Social structure Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
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The way in which components parts such as statuses, role, values, norms, beliefs, and behavior patterns are arranged, interrelated and organized into a whole system.
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Social Structure
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Skeleton or frame in which culture of society are arranged, classified, and organized into a whole interconnected system.
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Social Structure
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Q
______________ through which a society is organized.
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4
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TYPES OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE:
- Social relationships + physical and social characteristics of communities to which individuals belong.
- Example: social networks like PTA, boy/girl scouts, etc.
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Horizontal
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TYPES OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE:
- Also known as “social inequality”
- Ways in which a group/society ranks people in a “hierarchy”, with some people more “equal” than others.
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VERTICAL
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- Root causes lie in the social
structure and culture of a society. - Problems affecting many individuals
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Public issues
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- Problems affecting individuals that the society and the individual blame on the individual.
- Example: unemployment, obesity, addiction
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Personal troubles
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This is the ability to appreciate the structural basis for individual problems.
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Sociological imagination
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SCALES OF SOCIAL STRUCTURES:
- Individual
- Has status and roles for the individuals.
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Micro
10
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Responsibilities and benefits
that a person experiences based on
their rank and role in society.
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Status
11
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Patterns of behavior representative of the person’s social status.
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Roles
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SCALES OF SOCIAL STRUCTURES:
- Families, peers, social support groups, social networks.
- The individual and their social groups.
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Meso
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- Two or more people with regular
interaction - Based on mutual expectations,
obligations, and shared identity.
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Group
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The totality of relationships that link us to other people and groups, and through them to other people and groups.
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Social Network
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SCALES OF SOCIAL STRUCTURES:
- Organizations, social institutions, society.
- Consist of large groups of people.
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Macro
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A large group with specific norms and values to achieve specific goals and tasks.
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Organization/s
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“Structures” and “mechanisms” of social order and cooperation governing the behavior of individuals within a
given human collective.
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Social Institutions
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Social Institution is identified with _______ (1) and _______ (2) transcending individual lives and intentions by enforcing rules that govern operative behavior.
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- Social purpose
- Permanence
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Social institutions act as __________ that teach individuals to conform to their norms.
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Forces of socialization
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Q
A
21
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A group or society’s definition of the way a specific role is supposed to be played
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Role expectation
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How an individual plays a role in an actual situation
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Role performance
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Incompatible role demands in place in one individual or by 2 or more status held at the same time
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Role conflict
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Difficulty in meeting the demands of the role
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Role strain
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Created with the intention of governing human behavior.
- E.g. school and workplaces
Formal
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Not overtly designed to regulate behavior and conduct but through socialization that seeks to conform to communal standards.
Informal
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- Considered as an institution, but it is
very abstract.
- Placed under the informal type of
social institutions.
Marriage
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Institutions tend to appear to people in society as something that is a _______ (1) and ________ (2) part of their
lives.
1. natural
2. unchanging
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sociological studies have defined social
institutions as what?
Social construction
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Interlocking social roles and expectations
Used by sociology to analyze social institutions
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Social institutions are created and defined by their own creation of social roles for their members.
Social construct
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This is the fulfillment of the assigned roles
Structural-functionalism or functionalist
theory
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Social institutions contribute to social
inequality
Conflict
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Merton's functions of social institutions view social institutions from a ________.
Functional perspective
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- Intended functions of an institution
- Usually anticipated consequences
Manifest function
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- Unintended functions of an institution
- Consequences can be beneficial, neutral or harmful
Latent function
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Social processes with undesirable consequences for the operation of a society
Dysfunctions
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Process of embedding a concept, social role, value or
logic within an organization, social system or society
- E.g. 4P's
Institutionalization
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- Universal
- Basic institution in all societies and a
significant element of human social life
- Serves as a link between the individual and the larger society
- Most demanding institution of a Filipino’s interest and loyalty
Family
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Adjusts to the social conditions
emanating from the larger society
Adaptive institution
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Organized structure where children of a
society are taught basic academic knowledge
Education
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- Composed of a specific group of people
that controls the state at a given time
- Through which state power is used
Government
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Organized political community acting under a government.
State
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Government and state have a relationship based on power called _______
Politics
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Being socially recognized;
approved use of power.
Legitimacy
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A system of production, distribution and
consumption inseparable from social and political systems.
Economy
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Capital and means of production are
controlled by private entities
Capitalism
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Global distribution of the production of goods and services through the reduction of barriers to international trades such as tariffs, export fees, and import quotas;
Economic Globalization
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Collection of cultural values, practices, belief systems and worldviews that relate humanity to spirituality and moral values.
Religion
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All print, digital and electronic means of
communication (TV, radio, newspapers) and influence large numbers of people.
Mass media
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Organized structure that seeks to prevent,
diagnose and treat illness, as well as to promote good health and well-being.
Health care
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Most complex macrostructure
Societies
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- Information is passed by genes through
reproduction of humans.
- Information is passed through the
genetic level first.
Genetic
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This approach says that technological progress is the most basic factor in evolution of human societies.
Gerard Lenski’s sociological evolution approach
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Umbrella term for theories of cultural evolution and social evolution.
Sociocultural or sociological evolution
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What are the Four Stages of Human Development?
1. Genetic
2. Individual
3. Signs
4. Symbols and Language
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Information is passed through
individual experience.
Individual
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Humans then begin to use signs and
develop logic.
Signs
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Humans were led to the creation of
symbols and to develop language and
writing.
Symbols and Language
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○ Also known as information or digital societies.
○ Based on production of information and
services.
○ Built on technology and non-material goods
Post-industrialist
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○ Based on production of material goods.
○ Was formed after the enlightenment and the industrial revolution.
○ Characterized by economists built on
mechanized labor, greater profits, and greater social mobility.
Industrial
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When transmission and the types of technology that humans have becomes more complex, from the cellular level up to the level of large groups (called societies)... what occurs
Evolution or human development occurs
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Limited technology and low production of
goods.
■ Hunter-gatherer
■ Pastoral
■ Horticultural
■ Agricultural
■ Feudal
Pre-industrial
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A theory of history that looks at the mode of production as determinants of a society’s organization and development/evolution
History materialism
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Production and reproduction of material
requirements of daily life is necessary for human survival.
Premise
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Means of production such as tools, technology, land, raw materials, human knowledge and abilities.
Forces of production
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This determines what a society will be like
Economy
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Social relations created in order to produce and exchange goods.
Relations of production
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This is created from "material" and "cultural difference" between people
- It is socially constructed
Social division and social inequality
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Composed of culture and different
social institutions, depends on its base of the economic structure.
Superstructure
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How did Lenin describe the transition of societies?
From primitive communal to agricultural societies
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Stay in one place; resulted in complexity of social organization and elaboration of statuses.
Agriculture
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Founder of Modern Conflict Theory
C. Wright Mills
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Social structures are created through _____ between people with different, often competing interests and resources.
Conflict
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Social division and social inequality is expressed through patterns of inequality such as
Social stratification
Social exclusion
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People have unequal access to
scarce and valued resources in society
○ e.g. health care, education, jobs, property, housing, political influence
Social Inequality
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Signifies an equation of power and wealth that denotes a specific form of inequalities.
Socioeconomic Status
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_______ are largely determined by social stratification.
○ How well a person is likely to have a good quality of life
○ How likely a person is to get sick
Life chances
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What are the 5 rankings of socioeconomic levels?
○ Wealth
○ Income
○ Race
○ Education
○ Power
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● Conceptual social hierarchy where individuals are ranked in terms of perceived social value.
● Largely refers to Socioeconomics.
● System of social standing or the process where people
are classified into layers.
Social Stratification
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● People who share similar status on factors such as wealth, income, education and occupation.
Social Class
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What do the "perceived moral value is also integrated into the stratification"?
A poor member of the clergy is in a higher social rank than a rich criminal.
68
What are the 2 systems in Social Class?
1. Class
2. Caste
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■ Social factors and individual achievement can help people move from one class to another.
■ Social mobility can occur.
Class (open)
68
■ The social standing one is born into cannot be changed. No opportunities
for the individual to improve their social
standing
■ Social mobility cannot occur.
Caste (close)
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Superficial physical differences that a particular society considers significant such as skin color and geographic regions.
Race
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Shared culture of a group.
Ethnicity
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● Any group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from others in the society
● Lack of power
Minority Group
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● A bias used to justify the belief that one racial category is superior or inferior to others
● Set of practices used by a racial majority to disadvantage a racial minority.
Racism
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The genetic material encoded in
chromosomes; the classification of
each individual at birth
Biological Sex
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Psychological sense of being male or
female
Gender Identity
73
Adherence of culturally created
behaviors and attitudes deemed
appropriate for males or females.
Social Sex or Gender Role
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Sexual and emotional attraction to the
same and/or opposite sex.
● Heterosexual: opposite sex
● Homosexual: same sex
● Pansexual: all sex
Sexual Orientation
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Gender is _____.
Performative
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Based on gender stereotypes which include prejudiced beliefs that value one sex vs another.
Sexism
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Often deeply rooted in a society’s culture and perpetuated by different social institutions.
Gender inequality and gender-based violence
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Discrimination based on age.
Ageism
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Discrimination and prejudice in favor of people with no disabilities (“normal”)
Ableism
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An expression of widespread ableism.
Eugenics
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Discrimination and prejudice against people with disabilities and/or people perceived to be disabled.
Disablism
81
● Affects both the quality of life of individuals and equity and cohesion of society.
● A complex and multidimensional process which involves the lack or denial of resources, rights, goods and
services, and the inability to participate
Social Exclusion
81
3 barriers to social inclusion
1. Prejudice
2. Discrimination
3. Oppression
82
Preconceived judgments without
actual experience.
Prejudice
82
Actions against a group of people
based on their age, religion, health and
other characteristics.
Discrimination
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Exercise of authority or power in a
burdensome, cruel or unjust manner
Oppression
84
Various biological, social and cultural categories (e.g. class, race, ethnicity, gender) interact and contribute towards a system of social inequality.
Intersectionality
85
What are the 3 forms of oppression?
1. Racism
2. Classicism
3. Sexism
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