • Boys & girls had equal access to education
  • before civil war is more important so schools initially requisitioned
  • NEP caused schools to expand - 4 year primary school - 1927 onwards primary school fees abolished
  • by 1928 60% completed primary school
28
Q

Education under Stalin:

A
  • Parents were meant to teach their children to support communism
  • 1931-20 million in compulsory education - 1953 = 100% gained primary education but only 20% completed secondary
  • 1931 Central Committee attacked the educational system for neglecting literacy & numeracy
  • 1935 New curriculum introduced very traditional in nature - core subjects, strict discipline and ‘the history of great men’
  • 1940-State funding cut for education & school fees introduced especially in latter years, also to ensure there was a high enough work force for industrialisation
  • Scholarships available through the Party
29
Q

Education under Khrushchev:

A

-1958-Educational reforms for technical & vocational education
- merged country schools together
- doubled number of urban schools, reduced class sizes
- teachers trained better
- 1956 abolished secondary school fees
- higher focus on vocational training

30
Q

Education under Brezhnev:

A
  • 1964-Khrushchev educational reforms dropped - seen to undermine academic excellence of the USSR
  • 1965-Transport to school made free
  • 1980s-Development of specialist schools in mathematics, science & foreign languages
  • farming and vocational training on farms for young people stopped

However: even though textbooks updated in the 70s the wider curriculum was never altered - still studying the same subjects established in 1947

31
Q

Initial literacy rates:

A

1917 - 32% literate

32
Q

Early reduction in illiteracy:

A

CIVIL WAR
- Trotsky introduced literacy classes in RA - 1818 =50% illiterate, 1925 = all literate!
- lunacharsky set up likpunty - reading rooms providing 6 week intensive corses

NEP
- campaign to end illiteracy 1925 (target to solve by 1927)
- worked with unions to do literacy classes and libraries - Transport Workers Union - 99% illiteracy by 1927

  • 55% literate in 1928
33
Q

IlliteracyUnder Stalin:

A

1930s:
- eliminate illiteracy by the end of the 5 Year plan
- military style tactics and language against the enemy of illiteracy
- alongside collectivisation so teachers assaulted 40% as teachers associated with the government

Took longer than the first 5 YP - by 1939 94% literate so can be seen as a huge quick success

Russia A-LEVEL History! Lenin to Yeltsin 1917-91 (19 decks)

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