Social Science Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
In batch oriented computing, the program is…
A
electronically sent to an operator
2
Q
Which university produced Project Whirlwind?
A
Dartmouth
3
Q
Which branch of the United States military requested Project Whirlwind?
A
Air Force
4
Q
Who was the head of Project Whirlwind?
A
Jay Forrester
5
Q
Which computer inspired Project Whirlwind?
A
ENIAC
6
Q
What developments saved Project Whirlwind from being defunded?
A
The Soviet Union had developed nuclear weapons capable of landing in North America
7
Q
Which high level language was used for business
A
FLOW-MATIC
8
Q
Fred Brooks participated in the OS/360 project for which company?
A
IBM
9
Q
Project Whirlwind did not include…
A
a mouse
10
Q
Project Whirlwind became the first…
A
Interactive Computer
11
Q
Which language did UNIVAC improve to create FLOW-MATIC
A
B-0
12
Q
Which company received the rights to Project Whirlwind
A
IBM
13
Q
After its transfer, Project Whirlwind became known as the…
A
SSEC
14
Q
What company created the FACT compiler
A
Honeywell
15
Q
The United States military spread the SAGE system across how many sites?
A
43 sites
16
Q
The SAGE System operated until the early…
A
1980s
17
Q
Why did the US government mandate the language COBOL
A
They wanted customers to be able to switch computer systems easily and be compatible
18
Q
What company worked to develop the SABRE system?
A
American Airlines
19
Q
What state contained the SABRE system?
A
California
20
Q
How was programming the EDVAC different from the ENIAC?
A
A list of instructions could be mapped as individual codes
21
Q
Who influenced the EDVAC?
A
John von Neumann
22
Q
The SABRE system’s data center ran using a pair of IBM…
A
7090 Computers
23
Q
What is the function of the plan preparation machine?
A
Translating programming instructions as codes
24
Q
What does an assembler turn into numeric code?
A
Mnemonics
25
What is a similarity between COBOL and FORTRAN?
Popularity (they were both the most popular coding languages of their time)
26
Who is MOST commonly associated with popularizing the concept of high-level languages?
Grace Hopper
27
Grace Hopper was enlisted in which branch of the US military?
Navy
28
Which best describes Brooks's law?
An increase in manpower on a software project reduces efficiency
29
Which company did John Mauchly want Grace Hopper to work?
Eckert-Mauchly Computer
30
Why was the general acceptance of high-level programming languages limited during the 1940s?
The compilers were slow and inefficient
31
Where was the first widely used high-level programming language created at?
IBM
32
Who most influenced the design for COBOL
Grace Hopper
33
Why did John Backus want to develop FORTRAN?
To generate machine codes efficiently
34
Which early high-level programming language uses a syntax similar to simple algebra?
FORTRAN
35
How long did it take for John Backus and his team to finish the FORTRAN computer?
Three years
36
Why was someone scared of one of Grace Hopper's FLOW-MATIC versions
She translated everything into French
37
Which of these languages is no longer popular: Javascript, R, COBOL, Python, or C#
COBOL
38
Which decade were COBOL and FORTRAN most popular in
1970's
39
Which university developed LISP
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
40
What does LISP stand for
List Processing
41
Which is the oldest: COMTRAN, FORTRAN, FACT, COBOL, or LlSP
FORTRAN
42
What research area is associated with LISP
Artificial Intelligence
43
What type of syntax does LISP use?
Nested
44
Which processor part in Zuse's first computer did the vacuum tubers replace?
Telephone Relays
45
True or false- vacuum tubes use a minimal amount of energy
False
46
In comparison to vacuum tubes, are transistors smaller or larger?
Transistors are smaller
47
What is a microchip?
A block of silicon combining multiple transistors.
48
Which processing part did Eckert and Mauchly use in the ENIAC?
Vacuum Tubes
49
Who invented the microchip?
Robert Noyce and Jack Kilby
50
Which processing part was MOST common in commercially sold computers in the late 1950s?
Transistors
51
When did integrated circuits become the MOST common processing part in commercial computers?
The 1960s
52
True or false- telephone relays contain moving parts
False
53
Bell Labs was a subsidiary of which major company?
AT&T (American Telephone and Telegraph Company)
54
Which processor part resembles a lightbulb in appearance?
Vacuum Tubes
55
What preceded the invention of vacuum tubes?
The establishment of AT&T.
56
A combination of multiple transistors is called a(n)
Integrated Circuit
57
Which of the following processing parts was the largest in size?
Vacuum Tubes
58
What functions simulated "counting" in vacuum tubes and allowed for arithmetic calculations?
Quick, binary electrical pulses
59
Which language did an operating system project at the AI Lab at MIT use?
LISP
60
Which principle did Stallman value MOST in his work?
Openness
61
Great Britain remained primarily agrarian until the...
Late eighteenth century
62
Which processes did Richard Stallman follow when creating GNU?
He would rewrite each Unix program with his own code, then delete the original app.
63
Which event created the need for specialization and automation?
the Enlightenment
64
Who wrote the wealth of nations?
Adam Smith
65
Which item is used as an example in The Wealth of Nations to exemplify the efficacy of specialization in labor?
Pins
66
Which statement BEST describes Brooks's Law
An increase in manpower on a software project reduces efficiency
67
Who was the lead engineer for the ENIAC?
J. P. Eckert
68
What household item do vacuum tubes most represent?
Lightbulbs
69
About how many vacuum tubes did the ENIAC use?
18,000
69
What measures did the engineers take to make the ENIAC more reliable?
Operating the vacuum tubes at 10% of their power
70
Why was the ENIAC faster than other calculators?
It was fully electronic and had no moving parts.
70
What solidified ENIAC's status as a computer?
Conditional Branching
71
How did programmers give the ENIAC instructions?
A system of cables and switches.
72
To ensure that GNU remained free, Stallman drafted a new license for it called...
the General Public License
73
How did Gaspard de Prony innovate the task of making books of logarithms?
He broke it down into simple steps
74
Gaspard de Prony named his process of making logarithmic books...
The method of differences
75
What operating system did early Handspring Treo models run?
Palm OS
76
Which essential operating system component was GNU missing?
A Kernel
77
Which nation had the largest navy during the 19th century?
France
78
In which country was Linus Torvalds born?
Finland
79
Navigation tables show the position of what?
stars
80
What did Blackberry customers refer to there devices as?
Crackberries
81
Who primarily used navigation tables?
Sea captains
82
Linus Torvalds built Linux upon?
Minix
83
Charles Babbage did NOT claim his machine would do what?
Solve more advanced problems
84
At which university did Andrew Tanenbaum teach?
Vrije University
85
Which mathematician had the greatest influence on Charles Babbage?
Gaspard de Prony
86
What is virtualization, in the context of cloud computing?
Running multiple instances of an operating system on a single computer
87
What benefit does virtualization provide to cloud users?
It gives them dedicated virtual machines
88
What is the main characteristic of the Software As A Service (SAAS) business model?
Purchasing software licenses
89
As he worked on his machine, Charles Babbage requested more funds for the production of what?
Gears
90
What operating system did early Nokia phones use?
Symbian OS
91
Charles Babbage received MOST of the funds for his machine from who?
The government
92
For which processor did Linus Torvalds rewrite Andrew Tanenbaum's operating system?
Intel 80386
93
When did Charles Babbage produce his machine prototype?
1833
94
Which company's monopoly did the United States government break up?
AT&T
95
What did Silicon Graphics call its version of Unix?
IRIX
96
To which company did AT&T sell the rights to Unix in 1993?
Novell
97
What brand used Symbian in their PDAs?
Psion
98
Who convinced Steve Jobs not to add a dial on the iPhone
Jony Ive
99
The iPhone separated itself from competitors with its:
Large glass touchscreen
100
101
How many iPhones did Apple sell by 2011
90 million
102
What company acquired Android in 2005
Google
103
What operating system is Android OS based off of?
Linux
104
What smartphone manufacturer uses Android OS
Samsung
105
What company's phone division did Microsoft purchase
Nokia
106
107
When did Microsoft phase out its phones
Between 2016-17
108
How have app stores most helped small independent developers?
They provide a centralized, easy-to-enter market.
109
True or false- Adele Finebaum was not on ENIAC's original programmer team
True
110
Compared to the ENIAC, the EDVAC's design was...
Simpler
110
Who wrote the first draft of a report on the EDVAC?
John von Neumann
111
Was the EDVAC capable of conditional branching?
No
111
True or false- the ENIAC weighed 20 tons
False- it weighed 30
112
When the ENIAC was done, why was it not used?
They no longer needed it, because the war was over.
113
Where did John Von Neumann create a stored program computer in 1951?
Institute for advanced study.
