Social Science Flashcards
(210 cards)
1
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study of human groups, their customs and institutions and their development at all times and places
A
Sociology
2
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the process of learning to become a responsible adult member of a society as defined by the norms of that society. It is shown when people talk, act and think is acceptable ways
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Enculturation
3
Q
a short, well-known saying, stating a general truth or piece of advice
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Proverbs
4
Q
Social status of a person is achieved through their effort not on their family background, ethnicity, gender or religion.
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Open-class Society
5
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norms for routine or casual interaction. Ex. Appropriate greeting and proper dress in different situations. Draw a line between right and rude.
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Folkways
6
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culturally defined standards held by human individuals or groups about what is desirable, proper, beautiful, good or bad that serve as broad guidelines for social life
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Values
7
Q
patterns of beliefs that serve to guide, control and regulate conduct
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Norms
8
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norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance. Distinguish between right and wrong
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Mores
9
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actions or behaviors that violate social norms
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Deviant act
10
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spread of cultural traits from one sociocultural system to another
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Diffusion
11
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human action out of the ordinary/unique/unprecendented
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Innovation
12
Q
unique or novel device, method, composition or process
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Invention
13
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found in a leader who mission and vision inspire others. Leader of a new social movement and one instilled with divine or supernatural powers such as a religious prophet. Favored by Weber
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Charismatic authority
14
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Ability and right to rule is passed down via heredity. It does not change overtime, does not facilitate social change, tends to be irrational and inconsistent
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Traditional authority
15
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the right which is delegated to an individual or department to control specified processes, practices, policies or other matters relating to activities undertaken by persons in other departments
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Functional authority
16
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fosters belief in competence of the individual discharging statutory obligation
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Legal authority
17
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having internal cause of origin
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Endogenous
18
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socio-economic and political worldview or inquiry based on a materialist interpretation of historical development a dialectical view of social transformation, an analysis of class-relations and conflict within society
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Marxist’s Model
19
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overemphasis on importance of economic class to explain historical trends
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Major criticism
20
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A reward for conformity or a punishment for nonconformity that reinforces socially approved forms of behavior
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Sanction
21
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any structure of mechanism of social order and cooperation governing the behavior of a set of individuals within a given community
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Institution
22
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The network of social relationships which link individuals through common ancestry, marriage or adoption
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Kinship
23
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A group within the broader society that has values, norms and lifestyle distinct from those of the majority
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Subculture
24
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A group of people who share a common sense of identity and interact with one another on a sustained basis
A
Community
25
effective form of social control among Chinese communists is by group manipulation of guilt and shame
Pepinsky
26
A formal organization marked by a clear hierarchy of authority, the existence of written rules of procedure, staffed by full-time salaried officials, and striving for the efficient attainment of organizational goals
Bureaucracy
27
establish orderly relationship between man and surroundings
Primary function of religion in human societies
28
small social group whose members share close, personal, enduring relationships
Primary groups
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interact on a less personal level than primary, and relationships are temporary rather than long lasting. Established to perform functions and people’s roles are interchangeable
Secondary groups
30
form of radial authoritarian nationalism. Unify nation through totalitarian state that promoted mass mobilization of national community. View political violence, war and imperialism as means to achieve national rejuvenation and asserts that stronger nations have the right to expand their territory by displacing weaker nations
Fascist system
31
form of social stratification characterized by hereditary transmission of style of life which often includes an occupation, ritual status in hierarchy and customary social interaction and exclusion based on cultural notions of purity and pollution
Caste system
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people are grouped into a set of hierarchical social categories, the most common being upper, middle and lower classes
Class system
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A rigid and inflexible image of the characteristics a group
Stereotypes
34
initial awareness of existing but unobserved elements of nature
Discovery
35
ability to gain information about an object, person, location or physical event through means other than the known human senses
Clairvoyance
36
supposed ability to move objects by mental effort alone
Psychokinesis
37
foreknowledge of an event especially as a form of extrasensory perception
Precognition
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supposed communication of thoughts or ideas by means other than the known senses
Telepathy
39
concept originating from Sigmund Freud. It is the state in which becomes obsessed with an attachment to another person, being or object
Fixation
40
psychological process whereby the subject assimilates an aspect, property or attribute of the other and is transformed, wholly or partially after the model the other provides
Identification
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to repel one’s own desires and impulses towards pleasurable instincts by excluding the desire form one’s consciousness and holding or subduing it in the unconscious
Repression
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defense mechanism leading to temporary or long-term reversion of the ego to an earlier stage of development rather than handling unacceptable impulses in a more adult way
Regression
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distortion of the senses, revealing how the brain normally organizes and interprets sensory stimulation
Illusion
44
perception in the absence of apparent stimulus which has qualities of real perception
Hallucination
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form of mental imagery that is used to organize and analyze sounds when there is no external auditory stimulus present
Auditory imagery
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The Eidetic Image has been identified in psychological literature as a vision, as a source for new thought and feeling, as a material picture in the mind which can be scanned by the person as he would scan a real current event in his environment
Eidetic imagery
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psychological disorder characterized by elevation or lowering of a person’s mood, such as depression or bipolar disorder
Affective disorder/Mood disorder
48
an acute overwhelming attack of fear or anxiety producing personality disorganization that may persist
Panic reaction
49
an anxiety disorder characterized by chronic free-floating anxiety and such symptoms as tension or sweating or trembling or lightheadedness or irritability etc that has lasted for more than six months
Generalized anxiety
50
a long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behaviour, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mental fragmentation
Schizophrenia
51
neurotransmitter- chemical released by nerve cells to send signals to other nerve cells
Dopamine
52
involved in regulating nociception (pain) in the body
Enkephalin
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many functions in body, regulating heart rate, blood vessel and air passage diameters. Crucial part of fight or flight response
Epinephrine
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synthetic drug used as a tranquillizer or sedative
Thorazine/Chlorpromazine
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an object of perception; something that is perceived
Percept
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below the threshold of sensation or consciousness
Subliminal
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magnitude or intensity that must be exceeded for a certain reaction
Threshold
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birth through 18-24 months- only aware what is immediately in front of them. They focus on what they see, what they are doing and physical interactions with their immediate environment
Sensorimotor
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Toddlerhood to childhood (7)- Think about things symbolically. Their language becomes more mature and develop memory and imagination which allows them to understand the difference between past and future
Preoperational
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ages 7-12- demonstrate logical and concrete reasoning. Thinking becomes less egocentric and increasingly aware of external events
Operational
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adolescence through adulthood- able to logically use symbols related to abstract concepts
Formal operational
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aka isolation effect, predicts that an item that “stands out like a sore thumb” is more likely to be remembered than other items
Von Restorff effect
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people remember uncompleted or interrupted tasks better than completed tasks
Zeigarnik effect
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experimental effect found in some studies of verbal conditioning in which the speaker’s use of certain classes of words may increase in frequency when reinforced by the listener making appropriate diffident gestures of assent
Greenspoon effect
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optical illusion consisting of stylized arrow
Muller-Lyer illusion
66
brain is holistic, parallel and analog with selforganizing tendencies
Gestalt Principle of perceptual organization
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objects or events that are near to one another are perceived as belonging together as a unit
Proximity
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there is innate tendency to perceive a line as continuing its established direction
Continuation
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innate tendency to perceive incomplete objects as complete and to close or fill gaps and to perceive asymmetric stimuli as symmetric
Closure
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aspects of perceptual field that move or function in a similar manner will be perceived as a unit
Common fate law
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parts of a stimulus field that are similar to each other tend to be perceived as belonging as a unity
Similarity law
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Loving parent who is firm and consistent produces a competent and self-reliant child.
COMPETENT AND SELF RELIANT CHILD
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being able to focus one’s auditory attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli
Selective attention
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change over time in the responsiveness of sensory system to a constant stimulus
Sensory adaptation
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Smallest detectable difference between a starting and secondary level of particular sensory stimulus
Just noticeable difference
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Roger’s rejected the deterministic nature of psychoanalysis and behaviorism and maintained that we behave as we do because of the way we perceive our situation. Believed that humans have one basic motive, that is the tendency to self-actualize- to fulfill one’s potential and achieve the highest level of human-beingness we can
Roger’s Self Theory
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the obstruction of or interference with new learning because of previous learning.
Negative transfer
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phenomenon of learning and memory which was first seen in classical conditioning and refers to a re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a delay
Spontaneous recovery
79
conditioning in which an operant response is brought under stimulus control by virtue of presenting reinforcement contingent upon the occurrence of the operant response
Operant conditioning
80
transfer of a response learned to one stimulus to a similar stimulus
Stimulus generalization
81
an extreme or irrational fear of or aversion to something
Phobias
82
learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone
Classical conditioning
83
process of reducing sensitivity
Desensitization
84
for of learning where individuals ascertain how to act or perform by observing another individual
Modeling
85
sociopsychological phenomemnon whereby a person is less likely to take responsibility for action or inaction when others are present (e.g. being in a public place).
Diffusion of responsibility
86
Demand characteristics, hawthorne effect and halo effect
Problem with experimental research in psychology
87
experimental artifact where participants form an interpretation of the experiment’s purpose and unconsciously change their behavior to fit that interpretation
Demand characteristics
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the alternation of behavior by the subjects of a study due to their awareness of being observed
Hawthorne effect
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tendency for an impression created in one area to influence opinion in another area
Halo effect
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experimental technique for assigning subjects to different treatments
Random assignment
91
mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that comes to mind
Heuristic availability
92
psychotherapeutic approach that focuses on insight into gestalts in patients and their relations to the world, and often uses role playing to aid the resolution of past conflicts
Gestalt therapy
93
approach to psychotherapy and counseling. Focuses on realism, responsibility and right-and-wrong, rather than symptoms of mental disorders
Reality therapy
94
system of psychological theory and therapy which aims to treat mental disorders by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind and bringing repressed fears and conflicts into the conscious mind by techniques such as dream interpretation and free association
Psychoanalysis
95
the treatment of neurotic symptoms by training the patient’s reactions to stimuli
Behavior therapy
96
developed by Carl Rogers in which the client determines the focus and pace of each session
Client-centered therapy
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comprehensive, active-directive, philosophically and empirically based psychotherapy which focuses on resolving emotional and behavioral problems and disturbances and enabling people to lead happier and fulfilling lives
Rational emotive therapy
98
to set in opposition in order to show or emphasize differences
Contrast
99
decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations
Habituation
100
act or process or an instance of repeating or being repeated
Repetition
101
defense mechanism in which a person unconsciously rejects his or her own unacceptable attributes by ascribing them to objects or persons in the outside world
Projection
102
“conscious” exclusion of painful memories, thoughts etc.
Suppression
103
father of psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
104
theory of human motivation. Bottom of triangle is the more basic needs
Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
105
breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis and excretion
physiological
106
security of body, employment, resources, morality, family, health and property
Safety
107
friendship, family, sexual intimacy
Love/belonging
108
self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others and respect by others
Esteem
109
morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice and acceptance of facts
Self-actualization
110
the change in the characteristics of a species over several generations and relies on the process of natural selection. The theory of evolution is based on the idea that all species are related and gradually change over time. Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. There are four principles at work in evolution—variation, inheritance, selection and time.
Evolution
111
the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution. Natural selection occurs because of evolution
Natural selection
112
refers to the concept that people are prone to exert less effort on a task if they are in a group versus when they work alone. The idea of working in groups is typically seen as a way to improve the accomplishment of a task by pooling the skills and talents of the individuals in that group. Example: Since you are part of a group, however, the social loafing tendency makes it likely that you would put less effort into the project. Instead of assuming responsibility for certain tasks, you might just think that one of the other group members will take care of it
Social loafing
113
Responsible for the response and memory of emotions, especially fear. When you think of the amygdala, you should think of one word. Fear
Amygdala
114
receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements. The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity
cerebellum
115
controls body temperature, hunger, important aspects of parenting and attachment behaviours, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian rhythms, regulating emotional responses
hypothalamus
116
the inner part of an adrenal gland, controls hormones that initiate the flight or fight response. The main hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla include epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which have similar functions
adrenal medulla
117
is a form of language that directly communicates with the targeted audiences. It could also mean a usage of gestures to convey meaning, information or instructions. In contrast, a symbol is a conventional representation of an object, function, or process.`
Sign
118
the supposed faculty of perceiving things or events in the future or beyond normal sensory contact. Example: Spirit, gifts of prophecy Claims for the existence of paranormal and psychic abilities such as clairvoyance have not been supported by scientific evidence published in high impact factor peer reviewed journals
Clairevoyance
119
The absolute threshold for sound, for example, would be the lowest volume level that a person could detect. The just noticeable difference would be the smallest change in volume that a person could sense. For example let's say I asked you to put your hand out and in it I placed a pile of sand. Then, I add tiny amounts of sand to your hand and ask you to tell me when you notice any change in the overall weight. As soon as you can detect any change in the weight, that difference between the weight of the sand before I added that last bit of sand and the amount of sand after I added it, is the difference threshold.
(lain ko aram kung papano..ahaha)
120
The feeling of hot and cold is an adaptation to the sensation of touch. A primary example is how quickly our bodies adjust to the water temperature when taking a bath. The bathwater may feel extremely hot when entering the tub; however, within minutes the water may feel cool to the touch
copy paste pa more
121
model that describes population change over time. Suggests that populations grow along a predictable five-stage model. In stage 1, pre-industrial society, death rates and birth rates are high and roughly in balance, and population growth is typically very slow and constrained by the available food supply. In stage 2, that of a developing country, the death rates drop rapidly due to improvements in food supply and sanitation, which increase life spans and reduce disease. In stage 3, birth rates fall due to access to contraception, increases in wages, urbanization, increase in the status and education of women, and increase in investment in education. Population growth begins to level off. In stage 4, birth rates and death rates are both low. The large group born during stage two ages and creates an economic burden on the shrinking working population. In stage 5 (only some theorists acknowledge this stage—others recognize only four), fertility rates transition to either below-replacement or above-replacement.
Demographic transition theory
122
also known as the Migration Transition Model, claims that the type of migration that occurs within a country depends on how developed it is or what type of society it is. A connection is drawn from migration to the stages of within the Demographic Transition Model (DTM). The Zelinsky Model of Migration Transition (aka the Migration Transition Model) claims that the change in migration pattern in a society that results from social and economic changes that also produce demographic transition
Zelinsky Model of Migration Transition
123
is one reason why many missionaries were not eaten. Many tribes had a color prejudice about who to eat, and would rather eat blacks because white are too salty
Gustatory cannibalism
124
Humans eat each other in emergency situations
Emergency Cannibalism or Survival Cannibalism
125
At national level ________ information is used to get the population of the country, plan the provision of health care, education, employment, transport, etc. It is used to help determine where to build new schools, roads, health care facilities, child-care and senior centre. The Census is also an important economic tool.
Census
126
a psychological principle maintaining that behaviors are shaped by their consequences and that, accordingly, individual behaviors can be changed through rewards and punishments
Reinforcement theory
127
A Theory that describes how students absorb, process, and retain knowledge during learning. Cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences, as well as prior experience, all play a part in how understanding, or a world view, is acquired or changed and knowledge and skills retained. there are three basic types of learning theory: behaviorist, cognitive constructivist, and social constructivist
Learning Theory
128
an act, process, or instance of validating especially : the determination of the degree of validity of a measuring device.
Validation
129
the process of making something conform to a standard or a reference group
Standardization
130
defined as standards by which the progress of a child's development can be measured. For example, the average age at which a child walks, learns to talk, or reaches puberty would be such a standard and would be used to judge whether the child is progressing normally
Developmental norms
131
make claims about how things should or ought to be, how to value them, which things are good or bad, and which actions are right or wrong
Normative statements
132
is a term that refers to two or more cultures blending together to create a new, unique culture
Cultural amalgamation
133
This concept is sometimes referred to as the __________ because the objective is for the individual pieces of each culture to become indistinguishable once they have blended with the others.
Melting Point Theory
134
a relative, behavior or other characteristic that is traced through a mother's lineage. An example of matrilineal is someone being half Italian because their mother is Italian
Matrilineal
135
is the societal system in which a married couple resides with or near the wife's parents
Matrilocal residence or matrilocality
136
a research technique used to make replicable and valid inferences by interpreting and coding textual material. By systematically evaluating texts (e.g., documents, oral communication, and graphics), qualitative data can be converted into quantitative data
Content analysis
137
is research involving primary sources held in an archives, a Special Collections library, or other repository. Archival sources can be manuscripts, documents, records (including electronic records), objects, sound and audiovisual materials, or other materials. Archives are important because they provide evidence of activities and tell us more about individuals and institutions. They tell stories. Records weren't usually created for the purpose of historical research so they often provide a less biased account of events than secondary sources.
Archival research
138
also called forager, any person who depends primarily on wild foods for subsistence. Foraging is searching for wild food resources. It affects an animal's fitness because it plays an important role in an animal's ability to survive and reproduce. Foraging theory is a branch of behavioral ecology that studies the foraging behavior of animals in response to the environment where the animal lives.
Hunter-gatherer
139
In sociology and other social sciences, _________ means an individual's acceptance of a set of norms and values (established by others) through socialisation. Internalizing behaviors are negative behaviors that are focused inward. They include fearfulness, social withdrawal, and somatic complaints. Unlike _________ behaviors, externalizing behaviors are directed outward toward others. Bullying, vandalism, and arson are examples of externalizing behaviors.
Internalization, externalizing
140
means teaching someone to accept a set of beliefs without questioning them. Your sister's orientation at her new job might seem more like indoctrination if she comes home robotically reciting her corporate employee handbook
Indoctrination
141
is a qualitative research method in which the researcher not only observes the research participants, but also actively engages in the activities of the research participants.
Participant observation
142
is a branch of sociology that concentrates on the descriptive analysis of society, societal sub-divisions and societal patterns. To keep it simple, it is the study of better understanding people, their interactions with others and their daily routines and habits. The term 'sociography'—'a way of writing the social interests and ethnographic experiences who together set out to interrogate the role.
Sociography
143
is the recording and analysis of a culture or society, usually based on participant-observation and resulting in a written account of a people, place or institution. Entails staying in the research area for a long period of time and living with the community in order to describe and understand the community’s culture
Ethnography
144
A _____________ involves gathering people from similar. backgrounds or experiences together to discuss a specific topic of. interest. It is a form of qualitative research where questions are asked about their perceptions attitudes, beliefs, opinion or ideas. Focus group research is used to develop or improve products or services. The main purpose is to provide data to enhance, change or create a product or service targeted at a key customer group
focus group discussion
145
is usually associated with order, reason, law, and good, whereas savagery is associated with chaos, impulse, anarchy, and evil. Civilization is the state of person living and functioning together. It involves social co-operation, and joint survival via joint action
Civilization
146
In general, humans try to borrow/adapt from other culture.
Diffusionism Theory
147
– It expresses the thought that the claims, methods and results of science are not, or should not be influenced by particular perspectives, value commitments, community bias or personal interests, to name a few significant factors.
Objectivity in social science research
148
refers to research conducted, and conclusions reached, by means of observation, experience and documentation. For example, a wildlife researcher would go into the field to observe how animals coexist in a group in a natural setting.
Empirical Investigation
149
The _____________ is the ability to see things socially and how they interact and influence each other. Allows an individual to examine personal troubles in the light of broader social issues. To have a sociological imagination, a person must be able to pull away from the situation and think from an alternative point of view.
sociological imagination
150
is physically quite 'round' and is typified as the 'barrel of fun' person. They tend to have: Wide hips and narrow shoulders, which makes them rather pear-shaped. Quite a lot of fat spread across the body, including upper arms and thighs. – temperamentally relaxed, outgoing people who like physical comfort and eating
Endomorph
151
– stout, round, extroverted, jovial
Entomorph
152
are thin with a small bone structure and very little fat on their bodies. According to Sheldon, the ectomorph personality is anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private. They enjoy intellectual stimulation and feel uncomfortable in social situations.
Ectomorphs
153
are muscular and athletic. Their bodies are described as hourglass-shaped when they're female, or rectangular-shaped in males. They're muscular with thick skin and have excellent posture. According to Sheldon, mesomorphs are the most prone to commit crime or other deviant behaviors.
Mesomorphs
154
(1) A person’s motivation or adherence to cultural goals; (2) a person’s belief in how to attain his/her goals.
Bases of Merton’s typology of deviant behavior
155
The word “_________” refers to the process whereby people belonging to minority groups are made to live in particular areas of cities and towns due to factors relating to their religious, ethnic or racial background.
ghettoization
156
is a disposition or personality trait in which a person becomes absorbed in their mental imagery, particularly fantasy. This trait thus correlates highly with a fantasy-prone personality. The construct of absorption was developed in order to relate individual differences in hypnotisability to broader aspects of personality. Disregard for other beings, things, or concepts due to overwhelming interest in one specific being, thing or concept
absorption
157
is an often-deliberate process whereby a person entering the institution is reprogrammed to accept and conform to strict controls that enables the institution to manage a large number of people with a minimum of necessary staff.
Institutionalization
158
________ breeds separation, misunderstanding, and disregard diversity between groups. When groups have no opportunity to settle their disagreements by discussion, they are apt to resort to fighting. _______ = "The ability or willingness to tolerate something, in particular the existence of opinions or behavior that one does not necessarily agree with.
Intolerance, tolerance
159
a system of land ownership and duties. An example of feudalism is someone farming a piece of land for a lord and agreeing to serve under the lord in war in exchange for getting to live on the land and receiving protection.
Feudalism
160
an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
Capitalism
161
If a company, person, or state has a _______ on something such as an industry, they have complete control over it, so that it is impossible for others to become involved in it. It is a market environment where there is only one provider of a certain economic good or service.
monopoly
162
__________ is a sampling technique in which every subject meeting the criteria of inclusion is selected until the required sample size is achieved
Consecutive sampling
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is a non-probability sampling technique where subjects are selected because of their convenient accessibility and proximity to the researcher.
Convenience sampling
164
also known as judgmental, selective, or subjective sampling, is a form of non-probability sampling in which researchers rely on their own judgment when choosing members of the population to participate in their study. Homogeneous Sampling: collecting a very specific set of participants. For example, age 20-24, college educated, male
Purposive sampling
165
is a non-probability sampling method in which researchers can form a sample involving individuals that represent a population and are chosen according to traits or qualities. Researchers can decide the trait as per which the sample subset selection will be conducted so that the sample can be effective in collecting data that can be generalized to the entire population.
Quota Sampling
166
are those in which little or no formal structure exists that places authority and power into the hands of certain individuals or groups on the basis of hereditary right or positions of authority. Indeed, in egalitarian societies there are no positions of authority. Egalitarianism, or equalitarianism, is a school of thought within political philosophy that prioritizes equality for all people. An example of egalitarian hiring methods is where people are not discriminated against on the basis of race of religion.
The nature of Marx’s theory rejected Comte’s position.
Egalitarian societies
167
is a perspective within feminism that calls for a radical reordering of society in which male supremacy is eliminated in all social and economic contexts. Radical feminists view society as fundamentally a patriarchy in which men dominate and oppress women
Radical feminism
168
social and economic doctrine that calls for public rather than private ownership or control of property and natural resources.
Socialism,
169
An individual who is a _______ would believe that to separate women’s bodies from the process of childbearing, a society must use new reproductive technology; a socialist revolution will not lead to a society without patriarchy.
radical feminist
170
Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love
_________ is the sharing of details and intimate thoughts & emotions. _____ is the physical attraction—the flame in the fire. _______ is standing by the person—the “in sickness and health” part of the relationship.
_______: Love is due to the pleasant consequences that happen in a relationship.
__________: Love is due to increasing levels of dopamine.
INtimacy, passion, commitment, Behaviorist, Biopsychologist
171
also known as behavioral psychology, is a theory of learning based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. Behaviorists believe that our responses to environmental stimuli shape our actions.
Behaviorism,
172
is a branch of psychology that analyzes how the brain, neurotransmitters, and other aspects of our biology influence our behaviors, thoughts, and feelings.
Biopsychology
173
are unintended or unrecognized (latent) and have a negative effect on society.
Dysfunctions
174
is an eating disorder that involves eating items that are not typically thought of as food and that do not contain significant nutritional value, such as hair, dirt, and paint chips.
Pica
175
is a serious, potentially life-threatening eating disorder characterized by a cycle of bingeing and compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting designed to undo or compensate for the effects of binge eating.
Bulimia nervosa
176
is an eating disorder characterized by weight loss (or lack of appropriate weight gain in growing children); difficulties maintaining an appropriate body weight for height, age, and stature; and, in many individuals, distorted body image. People with anorexia generally restrict the number of calories and the types of food they eat.
Anorexia nervosa
177
involves the regular regurgitation of food that occurs for at least one month. Regurgitated food may be re-chewed, re-swallowed, or spit out. Typically, when someone regurgitates their food, they do not appear to be making an effort, nor do they appear to be stressed, upset, or disgusted.
Rumination disorder
178
is a severe, life-threatening, and treatable eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of eating large quantities of food (often very quickly and to the point of discomfort); a feeling of a loss of control during the binge; experiencing shame, distress or guilt afterwards; and not regularly using unhealthy compensatory measures (e.g., purging) to counter the binge eating. It is the most common eating disorder in the United States.
Binge eating disorder (BED)
179
The _________ proposes that one member of the color pair suppresses the other color.
opponent process theory
180
states that the detection of a stimulus depends on both the intensity of the stimulus and the physical/psychological state of the individual. There are four possible outcomes: hit (signal present and subject says “yes”), miss (signal present and subject says “no”), false alarm (signal absent and subject says “yes”), and correct rejection (signal absent and subject says “no”). Hits and correct rejections are good. False alarms and misses are bad.
Signal detection theory,
181
refers to how our brains make use of information that has already been brought into the brain by one or more of the sensory systems. Top-down processing is a cognitive process that initiates with our thoughts, which flow down to lower-level functions, such as the senses. Example: “Cna yuo raed this?” The sign has several missing letters, but you're still able to read it. Because you use top-down processing and rely on your existing knowledge to make an educated guess about what the sign says.
Top-down processing
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is an explanation for perception that involves starting with an incoming stimulus and working upwards until a representation of the object is formed in our minds. This process suggests that our perceptual experience is based entirely on the sensory stimuli that we piece together using only data that is available from our senses
Bottom-up processing
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(also known as the Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory) is a theory of color and how humans perceive color. According to this theory, the human retina contains three different receptors for color (meaning each one is most sensitive to one color): one is most sensitive to red, one is most sensitive to green, and one is most sensitive to blue. These color receptors combine the colors to produce the perception of virtually any color. You notice that there are no receptors specific to orange, but by stimulating the right cones in the right way, orange color is produced.
trichromatic theory
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also known as the two-factor theory of emotion, states that emotions are a product of both physiological and cognitive processes.
The Schachter-Singer theory of emotion,
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states that stimulating events trigger feelings and physical reactions that occur at the same time.
The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
186
is a hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions. The James-Lange theory of emotion states that emotion is equivalent to the range of physiological arousal caused by external events. The two scientists suggested that for someone to feel emotion, he/she must first experience bodily responses such as increased respiration, increased heart rate, or sweaty hands. For example, a person may experience a physiological reaction such as becoming ill in public, which then leads to an emotional response such as feeling anxious
The James–Lange theory
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—also commonly referred to as the opponent process theory of acquired motivation—contends that the primary or initial reaction to an emotional event (State A) will be followed by an opposite secondary emotional state (State B). In the opponent-process model, this is the result of a shift over time from fear to pleasure in the fear-pleasure emotion pair.
Richard L. Solomon's opponent process theory of emotions
188
refers to the process in cognitive behavioral therapy of identifying and changing inaccurate negative thoughts that contribute to the development of depression. – directed to self-compassion
Cognitive restructuring
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involves trying to reduce the negative emotional responses associated with stress such as embarrassment, fear, anxiety, depression, excitement and frustration. This may be the only realistic option when the source of stress is outside the person’s control.
Emotion-focused coping
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targets the causes of stress in practical ways which tackles the problem or stressful situation that is causing stress, consequently directly reducing the stress In general problem-focused coping is best, as it removes the stressor, so deals with the root cause of the problem, providing a long term solution. Problem-focused strategies are successful in dealing with stressors such as discrimination, HIV infections and diabetes.
Problem-focused coping
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Conflict involving a decision regarding whether to pursue or avoid something that has both positive and negative aspects to it.
Approach-avoidance conflicts
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is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors.
Nature
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is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception, e.g., the product of exposure, life experiences and learning on an individual.
Nurture
194
–The study of the structure of words. (noun) The formal rules for structuring words. Morphemes are comprised of two separate classes called (a) bases (or roots) and (b) affixes. Or Morphemes
Morphology
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– The study of rules governing the arrangement of words and other elements (e.g., punctuation) to create clauses, phrases, and sentences. Let's look at an example of how a sentence can be rearranged to create varied syntax. Examples of Syntax in a Sentence: The boy jumped happily.
Syntax
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focuses on the distribution and patterns of speech sounds or phonemes in addition to the rules of pronunciation that govern speech sounds. Also called phonemics.
Phonology
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is the study of meaning in language. It can be applied to entire texts or to single words. For example, "destination" and "last stop" technically mean the same thing, but students of semantics analyze their subtle shades of meaning.
Semantics
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is considered to be the love originating from God or Christ for humankind. "the highest form of love, charity" and "the love of God for man and of man for God".
Agape
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describes a relationship that is purely spiritual and not physical. If a guy and a girl hang out all the time but aren't boyfriend and girlfriend, they'd describe their friendship as platonic. Platonic love and platonic friendships are marked by the absence of physical or sexual desire.
Platonic
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usually implies an expression of one's strong romantic love, or one's deep and strong emotional desires to connect with another person intimately. It is heavily controlled by emotions such a passion and desire.
Romantic love
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refers to a variety of love that is durable, fairly slow to develop, and characterized by interdependence and feelings of affection, intimacy, and commitment. Companionate love is also known as affectionate love, friendship-based love, or attachment. Because it requires time to develop fully, this kind of love is often seen between very close friends or romantic partners who have been together for a long time.
Companionate love
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(plural schemata or schemas) describes a pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them. People use schemata to organize current knowledge and provide a framework for future understanding.
Schema
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– organized to hierarchical arrangement of concepts which can be considered as a hybrid between hard and soft attention
Hierarchical memory network
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, or frame network is a knowledge base that represents semantic relations between concepts in a network. This is often used as a form of knowledge representation.
A semantic network
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is an illusion when lights or images are flashed quickly, and the brain perceives them as moving. A great example of stroboscopic motion is a flip book
Stroboscopic motion
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, illusory movement of a single still object, usually a stationary pinpoint of light used in psychology experiments in dark rooms. As one stares at a fixed point of light, one's eye muscles become fatigued, causing a slight eye movement.
Autokinetic effect
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is an illusion of movement that arises when stationary objects—light bulbs, for example—are placed side by side and illuminated rapidly one after another. The effect is frequently used on theatre marquees to give the impression of moving lights.
Phi phenomenon
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is a type of depth perception cue in which objects that are closer appear to move faster than objects that are further
Motion parallax
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, also called altered state of mind or mind alteration, is any condition which is significantly different from a normal waking state. have an increased tendency to produce misrepresentations such as hallucinations, delusions, and memory distortions.
An altered state of consciousness (ASC)
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Examples of your ________ are memories, beliefs, fears and subjective maps of reality. The thing with your unconscious mind is it's very powerful and can, without your awareness, direct the course of what you do in your life.
Daydreaming – higher-level awareness
subconscious
