Social Studies 5004 Flashcards by Katlin Harvey

Q

European exploration and colonization

Whose key motives were: Gold, Northwest Passages

A

Spanish

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Q

European exploration and colonization

Whose key motives were: Spread Christianity, Northwest Passage

A

French

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Q

European exploration and colonization

Whose key motives were: Colonize, Northwest Passage

A

England

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Q

Explorers to Know

He made one of the most famous voyages of exploration in 1492 when he sailed from Palos, Spain in search of a route to Asia and the Indies. Instead, He found the New World-the Americas.

A

Christopher Columbus

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Q

In 1519, he landed in Mexico with 600 men and fewer than 200 horses. Upon discovering the vast Aztec wealth, his motivations quickly changed from colonization and Christianity to acquiring gold. He began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas and conquered the Aztec empire.

A

Hernán Cortés

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Q

Exploration of the Americas Timeline

When did Leif Erikson discovers Vinland (New England)?

A

1000 A.D.

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Q

Exploration of the Americas Timeline

When did Christopher Columbus discovers the New World (Hispaniola, San Salvador)?

A

1492

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Q

Exploration of the Americas Timeline

When did John Cabot discover continental North America?

A

1497

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Q

Exploration of the Americas Timeline

When was the New World named after America Vespucci?

A

1507

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Q

Exploration of the Americas Timeline

When did Vasco Nuñez de Balboa discovers the Pacific Ocean?

A

1513

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Q

Exploration of the Americas Timeline

When did Hernán Cortés conquer Mexico by defeating the Aztecs and their leader Montezuma. The victory gave Spain a stronghold over Central American land and gold for years to come.

A

1519

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Q

Exploration of the Americas Timeline

When did Ferdinand Magellan sail around the world?

A

1521

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Q

First American Settlements

The oldest city in the United States is ____ ________, founded in 1565 by the Spanish. Ponce de León, a Spanish conquistador, explored ____ _______ looking for gold and other resources.

A

St. Augustine

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Q

First American Settlements

_________, Virginia was the first permanent English colony in the Americas and was established in 1607.

A

Jamestown

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Q

First American Settlements

_________ ________, Americas first permanent Puritan settlement, was established by English Separatist Puritans in December 1620. The Pilgrims left England to seek religious freedom.

A

Plymouth Colony

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Q

First American Settlements

Founded in 1636 by Roger Williams, an English Puritan who advocated for religious freedom and the fair treatment of Native Americans.

A

Rhode Island Colony

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Key Players and Events of American Colonization

English Puritan separatists seeking religious freedom.

A

The Pilgrims

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Q

Key Players and Events of American Colonization

The 13 colonies: New England Colonies

A

New Hampshire
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Rhode Island Colony
Connecticut Colony

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Q

Key Players and Events of American Colonization

The 13 colonies: Middle Colonies

A

New York Colony
New Jersey Colony
Pennsylvania Colony
Delaware Colony

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Key Players and Events of American Colonization

The 13 colonies: Southern Colonies

A

Maryland Colony
Virginia Colony
North Carolina Colony
South Carolina Colony
Georgia Colony

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Key Players and Events of American Colonization

An English ship that transported the Puritans from England to the New World. The ship has become a cultural icon in the history of the United States.

A

The Mayflower

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Key Players and Events of American Colonization

The first document of self-governance signed by the passengers of the Mayflower on September 16, 1620.

A

The Mayflower Compact

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Q

The First Colonies

A

1st- Jamestown, Virginia (1607)
2nd- Plymouth, Massachusetts (1620)

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Q

The ______ __ _________ at Jamestown, Virgina, was the first legislative assembly in the colonies. The main player or name associated with the _______ __ ______ is George Yeardley, who was Governor of the Virginia Colony.

A

House of Burgesses

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The ________ _________ was the colonists revolt against Great Britain from about 1765 to 1783. It began with a series of British taxes imposed on the colonists, which led to a clash of political ideologies, protests, and war. With the help of the French, the American colonists fought the British and won their independence. The 13 colonies formed the United States of America.

American Revolution

Causes of the American Revolution The ________ ____ was a tax put on the American colonies by the British in 1765.

Stamp Act

Causes of the American Revolution A series of laws passed by the British Parliament in 1767. The laws taxed goods (paper, paint, lead, glass, and tea) imported to the American colonies and established the following: -American Customs Board in Boston to collect taxes. -Courts in America to prosecute smugglers (without using a local jury) -The right of British officials to search colonists' houses and businesses.

Townshend Acts

Causes of the American Revolution Confrontation where a British soldier shot and killed several people in Boston. Leading patriots like Paul Revere and Samuel Adams used this as propaganda for the Revolutionary War.

Boston Massacre

Causes of the American Revolution A protest by the American Colonists against the British government. It occurred on December 16, 1773. -A result of the Tea Tax of 1773 -Dumped 90,000 pounds of tea into Boston Harbor -Perpetrated by the Sons of Liberty

Boston Tea Party

Causes of the American Revolution The ____ __ ______ was a secret organization created in the 13 American Colonies to advance the rights of the colonists and to fight taxation by the British government.

Sons of Liberty

Members of the Sons of Liberty:

*Samuel Adams- Political writer, founder of the Sons of Liberty *Benedict Arnold- Businessman, future general in the Continental Army, traitor, and coward *John Hancock- Merchant, smuggler, fire warden. *Patrick Henry- Lawyer from Virginia, served as Virginia's first governor, leader of the Anti-Federalists who opposed the ratification of the 1787 U.S. Constitution. *Paul Revere- Silversmith from Boston, charged with notifying colonial militia of British troop movements prior to the Battle of Lexington and Concord. *John Brown- Businessman from Rhode Island First Political Parties.

Political Parties First Political Parties: Created by Alexander Hamilton; considered the "big government party"

Federalist Party

Political Parties First Political Parties: Created by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison; considered the "small government party"

Democratic-Republican Party

Political Parties Second Political Parties (The Democratic-Republican Party splits: Henry Clay faction

Republican Party

Political Parties Second Political Parties (The Democratic-Republican Party splits: Andrew Jackson faction

Democratic Party

Political Parties Second Political Parties (The Democratic-Republican Party splits: An opposition to Jackson Transitioned into the Republican Party

Whig Party

Major events and developments in the United States Constitutional Era and Early Republic- First U.S. Constitution, weak central government, inability to levy taxes, inability to regulate interstate and international trade, each state was represented by one vote regardless of its size.

Articles of Confederation

Major events and developments in the United States Constitutional Era and Early Republic- Meeting with delegates to establish a stronger constitution. The opposition felt the Constitution increased the power of the executive branch but failed to provide protection of individual rights. Eventually, the Bill of Rights was added to appease the anti-federalists and ratify the Constitution of 1787.

Constitutional Convention

English Common Law signed in 1212, which established that individuals have natural rights of security, liberty, and property. Samuel Adams believed the colonists were entitled to these same rights and referenced the _________ _______ when he wrote The Right of Colonists.

Magna Carta

Presidents of the Early Republic under the U.S. Constitution (1789–1797) – No political party affiliation; former military general; served two terms.

George Washington

Presidents of the Early Republic under the U.S. Constitution (1797–1801) – Federalist; favored a strong central government; served one term.

John Adams

Presidents of the Early Republic under the U.S. Constitution (1801–1809) – Democratic-Republican; brokered the Louisiana Purchase; served two terms.

Thomas Jefferson

Presidents of the Early Republic under the U.S. Constitution (1809–1817) – Democratic-Republican; president during the War of 1812 and the burning of the national capital; served two terms.

James Madison

The Adams Family Patriot, founder of the Sons of Liberty

Samuel Adams

The Adams Family 2nd president and 2nd cousin of Samuel Adams

John Adams

The Adams Family 6th president and son of John Adams

John Quincy Adams

Westward Expansion When gold was discovered in California in 1848, people from California were the first to rush to the goldfields. News quickly spread to Oregon and Latin America and eventually throughout the world.

Gold Rush

The Adams Family Key U.S. diplomat during the American Civil War, son of John Quincy Adams

Charles Francis Adams

Was the movement of settlers into the American West from about 1840 to 1850. The primary factors for the expansion were population growth and search for new land for economic benefit. The __________ ________ was fueled by the Gold Rush, the Oregon Trail, and the belief in Manifest Destiny.

Westward Expansion

Westward Expansion A major route from Missouri to Oregon that pioneers used to migrate west.

Oregon Trail

Westward Expansion Belief that the United States was destined by God to expand control and spread democracy across the continent.

Manifest Destiny

Westward Expansion The ___________ _________ was a land deal between the United States and France in which the United States acquired approximately 827,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million. The ___________ __________ occurred during Thomas Jefferson’s term as president. Eventually, 15 states were added to the Union because of the Louisiana Purchase: Louisiana, Missouri, Arkansas, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Oklahoma, Texas, Montana, and New Mexico.

The Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Westward Expansion President Thomas Jefferson instructed Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the area gained from the recent Louisiana Purchase. During the 8,000-mile expedition, Lewis and Clark endured dangerous terrain, extreme weather, injuries, and disease. They encountered friendly and hostile Native American tribes. From the experience, they were able to provide a detailed description of the geographic, ecological, and social features of the new region.

Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804)

Westward Expansion The ______ ______ is a man-made waterway that connects the Atlantic Ocean— through New York City—to the Great Lakes. The completion of the _____ ______ was significant because it allowed people and freight to travel between the eastern seaboard and the Michigan port, allowing for cheaper transportation.

The Erie Canal (1825)

Westward Expansion This treaty between the United States and representatives of several Native American tribes assigned each tribe a defined territory, where they were to remain (reservations). The ______ ________ ________ was later broken by the U.S. government when gold was discovered on the land that was assigned to the Native American tribes. The United States seized back the land and pushed Native Americans farther into isolated territories.

The Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851

War of 1812 There were several catalysts to the War of 1812:

* A series of trade restrictions introduced by Britain to impede American trade with France * The British support for Native Americans, who were offering armed resistance to the expansion of the American frontier to the Northwest * A refusal by the British to give up lands in the western part of America * Seizure of American ships During the War of 1812, several Native American tribes fought for the British to stop the westward expansion into their homeland. Neither the British nor the United States had a substantial victory in the War of 1812. Both sides wanted the war to end and agreed to restore the status quo antebellum (before the war) with the Treaty of Ghent.

The __________ __________ in American history is considered to be the period after the War of 1812 and before the Civil War. It was characterized by an unstable political environment, including the rise of abolition and the gradual polarization of the country between abolitionists and supporters of slavery. This eventually led to the Civil War.

Antebellum Period

Presidents During the Antebellum Period (1857–1861) – Democrat; supported the Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sanford, which stated that black people, “were not and could never become citizens of the United States”; fanned the fury between abolitionists and pro-slavery supporters; served one term.

James Buchanan

Presidents During the Antebellum Period (1853–1857) – Democrat; signed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which allowed people of these territories to choose to become a free or slave state (also known as “popular sovereignty”); exacerbated the rift within the Democratic Party and increased tension over slavery; served one term.

Franklin Pierce

Presidents During the Antebellum Period (1850–1853) – Whig Party; vice president to Zachary Taylor and successor after Taylor’s death; served one term.

Millard Fillmore

Presidents During the Antebellum Period (1849–1850) – Whig Party; opposed new slave states; supported statehood of California as a free state; negotiated the Compromise of 1850 (finalized two months after his death); died of cholera while in office.

Zachary Taylor

Presidents During the Antebellum Period (1845–1849) – Democrat; significantly expanded the country with the annexation of Texas, Oregon Compromise with Great Britain, and Mexican Cession after the Mexican-American War; supported Jacksonian democracy and slavery; served one term.

James K. Polk

Presidents During the Antebellum Period (1841–1845) – Whig Party; vice president to William Henry Harrison and successor after Harrison’s death; vetoed several bills, which led his own party to attempt to impeach him; served one term.

John Tyler

Presidents During the Antebellum Period (1841) – Whig Party; died 32 days after taking office; known for the shortest presidency in U.S. history; served less than one term.

William Henry Harrison

Presidents During the Antebellum Period (1837–1841) – Democrat; president during the Economic Panic of 1837; served one term.

Martin Van Buren

Presidents During the Antebellum Period (1829–1837) – Democrat; supported state’s rights to expand slavery; implemented the Indian Removal Act, which allowed the government to forcibly move Native Americans west of the Mississippi River (also known as the Trail of Tears); implemented poor economic policies that created the financial crisis of 1837; served two terms.

Andrew Jackson

Presidents During the Antebellum Period (1825–1829) – National Republican; defeated by Andrew Jackson for the presidency, which split the Democratic-Republican party into two political parties; oversaw the completion of the Erie Canal; served one term.

John Quincy Adams

Presidents During the Antebellum Period (1817–1825) – Democratic-Republican; signed the Missouri Compromise making Maine a free state and Missouri a slave state; gave the famous “Monroe Doctrine” speech to warn Europeans against further colonization; served two terms.

James Monroe

The ______ __ ______ was a tragic event in American history that occurred in the 1830s. It involved the forced relocation and displacement of tens of thousands of Native Americans, primarily from the Cherokee, Muscogee (Creek), Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole tribes, from their ancestral lands in the southeastern United States to designated Indian Territory in present-day Oklahoma. The relocation was a result of the Indian Removal Act signed into law by President Andrew Jackson. The journey, known as the ______ __ ______, was marked by immense suffering, disease, hunger, and death. Thousands of Native Americans perished during the arduous journey, which covered hundreds of miles on foot or by boat, as they were forcibly removed from their homes and uprooted from their traditional way of life. The ______ __ ______ remains a dark chapter in American history, highlighting the devastating impact of government policies and the displacement of indigenous peoples.

Trail of Tears

_________ was the compulsory enlistment of people in a national service, most often a military service. It was similar to the U.S. draft during the Vietnam War.

Conscription

______ _______ _______, also known as the Southampton Insurrection, was a significant slave revolt that took place in Southampton County, Virginia, in August 1831. Led by enslaved African American preacher Nat Turner, the rebellion resulted in a violent and bloody uprising against slaveholders and their families. The rebellion also fueled debates over slavery and its morality, contributing to the growing abolitionist movement in the United States. It served as a powerful symbol of resistance against the institution of slavery and highlighted the harsh realities and injustices experienced by enslaved people.

Nat Turner’s rebellion

As the United States moved closer to a _____ _____, sectionalism became a problem as the country became increasingly divided. People no longer had loyalty to the entire nation. Rather, their loyalty was only to a part of the nation. The _____ _____ was the war between the Union (north) and the Confederacy (south), and it resulted in roughly 700,000 deaths. However, there were many positive outcomes of the _____ _____: * Dissolution of the Confederacy * Re-uniting the country * Abolished slavery * Beginning of the Reconstruction era, which aimed to rebuild the Union after the _____ _____ * Passing of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments or the “Reconstruction Amendments” – Thirteenth Amendment – Abolished slavery – Fourteenth Amendment – Granted equal civil and legal rights to freed slaves – Fifteenth Amendment – Prohibits federal or state government from denying a citizen the right to vote based on color

The Civil War (1861–1865)

President During the Civil War (1861–1865) – Republican; ordered Union naval blockade of the South; delivered landmark Gettysburg Address; preserved the Union during the worst political and moral crisis in U.S. history; abolished slavery; assassinated while in office; served one term.

Abraham Lincoln

The main event that indicated the end of the _____ _____ was Robert E. Lee's surrender at the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse.

Civil war

Key Players of the Civil War Top Union general after General George B. McClellan’s termination; waged total war against the South starting in 1863, including major victory at Vicksburg

Ulysses S. Grant

Key Players of the Civil War General who turned down Lincoln’s offer to command Union forces in favor of commanding the Army of Northern Virginia for the Confederacy

Robert E. Lee

Key Players of the Civil War Confederate general during the Civil War

Stonewall Jackson

When people migrate to another country, it is usually because something pushes them away from their native country and pulls them toward a new place. This idea is called the _____-____ factor.

push-pull

Key Players of the Civil War Elected president of the Confederate States of America

Jefferson Davis

Key Players of the Civil War U.S. diplomat for Abraham Lincoln who effectively kept France and Great Britain out of the war

Charles Francis Adams

In the late ______, many people from various parts of the world immigrated to the United States because it was perceived as the land of economic opportunity.

1800s

A social and political philosophy that values rural society as superior to urban society. Property ownership and family farming, which is a way of life that can shape the ideal social values, are central to ______________.

Agrarianism

The process by which an economy is transformed from primarily agricultural to one based on the manufacturing of goods.

Industrialization

Refers to the population shift from rural areas to urban areas.

Urbanization

The ___________ ________, which began in the middle of the 18th century (approximately 1750), was the transition from an agrarian (farming) economy to an industrialized economy.

Industrial Revolution

Players of the Industrial Revolution Karl Marx

Worker revolution

Players of the Industrial Revolution Eli Whitney

Cotton gin

Players of the Industrial Revolution Andrew Carnegie

Steel

Players of the Industrial Revolution John D. Rockefeller

Oil

Key Features of the Industrial Revolution

* Population shifted; people moved from rural areas and agriculture work to cities and factory work. * Goods were mass-produced. * Increased efficiency, increased production, and lower costs. * Wages increased. * Technology developments increased. * Many wealthy industrialists became philanthropists. * Government regulations increased, leading to standards in health care and education.

Impacts of the Industrial Revolution Children were exploited by manufacturers. They received extremely low pay and were often involved in accidents resulting in dismemberment or death.

Child labor

Impacts of the Industrial Revolution People were living in areas of higher concentration. _______ _____________ caused outbreaks of infectious diseases.

Poor sanitation

Impacts of the Industrial Revolution The textile industry was still reliant on slave labor.

The Slave Trade

Japan rose to an industrial power in the late nineteenth century because it established trade with the ______ ______.

United States

Key Events of the Industrial Revolution Women’s groups organized to gain political rights. Suffrage was granted in 1920 with the ratification of the 19th amendment, which granted women the right to vote.

Suffragette movement

Key Events of the Industrial Revolution Workers organized to demand better conditions.

Trade unions and working-class movements

Key Events of the Industrial Revolution Karl Marx wrote Das Capital and The Communist Manifesto. Marx argued capitalism exploited the workers (the Proletariat) and anticipated an overthrow of capitalism.

Marxism

Key Events of the Industrial Revolution Industrialism created a stronger sense of collective society.

Nationalist movements

Key Events of the Industrial Revolution The ______ _____ ____ of 1882 prohibited immigration of Chinese laborers.

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

Key Events of the Industrial Revolution The ______ ______ ____ of 1890 was the first federal law that outlawed monopolistic business practices.

The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890

Key Events of the Industrial Revolution The ______ _______ ___ established the Federal Reserve System and Central Bank to oversee monetary policy.

Federal Reserve Act of 1913

Presidents During the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries Democrat; assumed office after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln during the reconstruction era of the Union; vetoed the Freedmen’s Bureau bill and the Civil Rights bill; first American president to be impeached; served one term.

Andrew Johnson (1865–1869)

Presidents During the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries Republican; commanded the Union army during the Civil War; assumed office in the middle of the Reconstruction era; worked to reconcile the North and South; protected the civil rights of freed slaves; signed legislation that limited the activities of white terrorist groups like the Ku Klux Klan; negotiated the 1871 Treaty of Washington; served two terms.

Ulysses S. Grant (1869–1877)

Presidents During the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries Republican; withdrew troops from the Reconstruction states and ended the Reconstruction era; led the way to civil service reform; appointed Southerners to federal positions; made financial appropriations for Southern improvements; served one term.

Rutherford B. Hayes (1877–1881)

Presidents During the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries Republican; addressed civil service reform; initiated reform of the Post Office Department; assassinated; served one term.

James A. Garfield (1881)

Presidents During the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries Republican; advocated for civil service reform; signed the Pendleton Civil Service Act; signed the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882; encouraged modernization of the U.S. Navy; served one term.

Chester A. Arthur (1881–1885)

Presidents During the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries Democrat; attempted to reduce government spending; fought to have protective tariffs lowered; credited for the Interstate Commerce Act and the Dawes General Allotment Act; served one term.

Grover Cleveland (1885–1889)

Presidents During the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries Republican; supported the passage of the McKinley Tariff Act of 1890; signed the Sherman Antitrust Act; advocated for veterans’ benefits, forest conservation, and the expansion of the U.S. Navy; served one term.

Benjamin Harrison (1889–1893)

Presidents During the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries Democrat; worked to alleviate the Treasury crisis; repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890; served one term.

Grover Cleveland (1893–1897)

Presidents During the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries Republican; raised customs duties; resulting in the Dingley Tariff Act; intervened in the conflict between Cuba and Spain, resulting in the Spanish American War; supported the Treaty of Paris, which officially ended the Spanish American War; supported the Open Door policy; assassinated; served one term.

William McKinley (1897–1901)

Presidents During the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries Republican; advocated for conservation for 200 million acres for national forests, reserves, and wildlife refuges; supported the National Reclamation Act; facilitated the start of construction on the Panama Canal; negotiated an end to the Russo-Japanese War; served two terms.

Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909)

Presidents During the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries Republican; supported the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; encouraged nationwide commerce and trade by forming a parcel post service; set railroad rates through the Interstate Commerce Commission; supported the Sixteenth Amendment that called for a federal income tax and the Seventeenth Amendment for the direct election of senators by the people; served one term.

William Howard Taft (1909–1913)

_____ ___ __ _____ was also known as the Great War. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, occurred on June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo. This was the catalyst to World War I. In addition, the practice of unrestricted submarine warfare against civilian vessels like the Lusitania was a major reason behind the United States entering the First World War.

World War I (WWI)

The world powers aligned into two groups: Allied Powers

France Britain Russia United States

The world powers aligned into two groups: Central Powers

Austria-Hungary Germany Ottoman Empire Bulgaria

President During World War I Democrat, founder public administration theories, resisted pressure to enter World War I until it could no longer be avoided, served two terms.

Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921)

Key Events During World War I Congress passed the _________ _____, which made it illegal to interfere with the operation of the military. This included obstructing the recruitment of servicemen into the military.

Espionage Act

Key Events During World War I Charles Schenck is arrested for distributing leaflets urging men to resist the military draft and convicted of violating the Espionage Act. He appealed to the Supreme Court, claiming the federal government was infringing on his First Amendment right of free speech. The court determined speech (written or spoken) that created a clear and present danger to society was not protected by the First Amendment.

Schenck v. United States

World War I Timeline -Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary is assassinated in Sarajevo by Serbian, Gavrilo Princip. - Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia - Germany declares was on Russia December 24- Christmas Truce

1914

World War I Timeline -The Allies launch offensive against the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Gallipoli. The Ottomans defeated the Allies after an 8-month battle. -Germans torpedo the British-owned steamship Lusitania, setting off a chain of events that led to the U.S. entering WWI.

1915

World War I Timeline -The Zimmerman Telegram (a secret communication between Germany and Mexico, describing their possible alliance) was intercepted and decoded by British intelligence. -The Zimmerman Telegram is considered one of the main reasons the U.S. entered WWI.

1917

World War I Timeline -January 8- President Woodrow Wilson issues his Fourteen Points plan to end the war. -March 21- Germany launches the Spring Offensive hoping to defeat the Allies before the United States military can be deployed. -Germany agrees to an armistice and fighting comes to an end at 11am on 11/11/1918 (11-11-11).

1918

World War I Timeline -June 28- The Treaty of Versailles, a peace treaty, is signed, officially ending the war. -The United States did not sign the treaty because the Senate did not want to join the League of Nations.

1919

The ________ _____ refers to the time between the end of World War I and the beginning of World War II.

Interwar Period

During the Roaring 20s, both President Harding and President Coolidge adopted a ______-_____ approach to the economy, where the government did not interfere with business. This approach left the market unregulated and was a contributing factor to the stock market crash of 1929.

laissez-faire

U.S. Presidents During the Interwar Period Republican; reduced taxes for corporations and the wealthy; supported high protective tariffs; limited immigration; signed the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921; died of a heart attack; served one term.

Warren G. Harding (1921–1923)

U.S. Presidents During the Interwar Period Republican; finished Harding’s term; cut taxes; limited government spending; supported small government; set high tariffs on imported goods; refused U.S. membership in the League of Nations; served two terms.

Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929)

The ______ ____ was an age of dramatic social and political change and the beginning of modern America. Most Americans moved to the cities during this period. The nation’s total wealth more than doubled between 1920 and 1929, making way for the consumer society.

Roaring 20s

The Roaring 20s Author of The Great Gatsby

F. Scott Fitzgerald

The Roaring 20s Treasury secretary; tax breaks for the wealthy

Andrew Mellon

The _______ _________ refers to the development of the Harlem neighborhood in New York City as a cultural mecca for African Americans in the early 20th century. The _______ _________ is considered a golden age in African-American culture, manifesting in literature, music, stage performance, and art.

Harlem Renaissance

The Roaring 20s Assembly line

Henry Ford

The Harlem Renaissance Poet and activist

Langston Hughes

The Harlem Renaissance Author

Zora Neale Hurston

The Harlem Renaissance Jazz musician

Louis Armstrong

The _______ _________ was the worst economic downturn in the history of the industrialized world. When the _______ _________ reached its lowest point, approximately 15 million Americans were unemployed and nearly half the country’s banks had failed.

Great Depression

The Great Depression (1929–1939) Millions of shares of stocks were traded after a wave of economic panic, causing their value to plummet.

Stock Market Crash of October 1929

The Great Depression (1929–1939) A drought-stricken area in the Southern Plains of the United States. The _____ ______ intensified the economic impacts of the Great Depression. Because of the _____ ______ , many farming families set off on a migration across the United States in search of work and better living conditions.

The Dust Bowl 1930s

The Great Depression (1929–1939) A series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1936. The _____ _____ included new constraints and safeguards on the banking industry and efforts to re-inflate the economy after prices had fallen sharply. The _____ _____ also increased federal spending to fund its programs.

New Deal (1933–1939)

The Great Depression (1929–1939) The ________ _____ ____ ____ ____ is sweeping legislation enacted after the stock market crash in 1929 to regulate transactions on the secondary market and ensure financial transparency of publicly traded companies.

The Securities and Exchange Act of 1934

Presidents During the Great Depression Republican; took much of the blame for the stock market crash of 1929; served one term.

Herbert Hoover (1929–1933)

Presidents During the Great Depression Democrat; led the nation through the Great Depression by implementing the New Deal; led the country during World War II; elected three times; served 12 years.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1933–1945)

______ _____ ____ ____ was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The conflict involved the vast majority of the world’s nations, including all the superpowers.

World War II (WWII)

During World War II, the superpowers formed two opposing military alliances: Allied Powers

-Great Britain – Winston Churchill -Soviet Union – Joseph Stalin -United States – Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman -China – Chiang Kai-shek

During World War II, the superpowers formed two opposing military alliances: Axis Powers

-Germany – Adolph Hitler -Italy – Benito Mussolini -Japan – Emperor Hirohito

Presidents During World War II Democrat; led the nation through the Great Depression by implementing the New Deal; led the country during World War II; elected three times; served 12 years.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1933–1945)

Presidents During World War II Democrat; vice president to Franklin Delano Roosevelt and successor after Roosevelt’s death; staunch anti-communist who did not trust Stalin; authored the Truman Doctrine; served two terms.

Harry S. Truman (1945–1953)

World War II Timeline (Events Leading to WWII) Adolf Hitler, head of the Nazi Party (the Third Reich) becomes Chancellor of Germany.

1933

World War II Timeline (Events Leading to WWII) Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy form the Rome-Berlin Axis Treaty.

1936

World War II Timeline (Events Leading to WWII) Japan invades China.

1937

World War II Timeline (Events Leading to WWII) Germany invades Poland, marking the official beginning of WWI.

1939

World War II Timeline (Events During WWII) Winston Churchill becomes Prime Minister of England.

1940

World War II Timeline (Events During WWII) Italy enters the war as a member of the Axis Powers.

1940

World War II Timeline (Events During WWII) The Axis Powers launch a massive attack on the Soviet Union consisting of over four million troops.

1941

World War II Timeline (Events During WWII) The Japanese attack Pearl Harbor and destroy nearly 20 American naval vessels, including eight battleships and over 300 airplanes. More than 2,400 Americans died in the attack, including civilians, and another 1,000 people were wounded. This event pulled the United States into WWII.

1941

World War II Timeline (Events During WWII) D-Day and the Normandy invasion. Allied forces invade France, forcing the Germans back.

1944

World War II Timeline (Events During WWII) United States Marines invade Iwo Jima. Each side suffered heavy losses before the Marines finally took the island.

1945

World War II Timeline (Events During WWII) Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) dies and is succeeded by Harry S. Truman.

1945

World War II Timeline (Events During WWII) Adolf Hitler commits suicide.

1945

World War II Timeline (Events During WWII) Germany surrenders to the Allies ending the European conflict of World War II.

1945

World War II Timeline (Events During WWII) Truman orders a nuclear attack on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. Over 200,000 people were killed.

1945

World War II Timeline (Events During WWII) Japan surrenders to the Allies, ending the war.

1945

Many scholars assert one of the major catalysts to World War II was the Treaty of Versailles, an agreement signed between Germany and the Allied Powers, marking the end World War I. Germany was required to take responsibility for the war, pay retributions, and make territorial concessions to certain countries. This is often cited as the reason many Germans were bitter over the deal and why they voted for the Nazi Party.

The Catalyst

The ________ ______ was the research and development of the nuclear bomb. The project was top secret and took place in Oakridge, Tennessee. It was led by the U.S. with the support of Canada and United Kingdom.

The Manhattan Project (1942-1946)

The ____ ____ was a post-World War II period of geopolitical tension between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its satellite states. The conflict is referred to as a “____ ____” because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two sides; however, there were minor proxy-wars, military build-ups, and political posturing, which brought the world dangerously close to another major conflict.

The Cold War (1945–1990)

Key Terms of the Cold War A powerful, influential nation with a bloc of allies; specifically, the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

Superpowers

Key Terms of the Cold War A United States policy using numerous strategies to prevent the spread of communism abroad. A component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge its communist sphere of influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, and Vietnam.

Containment

Key Terms of the Cold War The theory that a political event in one country will cause similar events in neighboring countries, like a falling domino causing an entire row of upended dominoes to fall.

Domino Theory

Key Events of the Cold War With the _______ _____, President Harry S. Truman established that the United States would provide political, military, and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces.

Truman Doctrine (1947)

Key Events of the Cold War Also known as the European Recovery Program, this was a United States program providing aid to Western Europe following the devastation of World War II. In addition to economic redevelopment, one of the stated goals of the _______ _____ was to halt the spread of communism on the European continent. The plan was a major proponent of Containment.

Marshall Plan (1948)

Key Events of the Cold War In response to the Soviet blockade of land routes into West Berlin, the United States conducted a massive airlift of food, water, and medicine to the citizens of the besieged city.

Berlin Airlift (1948)

Key Events of the Cold War NATO is a formal alliance between the territories of North America and Europe. NATO’s main purpose was to defend each other from the possibility of communist Soviet Union taking control of their nation.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (1949)

Key Events of the Cold War Competition between the United States and the Soviet Union to develop the first nuclear weapons program.

The Arms Race (1949)

Key Events of the Cold War Soviet response to NATO. Formed the Eastern Bloc of nations led by the Soviet Union. The ________ _____ included the Soviet Union, Albania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, and the German Democratic Republic.

Warsaw Pact (1955)

Key Events of the Cold War Competition between the United States and the Soviet Union to develop the first space program. – Russians launch Sputnik into space in 1957. – United States amps up its space program. – Kennedy wants to beat Russia to the moon. – United States is the first to land men on the moon in 1969.

The Space Race (1957)

Key Events of the Cold War A failed attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro (president of Cuba). Cuban exiles trained and financed by the CIA launched an ill-fated invasion of Cuba from the sea in the Bay of Pigs. It was one of President Kennedy’s biggest failures.

Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)

Key Events of the Cold War Agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union to limit the use of ballistic missiles to defend other countries.

Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (1972)

Key Events of the Cold War The ______ ____ ______ of October 1962 was a direct and dangerous confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War and was the moment when the two superpowers came closest to nuclear conflict.

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

Key Events of the Cold War The Soviet Union’s restructuring of its economic and political system. ________ was intended to improve social and working conditions for the masses. First proposed by Leonid Brezhnev in 1979 and actively promoted by Mikhail Gorbachev, ________ originally referred to increased automation and labor efficiency but came to entail greater awareness of economic markets and the ending of central planning. The policy was seen as an attempt to democratize the communist Soviet Union.

Perestroika (1979)

Key Events of the Cold War Agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union to decrease nuclear arsenals signed by Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev.

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty (1987)

Key Individuals of the Cold War Communist dictator of the Soviet Union from 1924–1953. He turned against the United States and Britain after World War II.

Joseph Stalin

Key Individuals of the Cold War General Secretary of the Soviet Union’s Communist Party from 1964–1982. He expanded the Soviet military.

Leonid Brezhnev

Key Individuals of the Cold War In 1954, he became the first secretary of the Soviet Union’s Communist Party. He denounced Stalin and lessened government control over citizens.

Nikita Khrushchev

Key Individuals of the Cold War General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985–1991. He reformed the Soviet Union, effectively ending the Cold War.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Presidents During the Cold War Democrat; vice president to Franklin Delano Roosevelt and successor after Roosevelt’s death; staunch anti-communist who did not trust Stalin; authored the Truman Doctrine; served two terms.

Harry S. Truman (1945–1953)

Presidents During the Cold War Republican; served as the supreme commander of the Allied forces in WWII prior to his presidency; managed tensions during the Cold War; ended the Korean War; implemented covert Central Intelligence Agency operations throughout the world to stop communism; served two terms.

Dwight Eisenhower (1953–1961)

Presidents During the Cold War Democrat; successfully got Soviet nuclear weapons out of Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis; instrumental leader in the Civil Rights Movement; assassinated in Texas in 1963; served less than one term.

John F. Kennedy (1961–1963)

Presidents During the Cold War Democrat; vice president to John F. Kennedy and successor after Kennedy’s assassination; served one term.

Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969)

Presidents During the Cold War Republican; expanded United States involvement in the Vietnam War; initiated the Anti-Ballistic Treaty with the impeachment hearings for cheating in the election; served less than two terms.

Richard Nixon (1969–1974)

Presidents During the Cold War Republican; vice president to Richard Nixon and successor after Nixon’s resignation; served one term.

Gerald Ford (1974–1977)

Presidents During the Cold War Democrat; struggled to manage the energy crisis and unemployment in the late 1970s; failed to free Americans in the Iran hostage crisis; served one term.

Jimmy Carter (1977–1981)

During an ongoing impeachment process for Richard Nixon, the Supreme Court ordered Nixon to hand over tape recordings of his conversations with those involved with Watergate—a scandal involving a break in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters. The Watergate scandal led to an uncovering of a number of abuses of powers by the Nixon administration. The ________ ______ __ _______ ______ is considered the most crucial Supreme Court case limiting executive privilege.

United States v. Richard Nixon

Presidents During the Cold War Republican; instrumental in diplomacy with the Soviet Union to end the Cold War; implemented “trickle-down economics” and “The War on Drugs”; served two terms.

Ronald Reagan (1981–1989)

The _______ _____ ___________ began in the late 1940s. The movement was initiated by African Americans as an effort to end racial discrimination. By the 1960s, laws were passed to help protect the civil rights of every American citizen.

Civil Rights Movement

_____ ______ ____ were used to enforce racial segregation in public areas and facilities. Beginning in the 1870s and 1880s, _____ ______ ____ were upheld by the Supreme Court under the separate but equal legal doctrine, established with the court case Plessy v. Ferguson. These laws were enforced until 1965.

Jim Crow Laws

Civil Rights Movement Timeline President Truman issues an executive order to end segregation in the armed services.

1948

Civil Rights Movement Timeline Brown v. The Topeka Board of Education is a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case ruling that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

1954

Civil Rights Movement Timeline President Eisenhower is forced to send federal troops to Arkansas to protect nine African- American students while they integrated into high school. These African-American students are known as the Little Rock Nine.

1957

Civil Rights Movement Timeline Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery, Alabama. This incident sparks a yearlong boycott of city buses in Montgomery.

1955

Civil Rights Movement Timeline Eisenhower signs the Civil Rights Act of ______. The law protects voter rights.

1957

Civil Rights Movement Timeline A series of “sit-ins” take place around the country inspired by four black youths refusing to leave a “whites only” lunch counter inside a Woolworth store in Greensboro, North Carolina.

1960

Civil Rights Movement Timeline 250,000 people march on Washington, D.C. for jobs and freedom. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. gives his “I Have a Dream” speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial.

1963

Civil Rights Movement Timeline A bomb kills four young girls at the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama, sparking protests around the country.

1963

Civil Rights Movement Timeline President John F. Kennedy is assassinated, and Lyndon B. Johnson is sworn in as president of the United States.

1963

Civil Rights Movement Timeline President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of _____. The law prevents employment discrimination based on race, color, creed, religion, or nationality.

1964

Civil Rights Movement Timeline Malcom X is assassinated.

1965

Civil Rights Movement Timeline March from Selma, Alabama, to Montgomery, Alabama, in protest of voter suppression.

1965

Civil Rights Movement Timeline President Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act of ____. The law prevents the use of literacy tests as a voting requirement.

1965

Civil Rights Movement Timeline Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is assassinated by James Earl Ray. King was shot on the balcony of his hotel room in Memphis, Tennessee.

1968

Civil Rights Movement Timeline President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of ____, also known as the Fair Housing Act. The law requires equal housing rights for individuals regardless of race, religion, or nationality.

1968

Causes and effects of events Social Movements and Political Conflicts in U.S. History * 1914–1918 * Began after the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand. * Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary & Turkey) against Allies (France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and from 1917, the United States). * Also called the Great War. * Allies were victorious. * Treaty of Versailles ended WWI and set the stage for WWII.

World War I (WWI)

Causes and effects of events Social Movements and Political Conflicts in U.S. History * 1848–1920 * The goal of the movement was equal rights for women with an emphasis on suffrage. In 1848, 300 men and women met at Seneca Falls to outline women’s political strategies. * The Industrial Revolution played a large role in equality for women. Women worked in factories while men went to war. After WWI, women wanted the same freedoms and rights as men. * In 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified giving women the right to vote.

First Wave of Feminism

Causes and effects of events Social Movements and Political Conflicts in U.S. History * 1939–1945 * Began on September 1, 1939, when Germany invaded Poland. Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3. * The German invasion of Poland marks the official start of WWII. * Deadliest war in history. * Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) and Allies (France, Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and China). * Involved more than 30 countries. * Allied Powers Leaders: Winston Churchill – United Kingdom, Joseph Stalin – Soviet Union, Charles de Gaulle – France, and Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman – United States. * Axis Power Leaders: Adolf Hitler – Germany, Benito Mussolini – Italy, Hideki Tojo – Japan. * Pearl Harbor attack – December 7, 1941. * Bombing of Hiroshima – August 6, 1945.

World War II (WWII)

Causes and effects of events Social Movements and Political Conflicts in U.S. History * 1950s * Strategic foreign policy pursued by the United States in the late 1940s and the early 1950s in order to check the expansionist policy of the Soviet Union.

Containment

Causes and effects of events Social Movements and Political Conflicts in U.S. History * 1947 * The British Empire agreed to give India its independence after World War II. When the British withdrew, India split into two independent dominions based on religion. * The two dominions formed were India (Hindu) and Pakistan (Islam).

Partition of India

Causes and effects of events Social Movements and Political Conflicts in U.S. History * 1945–1990 * Rivalry that developed after WWII between the United States and the Soviet Union and their allies. * Warsaw Pact – Soviet response to NATO. Formed the Eastern Bloc of nations led by the Soviet Union. * The Berlin Wall – Was a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989. The German communist regime built the wall to separate the Communist East from the Democratic West. East Germany saw the west as fascists and a threat to socialism. * Ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union.

The Cold War

Causes and effects of events Social Movements and Political Conflicts in U.S. History * 1950–1953 * War between North Korea and South Korea. * Korea had been split into two sovereign states in 1948 as a result of the Cold War.

The Korean War

Causes and effects of events Social Movements and Political Conflicts in U.S. History * 1955–1975 * Conflict between communist government of North Vietnam against South Vietnam and its ally, the United States. * U.S. military Operation Ranch Hand used the herbicide known as Agent Orange to destroy plants in order to expose the trails, roads, and camps used by the Viet Cong. * President Richard Nixon ordered withdrawal of forces in 1973.

The Vietnam War

Causes and effects of events Social Movements and Political Conflicts in U.S. History * 1967 * War between the Israelis and Arabs. * The cause of the war was attacks conducted against Israel by Palestinian guerrilla groups based in Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan. * The ____-___ ____ ended with significant friction still existing between Israelis and Arabs over ownership of what is now the Gaza Strip.

The Six-Day War

Causes and effects of events Social Movements and Political Conflicts in U.S. History * During the 1960s, women’s advocacy groups focused on women’s issues in politics, work, family, and sexuality. * The National Organization of Women (NOW) pressured Congress to pass legislation to ensure equal rights regardless of sex and demanded greater access to contraception and abortion services.

Second Wave of Feminism

Causes and effects of events Social Movements and Political Conflicts in U.S. History * 1973 * During the Yom Kippur War in 1973, the United States provided military support to Israel. * The surrounding Arab nations did not recognize Israel as a legitimate nation-state. * The United States’ support of Israel triggered the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) to dramatically reduced their petroleum production and establish an embargo on oil to the United States.

Energy Crisis of 1970

Causes and effects of events Social Movements and Political Conflicts in U.S. History * 1990–1991 * Two-phase war: Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm. * President George H.W. Bush. * Iraq’s leader, Saddam Hussein, invades Kuwait. Iraq occupies Kuwait for 7 months. United States retaliates. * August 6 – Council imposed worldwide ban on trade with Iraq.

Persian Gulf War

Causes and effects of events Social Movements and Political Conflicts in U.S. History * 2003–2011 * Second Persian Gulf War. * President George W. Bush went to war because of suspicion of weapons of mass destruction. Later, it was discovered there were never weapons of mass destruction. * United States and Great Britain invaded Iraq.

Iraq War

Major Court Cases in Early U.S. History This case is widely recognized as one of the most influential in US legal history. It established the principle of judicial review, which gives the Supreme Court the authority to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional. The case arose when William Marbury, a last- minute appointee of outgoing President John Adams, sued for his commission to be delivered. The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice John Marshall, declared that while Marbury had a right to his commission, the Court did not have the constitutional authority to force Secretary of State James Madison to deliver it because the section of the Judiciary Act of 1789 that gave the Court that power was unconstitutional.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Major Court Cases in Early U.S. History This case helped to establish the principle of implied powers of the federal government. When the state of Maryland tried to impose a tax on the Second Bank of the United States, the Supreme Court ruled that the state could not tax a federal institution because “the power to tax involves the power to destroy,” and that the federal government had the implied power to create a bank, even though such power was not explicitly outlined in the Constitution.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Major Court Cases in Early U.S. History This case helped to define the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce. The Supreme Court ruled that a New York law granting exclusive navigation rights on waters within state jurisdiction was void because it conflicted with a federal law licensing ships to engage in coastal trade. This decision reinforced the federal government’s authority over the states.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Major Court Cases in Early U.S. History In this infamous case, the Supreme Court ruled that a Black man, Dred Scott, who was enslaved, could not sue for his freedom in federal court because, regardless of his status, he was not considered a citizen under the US Constitution. Furthermore, the Court declared that Congress could not prohibit slavery in the territories, thereby invalidating the Missouri Compromise of 1820. This case significantly heightened tensions between the North and South in the years leading up to the Civil War.

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

Major Court Cases in Early U.S. History In this case, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the doctrine of “separate but equal.” Homer Plessy, a man of mixed race, challenged a Louisiana law requiring separate railway cars for Black and white passengers. This case legitimized many years of racial segregation and was not overturned until the landmark Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Separation of powers is outlined in the United States Constitution, where the federal government is divided into three branches: _______ __ outlines the legislative branch (House of Representatives and the Senate).

Article I

Separation of powers is outlined in the United States Constitution, where the federal government is divided into three branches: _______ __ outlines the executive branch (the president).

Article II

Separation of powers is outlined in the United States Constitution, where the federal government is divided into three branches: _______ ___ outlines the judicial branch (the Supreme Court).

Article III

The Constitution’s federalist structure refers to the division of powers between the federal government and the state governments in the United States. It establishes a system of government where power is shared and balanced between these two levels of government.

Federalism

The key elements of the Constitution’s federalist structure: The Constitution grants specific powers to the _______ __________, which include regulating interstate commerce, conducting foreign affairs, maintaining a military, and coining money. These powers are outlined in Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution and are often referred to as the “enumerated powers.”

Federal Government

The key elements of the Constitution’s federalist structure: The Constitution reserves certain powers to the states. The Tenth Amendment explicitly states that powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved to the states or the people. These ______ ______ give states the authority to govern and legislate in areas not explicitly assigned to the federal government, such as education, marriage laws, and criminal justice.

Reserved Powers

The key elements of the Constitution’s federalist structure: The federalist structure of the Constitution also incorporates the _________ __ _________, which divides the powers of the federal government among three branches: the legislative branch (Congress), the executive branch (the President), and the judicial branch (the Supreme Court and other federal courts). This ________ __ _________ ensures a system of checks and balances, preventing any one branch from becoming too dominant.

Separation of Powers

The key elements of the Constitution’s federalist structure: The ________ _______, found in Article VI of the Constitution, establishes that the Constitution, federal laws, and treaties are the supreme law of the land. This means that if there is a conflict between federal and state laws, federal law prevails.

Supremacy Clause

The key elements of the Constitution’s federalist structure: The Constitution can be amended through a deliberate process that requires the approval of both the federal and state governments. This reflects the federalist principle that the Constitution is a document created by the states and the people, and it allows for changes to be made to the system of government as needed.

Amendment Process

The _________ ___________ of the Constitution was designed to strike a balance between a strong federal government and the preservation of state autonomy. It ensures that certain powers are held at the national level while recognizing the authority and sovereignty of the states. This system has shaped the American federal system of government and the relationship between the federal government and individual states.

federalist structure

________ __ of Article I prohibits states from printing money, granting Title of Nobility, and declaring war.

Section 10

States' right Political powers held for state governments rather than the federal government. The following fall under the umbrella of state powers:

* Issue licenses (e.g., marriage, drivers, business). * Create local governments. * Regulate industry. * Ratify amendments to the State Constitution. * Regulate commerce within state lines.

________ __ __________ The United States government is composed of three branches: legislative, judicial, and executive. This separation of powers is intended to create a system of checks and balances to ensure no one branch is more powerful than another.

Branches of Government

The legislative branch includes the two chambers of Congress: the ________ __ ________ and the __________.

House of Representatives and the Senate

The _______ ____ ________, as outlined in the Constitution, is responsible for making and passing federal laws. There is a fixed number of voting representatives; since 1911, the number has been fixed at 435. The Constitution states that seats in the _______ ____ ________ are to be distributed among the states by population. The population of each state is determined by the census conducted every 10 years. Elections for the _______ ____ ________ are held every two years.

House of Representatives

Federal Level- Congress State- State Legislature Local- City Council

Legislative Branch

Federal Level- President State Level- Governor Local Level- Mayor

Executive Branch

Federal Level- US Supreme Court, US Court of Appeals, US District Courts State Level- State Supreme Court, State Court of Appeals Local Level- Municipal Courts

Judical

The ______ includes 100 members, who are elected for a six-year term in dual-seat constituencies (two from each state), with one-third of the total number of seats being renewed every two years. The group of the ______ seats that is up for election during a given year is known as a “class”; the three classes are staggered so that only one of the three groups is renewed every two years.

Senate

The _______ ______ __ ______ _________ ______- case resulted in a unanimous decision to subpoena Nixon, who cited “executive privilege” as a basis for withholding information and audio recordings from government agencies. This case was a catalyst for President Nixon’s resignation.

United States v. Nixon Supreme Court

Article II – Executive Branch The _________ __ ___ _______ ______ (or POTUS) is the head of state of the United States, the chief executive of the federal government, and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. According to Article II of the United States Constitution, the president must be a natural-born citizen of the United States, be at least 35 years old, and must have been a resident of the United States for 14 years.

President of the United States

Article III – Judicial Branch The _______ _______ __ ___ _______ ________ (or SCOTUS) is the highest federal court in the country and the head of the judicial branch of government. The court is made up of nine justices and has the power to check the actions of the other two branches of government: the executive branch and the legislative branch. Supreme Court justices are nominated by the president of the United States and confirmed (or denied) by the United States Senate.

Supreme Court of the United States

_________ _____ _____ ___ ___________: * Officially created by the Judiciary Act of 1789. * The Supreme Court is made up of nine justices (judges): one chief justice and eight associate justices. * A Supreme Court appointment is a lifelong position held until death or retirement. * Article III, Section II of the Constitution outlines the Supreme Court’s jurisdiction: – Lawsuits between/among two or more states – Cases involving ambassadors or other public ministers – Appellate (appeals) jurisdiction over any case involving constitutional and/or federal law – Cases involving treaties or maritime law—navigable international and domestic waterways

Supreme Court powers and structure:

_______ ________ is the best-known Supreme Court power. _______ ________ is the Supreme Court’s ability to declare a legislative (House of Representatives or Senate) or executive (President) act to be in violation of the United States Constitution.

Judicial Review

The term ________ ___ ________ refers to a system that ensures that one branch does not exceed its bounds. This is what guards against fraud or errors. The definition states, “A system that allows each branch of a government to amend or veto acts of another branch to prevent any one branch from exerting too much power”. Examples: * The legislative branch can pass a law. The executive branch can check that power by either agreeing with the law or vetoing the law (voting it down). * The judicial branch upholds the laws. The executive branch checks that power by appointing justices to the court. * The executive branch can veto a bill. The legislative branch checks that power by evaluating the law again and possibly overriding the veto by two-thirds vote in the Senate and House of Representatives.

checks and balances

The presidential election process can be consolidated into five steps. Step 1: ______ and _______ * _________: A ________ is a state-level election where party members vote for the candidate who will represent them in the general election. * _________: A closed meeting of a group of persons belonging to the same political party or faction, usually to select candidates or to decide on policy.

Primary and Caucus Primary Caucus

The presidential election process can be consolidated into five steps. Step 2: _________ ___________ * The elected delegates cast their vote for a party candidate, and the candidate with the most delegates receives the party’s nomination. The end of the convention marks the beginning of the general election process. * Each party holds a national convention to finalize the selection of one presidential nominee. At each convention, the presidential candidate chooses a running mate (vice presidential candidate).

National Conventions

The presidential election process can be consolidated into five steps. Step 3: _________ __________ * General ___________ ________ begins after a single nominee is chosen from each political party via primaries, caucuses, and national conventions. * These candidates travel the country, explaining their views and plans to the general population and trying to win the support of potential voters. Rallies, debates, and advertising are a big part of general _________ _________.

Election Campaigning

The presidential election process can be consolidated into five steps. Step 4: _________ _______ * Usually held in November. * Takes place every four years. * On election day, the voters of each state and the District of Columbia vote for one presidential “ticket” that includes candidates for president and vice president. * One must be at least 18 years of age to vote in the presidential election. * Only citizens of the United States can vote in a United States election. * To win the election, a candidate must secure more than 270 electoral votes.

General Election

The presidential election process can be consolidated into five steps. Step 5: ________ ________ * Each state has a certain number of electors based on the state’s total number of representatives in Congress. * Each of the 50 states and Washington D.C. (a district that does not belong to any state) has a set number of electors that reflects their population. California is the most populated (over 38 million people) and has 55 electoral votes—more than any other state. On the other hand, a state such as Montana, which is geographically large but has a relatively small population ( just over 1 million people), only has three electors. * There are 538 electoral votes. * The candidate who receives more than half of the electoral votes (270) wins the election.

Electoral College

Many modern voters might be surprised to learn that when they step into a ballot box to vote, they are actually casting a vote for a group of people known as electors. An elector is a member of the _______ _________, which consists of 538 electors. These electors, appointed by the states, formally elect the president and vice president of the United States. They are pledged to support the presidential candidate the voters have supported.

Electoral College

_________ ________ in the United States * More Americans vote when there is a highly competitive election. * More Americans vote in presidential elections than in off-year elections. * More Americans vote in general elections than in primary elections. * Older, white Americans vote more than other demographics. * Women vote more than men. * Voting laws impact voter turnout.

Voter Turnout

_______ and _______ Branches of Government * Executive Branch – State – Governor – Local – Mayor * Legislative Branch – State – State Senate and State House Representatives – Local – City Council * Judicial Branch – State – District Court, Appeals Court, State Supreme Court – Local – Municipal Courts

State and Local

______ government is modeled after the federal government’s three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. Each state has its own constitution. State constitutions are much more detailed than their federal counterpart. State and local governments are required to uphold a republican form of government, although the three-branch structure is not a requirement. _______ governments typically control the following: * Driver licenses and business licenses * Vehicle registration * Birth certificates * Death certificates * Unemployment compensation * Licensing for professionals, such as attorneys, pharmacists, chiropractors, etc. * Agriculture * Veterans affairs * Education * Energy * Human services

State

_______ government is the public administration of towns, cities, counties, and districts. This type of government includes both county and municipal government structures. Citizens have much more contact with _______ governments than they do with the federal government. Common _______ government structures: * Libraries * Fire and emergency management * Public parks and recreation * Local law enforcement * Public works and engineering * Water and environmental services * Roads, bridges, and traffic control

Local

Local government boundary setting: ________ _________- Process of drawing electoral district boundaries.

Boundary Delimitation

Local government boundary setting: _________ – A group of voters who elect representatives to legislative bodies.

Constituency

Local government boundary setting: ________ – Drawing political boundaries to gain an advantage over opponents.

Gerrymandering

Political Systems: ________ _______ – Also known as “pure democracy”. In a ______ _______, the people decide on policies directly.

Direct Democracy

When dictators use __________ to present themselves as saviors and heroes to be admired and loved by the people of their country.

propaganda

Political Systems: ________ ___________ – In a ________ ___________, people elect representatives to decide on policies on their behalf. For example, in the United States, the president is not elected directly by the people; representatives called “electors” make the decision.

Representative Democracy

Political Systems: ________ – A ________ is a government with a chief of state who is usually a president, not a monarch. Power ultimately resides with the citizens, who elect representatives to govern on their behalf and according to the rule of law.

Republic

Political Systems: _________ ________ – Undivided rule or absolute sovereignty by a single person. The monarch comes into power by marriage or offspring. Saudi Arabia is an example of _________ ________.

Absolute Monarchy

Political Systems: _________ _________ – This type of monarchy is known as the “limited monarchy” because the monarch’s power is limited, and the power to alter legislation resides with the Parliament. Britain is an example of _________ _________.

Constitutional Monarchy

Political Systems: _________ ________ – Single political party, based on the ideology of Marxism- Leninism. _________ ________ call themselves “socialist states” because they aimed to establish a socialist society.

Communist State

Founding Documents of the United States: What it Outlines: Made the case for checks and balances and separation of powers. Authors: Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay

Federalist Papers

Political Systems: __________ – An authoritarian form of government that has a single leader or group of leaders. A __________ is the opposite of a democracy.

Dictatorship

Founding Documents of the United States: What it Outlines: Government is no more powerful than man. If government is tyrannical, people have the right to rebel and start over. Authors: Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, Robert R. Livingston

Declaration of Independence

Founding Documents of the United States: What it Outlines: The first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution. Provides unalienable rights of citizens. Authors: James Madison

The Bill of Rights

Founding Documents of the United States: What it Outlines: Functioned as the first constitution of the United States. Officially established the government that united the 13 colonies as one union. Authors: A committee of 13 men from the Second Continental Congress; primary author was John Dickinson

Articles of Confederation

Founding Documents of the United States: What it Outlines: Articles I–III outlined: I. Legislative Branch II. Executive Branch III. Judicial Branch (in that order!) Authors: Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton

Constitution

The Bill of Rights of the U.S. Constitution Amendment: Freedom of Religion, Speech, and the Press Description: The ______ Amendment provides several protections, including the right to express ideas through speech and the press, the right to assemble or gather with a group to protest or for other reasons, and the right to ask the government to fix problems. It also protects the right to religious beliefs and practices. It prevents the government from creating or favoring a religion.

First

The Bill of Rights of the U.S. Constitution Amendment: The Housing of Soldiers Description: The _____ Amendment prevents the government from forcing homeowners to allow soldiers to use their homes. Before the Revolutionary War, laws gave British soldiers the right to take over private homes—the Quartering Act.

Third

The Bill of Rights of the U.S. Constitution Amendment: The Right to Bear Arms Description: The ______ Amendment provides the right to own a firearm.

Second

The Bill of Rights of the U.S. Constitution Amendment: Protection from Unreasonable Searches and Seizures Description: The _______ Amendment states that the government cannot search or seize a person or their property without just cause.

Fourth

The Bill of Rights of the U.S. Constitution Amendment: Protection of Rights to Life, Liberty, and Property Description: The ______ Amendment provides several protections for people accused of crimes. It states that serious criminal charges must be started by a grand jury. A person cannot be tried twice for the same offense (double jeopardy) or have property taken away without just compensation. People have the right against self-incrimination and cannot be imprisoned without due process of law (fair procedures and trials).

Fifth

The Bill of Rights of the U.S. Constitution Amendment: Rights of Accused Persons in Criminal Cases Description: The ______ Amendment provides additional protections for people accused of crimes, such as the right to a speedy and public trial, trial by an impartial jury in criminal cases, and to be informed of criminal charges. Witnesses must face the accused, and the accused is allowed his or her own witnesses and to be represented by a lawyer.

Sixth

The Bill of Rights of the U.S. Constitution Amendment: Rights in Civil Cases Description: The _______ Amendment extends the right to a jury trial in federal civil cases.

Seventh

The Bill of Rights of the U.S. Constitution Amendment: Excessive Bail, Fines, and Punishments Description: The ______ Amendment bars excessive bail and fines and cruel and unusual punishment.

Eighth

The Bill of Rights of the U.S. Constitution Amendment: Other Rights Kept by the People Description: The ______ Amendment states that listing specific rights in the Constitution does not mean that people do not have other rights that have not been spelled out.

Ninth

The Bill of Rights of the U.S. Constitution Amendment: States’ Rights Description: The ______ Amendment says that the Federal Government only has those powers delegated in the Constitution. If it is not listed, it belongs to the states or to the people.

Tenth

U.S. Foreign Policy Description: The _______ ______ was an isolation policy that stated in order for America to develop, Europe and the United States must stay out of each other’s affairs. This policy of isolationism would last until World War I. Author: President James Monroe

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

U.S. Foreign Policy Description: The ________ ________ effectively reoriented the United States’ foreign policy by establishing that the United States would provide political, military, and economic assistance to all democratic nations. Author: President Harry S. Truman

Truman Doctrine (1947)

U.S. Foreign Policy Description: Officially called the European Recovery Program, this was an American initiative to help Western Europe to rebuild the European economic system after World War II. Author: Secretary of State George Marshall

Marshall Plan (1949)

U.S. Foreign Policy Description: ____ is a military alliance, also called the Washington Treaty. _____ was sought to create a counterweight to Soviet armies stationed in Central and Eastern Europe. The Soviet Union created the Warsaw Pact in response to ____. Author: The original members were Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (1949)

U.S. Foreign Policy Description: Foreign policy to counter the expansionist policy of the Soviet Union. Author: Diplomat George F. Kennan

Containment (1940s and early 1950s)

U.S. Foreign Policy Description: A theory or position in United States foreign policy that the fall of a noncommunist state to communism would cause the fall of noncommunist governments in neighboring states. If one state goes communist, there is a threat that communism will spread. Author: President Dwight D. Eisenhower

Domino Theory (1954)

U.S. Foreign Policy Description: Policy of implementing diplomacy through foreign aid. Author: President John F. Kennedy

Foreign Assistance Act and USAID (1961)

Famous Speeches and Quotes in U.S. History Speaker: President Ronald Reagan Significance: President Reagan gave a speech in West Berlin in 1987 with a message to Mikhail Gorbachev to open the Berlin Wall. In 1989, Gorbachev ordered the removal of the wall between East and West Germany.

"Tear down this wall.”

Famous Speeches and Quotes in U.S. History Speaker: President Franklin D. Roosevelt Significance: President Roosevelt’s first inauguration speech in 1933 addressed the economic crisis and described the plan to declare war on the Great Depression. To do this, he would have to utilize the power of the executive branch.

“The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.”

Famous Speeches and Quotes in U.S. History Speaker: President Abraham Lincoln Significance: Speech delivered at the dedication of the National Cemetery of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania. Addressed the principles of human equality that are outlined in the Declaration of Independence. A call to the people to preserve the Union and its ideals.

Gettysburg Address

Famous Speeches and Quotes in U.S. History Speaker: Martin Luther King, Jr. Significance: This speech was delivered during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963. It was a call to end racial inequality and discrimination on the basis of race. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. encouraged a society that supported civil and economic rights for all.

I Have a Dream

Famous Speeches and Quotes in U.S. History Speaker: President John F. Kennedy Significance: President Kennedy’s inauguration speech in 1961 addressed the importance of civic action and public service. He encouraged every American to contribute to the public good.

“Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.”

The __________ Amendment states that all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state where they reside.

Fourteenth

Every American citizen is guaranteed certain rights. These rights are outlined by the United States Constitution. * Freedom of expression * Freedom to practice any religion * Right to a prompt, fair trial by jury * Right to vote in elections for public officials * Right to apply for federal employment (requires United States citizenship) * Right to run for elected office * Freedom to pursue life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

Rights of American Citizens

Along with the guaranteed rights enjoyed by American citizens, there are also specific duties that are required of each American citizen. * Support and defend the Constitution * Stay informed of the issues affecting one’s community * Participate in the democratic process (vote) * Respect and obey federal, state, and local laws * Respect the rights, beliefs, and opinion of others * Participate in your local community * Pay income taxes honestly and on time to federal, state, and local authorities * Defend the country if the need should arise

Responsibilities of American Citizens

There are six essential elements of _________: 1. The world in spatial terms 2. Places and regions 3. Physical systems 4. Human systems 5. Environment and society 6. Uses of geography

geography

_________ is the study of the physical features of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere, including how humans affect the physical features of the Earth and the ways these physical features affect humans.

Geography

_________ _________ – Exact location of a point using latitude and longitude or an address Example: 37N, 63W or “I live at 6570 Irish Rd.”

Absolute location

The world in spatial terms refers to location on the ______.

Earth

______ __________ – Location of a point in relation to another point. Example: New York City is about 90 minutes from Philadelphia.

Relative location

The ____________ ______ ________is an imaginary line of navigation on the surface of the Earth that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole and indicates the change of one calendar day to the next. It passes through the middle of the Pacific Ocean, roughly following the 180° line of longitude, but deviates to pass around some territories and island groups. The ________ _____ ________ detours around political boundaries.

International Date Line (IDL)

The Earth is divided into four ______________: Northern, Southern, Eastern, and Western. The Equator divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern _____________. The Prime Meridian (0° longitude) divides the Earth into the Eastern and Western _____________. The Eastern ___________ is east of the Prime Meridian and west of the IDL. The Western __________ is west of the Prime Meridian and east of the IDL.

hemispheres

The distance on the Earth’s surface for one degree of latitude or longitude is just over __ miles.

69

_________ is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. ____________ lines run vertically across the Earth.

Longitude Longitudinal

_________ is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. __________ lines run horizontally across the Earth.

Latitude Latitudinal

A ___________ _____ is a self-governing geopolitical entity that has defined borders and controls its internal sovereignty over its existence and affairs.

sovereign state

The ___ ____ is a region of the United States generally considered to stretch across the Southeast and Southwest. It is called the ___ ____ because of its mild winter, frequent sunny skies, and growing economic opportunities.

Sun Belt

________ are defined by both physical and human characteristics, including uses of the area.

Places

__________ are areas broadly divided by physical characteristics, human impact characteristics, and the interaction of humanity and the environment. The Pacific Northwest, Southwest Florida, and the Sunbelt are all examples of _________.

Regions

________ refers to a community of people who share similar history, culture, and traditions and reside in the same area or territory.

Nation

A ___________ is one of the world’s seven main continuous expanses of land: Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America.

continent

A nation with its own government and economy that occupies a defined territory. A _______ may be an independent sovereign state or one that is occupied by another state.

country

_____ provide a representation of the elements of geography.

Maps

_________ maps show locations of cities, towns, and counties and might show some physical features such as rivers, streams, and lakes.

Political

_____ maps show major (and some minor) highways and roads, airports, railroad tracks, cities, and other points of interest in an area. People use ____ maps to plan trips and for driving directions.

Road

________ maps illustrate the physical features of an area, such as the mountains, rivers, and lakes. The water is usually shown in blue. Colors are used to show relief, i.e., differences in land elevations. Green is typically used to indicate lower elevations. Orange and brown indicate higher elevations.

Physical

_________ maps provide general information about the climate and precipitation (rain and snow) of a region. The climate of an area is determined by the amount of rainfall, temperature, and wind in the area. Cartographers, or mapmakers, use colors to show different climate or precipitation zones.

Climate

_________ _________ maps focus on details such as topography, climate, or district. _________ _________ maps can be useful for finding more information about population, tourism, elevation, etc.

Special purpose

__________ or __________ maps feature the type of natural resources or economic activity that dominates an area. Cartographers use symbols to show the locations of natural resources or economic activities. For example, oranges on a map of Florida tell you that oranges are grown there.

Economic or resource

____________ maps are similar to physical maps in that they show streams, valleys, rivers, mountains, hills, and more. Unlike physical maps, ____________ maps use contour lines instead of colors to illustrate different features of the land. ____________ maps also display important landmarks and roads. ____________ maps can indicate how people migrated and settled the land. This type of map can also provide information about ancestral properties, buildings, local cemeteries, and other important buildings and features.

Topographical

_________ _________ and processes shape the Earth’s surface. This field of geography includes the study of how these systems and processes interact with plant and animal life to create, sustain, and modify ecosystems. There are four physical systems, and geographers study how the physical processes interact with the physical systems.

Physical systems

Four physical systems: ________ – Includes all life on the planet.

Biosphere

Four physical systems: ___________– The envelope of gases surrounding the Earth or another planet.

Atmosphere

Four physical systems: __________ – Includes all water—liquid, ice, and vapor—on the planet.

Hydrosphere

Four physical systems: _________ – The outer region of the Earth. Includes the crust and upper mantle.

Lithosphere

Geographic Features Definition: An ____________ is a group of islands or island chains Example: Hawaiian Islands

Archipelago

Geographic Features Definition: A coral island that surrounds a lagoon Example: Maldives

Atoll

Geographic Features Definition: A band of beach parallel to the mainland that protects the shore from the effects of the ocean Example: Clearwater Beach, Florida

Barrier island

Geographic Features Definition: An inlet of the sea or other body of water--usually smaller than a gulf Example: Chesapeake Bay, Ha Long Bay

Bays

Geographic Features Definition: One of the seven great divisions of land on the globe Example: Africa, North America

Continent

Geographic Features Definition: A forest of trees, which lose their leaves seasonally Example: Eastern Deciduous Forest, United States

Deciduous forest

Geographic Features Definition: A landform that forms from the deposition of sediment carried by a river as the flow leaves its mouth and enters slower-moving or standing water Example: Mississippi Delta, Louisiana; Nile River Delta, Egypt

Delta

Geographic Features Definition: A barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and, consequently, living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life; can be hot or cold Example: Sahara, Antarctica

Desert

Geographic Features Definition: A dense growth of trees and underbrush covering a large tract Example: Tongass National Forest, Alaska

Forest

Geographic Features Definition: A long, narrow, deep inlet of the sea between high cliffs Example: Skelton Inlet, Antarctica

Fjord

Geographic Features Definition: A glacier forming on an extensive area of relatively level land and flowing outward from its center Example: Greenland Ice Sheet, Svartissen Ice Cap in Norway

Ice caps

Geographic Features Definition: Land on which the natural dominant plant forms are grasses and herbs Example: North American prairies, Argentine pampas

Grassland

Geographic Features Definition: A tract of land surrounded by water and smaller than a continent Example: Ireland, Long Island

Island

Geographic Features Definition: A large area of raised land formed through tectonic movement or volcanic activity Example: Mt. St. Helens

Mountain

Geographic Features Definition: Narrow strip of land connecting two large land areas otherwise separated by bodies of water Example: Isthmus of Panama, connecting North and South America; Isthmus of Suez, connecting Africa and Asia

Isthmus

Geographic Features Definition: A series of mountains or mountain ridges closely related in position and direction Example: Andes, Rocky Mountains

Mountain ranges

Geographic Features Definition: The whole body of saltwater that covers nearly three-fourths of the surface of the Earth Example: Atlantic, Pacific

Oceans

Geographic Features Definition: A land mass mostly surrounded by water and connected to a larger area of land Example: Indochina Peninsula

Peninsula

Geographic Features Definition: An extensive area of level or rolling, treeless country Example: The Great Plains

Plains

Geographic Features Definition: A usually extensive land area having a relatively level surface raised sharply above adjacent land on at least one side Example: Antarctic Plateau

Plateaus

Geographic Features Definition: A woodland with annual rainfall of 100 inches and heavy tree canopy Example: Amazon Rainforest, Daintree Rainforest

Rain forest

Geographic Features Definition: A large system of naturally flowing water Example: Amazon River

Rivers

Geographic Features Definition: A body of saltwater that is partially enclosed by land Example: Baltic Sea, Mediterranean Sea

Seas

Geographic Features Definition: A moist, subarctic forest of conifers that begins where the tundra ends Example: Alaska, Canada

Taiga

Geographic Features Definition: A level or rolling, treeless plain that is characteristic of arctic and subarctic regions, consists of black mucky soil with a permanently frozen subsoil, and has a dominant vegetation of mosses, lichens, herbs, and dwarf shrubs Example: Arctic tundra, alpine tundra

Tundra

Geographic Features Definition: An elongated depression of Earth's surface usually between ranges of hills or mountains Example: Hunza Valley, Yosemite Valley, Grand Canyon

Valleys

________ represents the prevailing characteristics of the atmosphere in each area and provides an understanding of the typical weather patterns experienced in that region.

Climate

The climate is influenced by various factors: The amount of solar energy received from the Sun is a primary driver of climate. Variations in the Earth’s distance from the Sun, as well as changes in solar activity, can impact climate patterns.

Solar Radiation

The climate is influenced by various factors: The composition of the atmosphere, including the concentrations of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane, plays a significant role in determining the Earth’s climate. These gases trap heat within the atmosphere, leading to the greenhouse effect and affecting temperature patterns.

Atmospheric Composition

The climate is influenced by various factors: The movement of ocean currents, such as the Gulf Stream and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), influences climate by redistributing heat and moisture across the Earth’s surface. These currents can modify regional climate patterns and impact weather systems.

Oceanic Circulation

The climate is influenced by various factors: The physical characteristics of land and surface features, such as mountains, forests, deserts, and bodies of water, can influence climate. These features affect the distribution of rainfall, temperature gradients, and wind patterns within a region.

Land and Surface Characteristics

The climate is influenced by various factors: The shape and elevation of the Earth’s surface impact local climate conditions. Mountains, valleys, and coastal areas can create microclimates with unique temperature and precipitation patterns.

Topography

The _________ is typically described in terms of general classifications, such as tropical, temperate, and polar climates, which provide a broad understanding of the climate characteristics of a particular region. Scientists study past climate records, analyze current conditions, and use climate models to project future climate scenarios, aiming to understand how the climate system functions and how it may change over time. Climate data and research are crucial for assessing environmental impacts, informing policy decisions, and developing strategies for adaptation and mitigation in the face of climate change.

climate

The _________ __________ _______ is a meteorological phenomenon that occurs when moist air is forced to rise over a mountain range, resulting in precipitation on the windward side of the mountains and a dry region on the leeward side.

rain shadow effect

The Rain Shadow Effect Moist air masses are typically carried by prevailing winds from bodies of water, such as oceans, towards land. As this air approaches a mountain range, it is forced to rise due to the topography.

Moist Air and Windward Side

The Rain Shadow Effect As the moist air ascends the windward side of the mountains, it encounters lower atmospheric pressure at higher altitudes. This causes the air to expand and cool. Cool air holds less moisture, leading to condensation and the formation of clouds. The rising air cools further, leading to precipitation in the form of rain or snow on the windward side of the mountains.

Orographic Lifting

The Rain Shadow Effect After the air has crossed over the mountain range, it starts descending on the leeward (downwind) side. As the air descends, it compresses and warms due to the increasing atmospheric pressure. This process leads to dry conditions on the leeward side of the mountains, creating a rain shadow.

Leeward Side and Rain Shadow

The Rain Shadow Effect The rain shadow effect causes a stark contrast in precipitation patterns between the windward and leeward sides of the mountains. The windward side typically receives significant amounts of rainfall, while the leeward side experiences significantly less precipitation, often leading to arid or desert-like conditions.

Precipitation Distribution

The Rain Shadow Effect

1. Moist Air and Windward Side 2. Orographic Lifting 3. Leeward Side and Rain Shadow 4. Precipitation Distribution

Wind, Oceans, and Mountains Affect Climate ____ can affect temperature by transporting heat energy from one location to another. The movement of air masses can bring warm air from lower latitudes or cooler air from higher latitudes, thereby influencing the temperature of a particular area. For example, winds blowing from over the ocean onto land (maritime winds) tend to bring moderating effects, making coastal areas generally cooler in summer and warmer in winter compared to inland regions.

Wind

Wind, Oceans, and Mountains Affect Climate _______ have a moderating effect on temperature due to their high heat capacity. Water takes longer to heat up and cool down compared to land, so coastal areas experience less temperature variation than inland regions. During the summer, ocean waters cool the adjacent land, leading to milder temperatures. Conversely, during the winter, the ocean’s warmth can help keep coastal areas relatively warmer than inland regions.

Oceans

Wind, Oceans, and Mountains Affect Climate __________ play a crucial role in influencing temperature variation, particularly due to their effect on air circulation patterns. As air ascends a mountain slope, it expands and cools, leading to a decrease in temperature with increasing altitude (known as the lapse rate). This results in cooler conditions at higher elevations. Additionally, mountains can act as barriers, blocking the flow of air masses and creating microclimates on either side. The windward side, facing the prevailing winds, tends to receive more moisture and cooler temperatures, while the leeward side, in the rain shadow, experiences drier and warmer conditions.

Mountains

_____________ ______ is the number of people per square mile.

Population density

_________, through their daily activities, shape and reshape the Earth. Another example of human impact on the environment is through _________. In the 15th and 16th centuries, Europeans brought disease to the Americas when they were exploring the New World. These diseases killed millions of Native Americans, who had no previous exposure and no immunity to the diseases of the European continent.

Humans migration

Ecological Catastrophes of the 20th Century- Throughout history, humans have played a significant role in changing the shape of the physical environment. With the advent of industry and technology, these changes have become more severe in recent years. The Sahel is a region along the southern border of the Sahara Desert that once supported a prosperous community of farming and agriculture. Overpopulation, overgrazing, and agriculture led to the deforestation of the area and ultimately

Desertification of the Sahel (1900s)

Ecological Catastrophes of the 20th Century- Throughout history, humans have played a significant role in changing the shape of the physical environment. With the advent of industry and technology, these changes have become more severe in recent years. The United States detonated a hydrogen bomb on Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands, which led to the largest radiological contamination in U.S. history.

Castle Bravo Nuclear Test (1954)

Ecological Catastrophes of the 20th Century- Throughout history, humans have played a significant role in changing the shape of the physical environment. With the advent of industry and technology, these changes have become more severe in recent years. The Soviet water management system was created for irrigation and has caused the 4th largest inland water body in the world to dry up.

Desertification of the Aral Sea (1960)

Ecological Catastrophes of the 20th Century- Throughout history, humans have played a significant role in changing the shape of the physical environment. With the advent of industry and technology, these changes have become more severe in recent years. A partial nuclear meltdown at a U.S. nuclear power plant in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania resulted in the release of radioactive material into the environment.

Two Mile Island Nuclear Meltdown (1979)

Ecological Catastrophes of the 20th Century- Throughout history, humans have played a significant role in changing the shape of the physical environment. With the advent of industry and technology, these changes have become more severe in recent years. The Soviet nuclear power plant explosion and fires caused a nuclear meltdown and released radioactive material into the environment. The accident caused countless deaths of humans and animals.

Chernobyl (1986)

Ecological Catastrophes of the 20th Century- Throughout history, humans have played a significant role in changing the shape of the physical environment. With the advent of industry and technology, these changes have become more severe in recent years. An Exxon-Valdez oil tanker ran into a reef off the coast of Alaska and spilled approximately 250,000-750,000 barrels of crude oil in Prince William Sound killing hundreds of thousands of birds, fish, and sea animals.

Exxon-Valdez Oil Spill (1989)

Ecological Catastrophes of the 20th Century- Throughout history, humans have played a significant role in changing the shape of the physical environment. With the advent of industry and technology, these changes have become more severe in recent years. As the Iraqi military forces retreated Kuwait during the Persian Gulf War, they set fire to 600 oil wells.

Kuwait Oil Fires (1991)

Ecological Catastrophes of the 20th Century- Throughout history, humans have played a significant role in changing the shape of the physical environment. With the advent of industry and technology, these changes have become more severe in recent years. The explosion and sinking of the Deep Water Horizon oil rig spilled 4.9 million barrels of crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico.

Deep Water Horizon BP Oil Spill (2010)

*______________ is used to interpret the past. – Understanding how farmers in the 1800s used land in different ways – Understanding why civilizations inhabited certain areas * ______________ is used to understand the present and plan for the future. – Studying hurricane patterns to plan for future storms and keep society safe – Understanding how changes in landmasses can affect quality of life in the future

Geography

_______________ is the practice of farming and has evolved since the Neolithic era. Some techniques of farming used by the ancient civilizations are still utilized today.

Agriculture

Terms associated with agriculture: ___________- Producing crops

Arable

Terms associated with agriculture: ___________ – Invented by the Inca; steps are built on hilly or mountainous areas (World Atlas, n.d.)

Terrace farming

Terms associated with agriculture: ______ ___________ – Planting different crops sequentially to maximize the nutrients in the soil

Crop rotation

Terms associated with agriculture: ________ – Producing animals

Pastoral

Terms associated with agriculture: ____________ – Producing what is needed for self and family

Sustenance

Terms associated with agriculture: _____________ – Producing to sell

Commercial

Terms associated with agriculture: ___________ – Small areas of land; high inputs of resources

Intensive

Terms associated with agriculture: _________ – Large areas of land; low inputs of resources

Extensive

Terms associated with agriculture: _________ – The supply of water to land and crops to promote growth

Irrigation

Terms associated with agriculture: _____ ___ – Natural application of water to crops form direct rainfall

Rain fed

Terms associated with agriculture: ________ _______ – Using gravity to move water across land; no mechanical system

Surface irrigation

Terms associated with agriculture: __________ ______ – Using a network of pipes and low pressure to distribute water

Localized irrigation

Terms associated with agriculture: _______ ____ _______ – Using a system of sprinklers that move in a circular pattern is often used in flat areas

Center pivot irrigation

Terms associated with agriculture: _______ ________ – Using manual labor and watering cans to distribute water

Manual irrigation

Terms associated with agriculture: ___-________ – Using pumping stations, canals, dams, gates, and ditches

Sub-irrigation

______ resources play a critical role in everyday human life. We use ______ to power everything from a coffee machine to the space shuttle. Our ______ resources come from the Earth in a variety of forms. Some ______ resources cannot be renewed as quickly as they are being consumed (nonrenewable); some ______ resources can be renewed quickly by the Earth’s physical processes (renewable).

Energy

______ ______ – energy from wind, solar, wind, water, geothermal, biomass, and nuclear

Clean energy

_______ _________ – energy from coal, oil, and natural gas

Fossil energy

_______ ________ – energy from charged particles

Electric power

Renewable or Nonrenewable Resources solar wind hydropower

renewable

Renewable or Nonrenewable Resources fossil fuels coal natural gas

nonrenewable

____________ refers to methods, systems, and devices that are the result of scientific knowledge being used for practical purposes.

Technology

There are several types of technology: ________________ – cars, buses, trains, airplanes

Transportation

There are several types of technology: ___________ – telephones, computers, Internet

Communication

There are several types of technology: ______________ – bulldozers, cranes, machines

Construction

There are several types of technology: ______ ___ _______ – wind turbines, dams, solar panels

Energy and power

There are several types of technology: _________ ___ _________ – vaccines, antibiotics

Chemical and biological

There are several types of technology: __________________ – factories, assembly lines, machines

Manufacturing

Culture, environment, and society ____________ – The study of human beings, their culture, origins, environment, and social norms.

Anthropology

Culture, environment, and society _____________ ____________ – The study of physical characteristics of human groups through measurement and observation.

Physical anthropology

Culture, environment, and society ________ ____________ – The study of cognitive and social organization of human groups, including folklore, linguistics, religion, politics, and ethnology.

Cultural anthropology

Culture, environment, and society ________________ – The process of individuals absorbing the dominant culture of a group different from their own heritage.

Assimilation

Sociology Theories and Classroom Implementation Sociologist: _______________ Theory: Learning by exploring and doing (experiential learning) Classroom Implementation: * After a lesson about Naturalism in American literature, the class goes to an outdoor classroom to observe a particular aspect of their natural surroundings and then write a short story or poem about their observations. * As part of a seed germination unit, students plant seeds in clear containers and observe/note changes at regular intervals. * Before reading about rocks, collect and categorize different rocks.

Dewey (1910–1930)

Culture, environment, and society _______________ – The process of understanding oneself and societal expectations through social interactions with others.

Socialization

Sociology Theories and Classroom Implementation Sociologist: _______________ Theory: Behaviorism Classroom Implementation: * Positive reinforcement; increasing positive behaviors through incentives (token economy) or positive feedback * Negative reinforcement; increasing positive behaviors through the removal of an undesired stimulus * Reinforcement of positive behavior preferred to punishment

Skinner (1930s)

Sociology Theories and Classroom Implementation Sociologist: _______________ Theory: Stages of Cognitive Development; prior knowledge (schema); discovery learning Classroom Implementation: * Providing students with pre-cut letters to form words * Allowing opportunities for students to participate in age- appropriate experiments * Using small group discussions to brainstorm ideas surrounding a current political issue * Connecting new concepts to previously learned concepts

Piaget (1940s)

Sociology Theories and Classroom Implementation Sociologist: _______________ Theory: Hierarchy of Needs Classroom Implementation: * Meeting students’ needs before moving on to high-level assignments/activities * Considering students’ situations at home before assigning work

Maslow (1960s)

Sociology Theories and Classroom Implementation Sociologist: _______________ Theory: Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) Classroom Implementation: * Cooperative learning activities * Scaffolded activities * Peer and teacher support

Vygotsky (1960s)

Family and Community _________ ___ , as the fundamental building blocks of society, play a vital role in shaping the values, attitudes, and behaviors of individuals. Families instill a sense of identity, belonging, and socialization. These early lessons often form the foundation for individuals’ understanding of their roles as citizens within a larger community.

Family units

Family and Community _____________, on the other hand, encompass a broader network of individuals sharing common interests, values, or geographic locations. ___________ provide a sense of belonging, social cohesion, and support systems beyond the immediate family. They foster connections and relationships that can strengthen social bonds and promote collective action for the betterment of society.

Communities

Family and Community ___________ __ _____________ relate to the systems and structures that organize and govern society. ______________ are responsible for establishing and enforcing laws, maintaining order, and providing public services. _______________ refers to the legal and social status of individuals as members of a particular country or community, with associated rights, duties, and responsibilities.

Government and citizenship

Community __________ – Cities

Urban

A __________ is an interacting population of various kinds of individuals (as species) in a common location.

community

__________ is a method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way. * There are roughly 6,500 languages spoken around the world. * Though English is the most widely spoken language in the United States, the United States does not have an official language.

Language

Community ___________ – Residential areas surrounding urban centers

Suburban

Community _______ – Farmland

Rural

Community _______ __________ – Subsection of a community where the population is ethnically distinguished from the surrounding area. For example, Little Havana is an _______ _________ of Cuban Americans living in Miami, Florida.

Ethnic enclave

____-_________ _________ – Relies heavily on gestures, eye contact, relationships, and other non-verbal communication. -Indirect and implicit messages -Multiple tasks are managed at once; frequent disruptions; low emphasis on timelines High use of non-verbal communication -Low use of written communication -Decisions are made based on intuition and emotions -Emphasis on long-term relationships – Exclusive – Prefer in-person communication to technology

High-context culture

___ _______ ________ – Relies heavily on explicit written or verbal communication. – Direct, clear messages – Tasks are performed linearly; high emphasis on timelines – Low use of non-verbal communication – High use of written communication – Decisions are made based on facts and information – Short-term relationships – Inclusive – High use of technology in communication

Low context cultures

The _____________ ____________ was the turning point in human history from the hunter-gatherer model for sustenance to an agrarian lifestyle. Loosely formed groups of people went from foraging and hunting to farming and developing communities. As the Ice Age ended, people could grow plants and domesticate animals, which helped civilizations to form. Farming could support a larger population and allow people to focus on activities that were not directly related to finding food. This was a major development for humans and quickly spread to India, Europe, and other areas. The _____________ ____________ sparked the formation of tools, writing, art, technology, and religion. Groups became more densely populated settlements. This led to specialization, division of labor, and increased trade.

Neolithic Revolution

Scientists believe the Agricultural Revolution happened in Mesopotamia around 9000 BCE because of a gradual warming pattern of the Earth.

Quick Tip

Neolithic (Agricultural) Revolution _______-________ _______ – Loosely formed; followed animal migratory patterns; no governmental organization

Hunter-gatherer societies

Neolithic (Agricultural) Revolution ___________-_________ __________ – Beginning of modern civilization; stationary civilizations that grew crops and domesticated animals; formed government, laws, and economic systems

Agriculture-based societies

The four main regions responsible for the advancements of the Neolithic Revolution are referred to as “riverine civilizations” due to their reliance on their corresponding rivers to succeed: _____________ – Tigris-Euphrates river system

Mesopotamia

The four main regions responsible for the advancements of the Neolithic Revolution are referred to as “riverine civilizations” due to their reliance on their corresponding rivers to succeed: ______ – Nile River Valley

Egypt

The four main regions responsible for the advancements of the Neolithic Revolution are referred to as “riverine civilizations” due to their reliance on their corresponding rivers to succeed: ______ _______ ________ – Indus River (Pakistan)

Indus Valley Civilization

The four main regions responsible for the advancements of the Neolithic Revolution are referred to as “riverine civilizations” due to their reliance on their corresponding rivers to succeed: _____ – Yellow River

China

_____________ __ ___________ (___ ______ _________) – Mesopotamia is the site of the earliest developments of the Neolithic Revolution starting around 10,000 BCE. Mesopotamia has been identified as having inspired some of the most important developments in human history: * Tools and weapons (wheeled vehicles, sailing boats, potter’s wheel) * Cereal crops (wheat, flax) * Cuneiform writing * Agriculture * Irrigation (dams, aqueducts) * Pottery, polished stone tools * Domestication of animals * Domestication of plants * Deforestation * Food surpluses * Rectangular houses * Wooden plows

Civilizations of Mesopotamia (The Fertile Crescent)

Mesopotamia ___________ _________ in Mesopotamia triggered the recording of history.

Cuneiform writing

Mesopotamia The ______ _____, created by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany, sparked the Age of Enlightenment.

printing press

Mesopotamia The _________ allowed people to communicate over long distances and paved the way for modern electronic communication.

telegraph

Mesopotamia was surrounded by a complex system of rivers. The two main rivers include the ________ and the _______. Mesopotamia experienced annual flooding, which made dams and aqueducts extremely important. There were also drier areas of land between the rivers, which required irrigation systems.

Euphrates Tigris

Mesopotamia __________(2000 BCE–900 BCE) – The _________ were a complex civilization in Mesopotamia. The ________ built businesses, formed religions, and waged wars. The _________ evolved through the Bronze Age and into the Iron Age.

Assyrians

Mesopotamia ________ (5000 BCE–1750 BCE) – The southern civilization of Sumer lived in cities, created writings, and spoke complex languages. The _________ had specialized labor, commerce, business, government, and a system of writing. They built mud-brick homes, made public art, and created the written language called cuneiform.

Sumerians

Mesopotamia ___________ (1895 BCE–539 BCE) – ________ was a state in Mesopotamia, and Babylon was the capital. Babylon was one of the largest ancient civilizations. The ___________ created large, complex buildings. They also created the Code of Hammurabi, which was a system of law and order.

Babylonians

Mesopotamian Advancements ____________ – One of the greatest outcomes of the civilizations of Mesopotamia was a sophisticated method of writing called cuneiform. Cuneiform is a form of script on clay tablets. This was a significant contribution to the development of civilizations because information could be recorded.

Writing

Mesopotamian Advancements ______________ – The Babylonian Numerals were a series of symbols used to indicate ones, tens, and hundreds similar to a decimal system. Because Babylonians had the capability of writing, they could then record and compute numbers. The Babylonians could process large numbers using this numerical system. The Sumerians used a sexagesimal (base 60) numerical system. This system is still used today as is evident when dividing a circle into 360 degrees and an hour into 60 minutes.

Mathematics

Mesopotamian Advancements ______________ – The Sumer, Assyrian, and Babylonian civilizations used sophisticated systems of government and the rule of law.

Government

Mesopotamian Advancements ______________ and ________ – Modern-day religions can be attributed to the civilizations of Mesopotamia. The Epic of Gilgamesh is considered the most significant piece of literature during this time period and influenced some of the writings in the Bible. Gilgamesh is believed to have been born in the city of Uruk in Mesopotamia around 2700 BCE.

Literature and Religion

Egyptian Advancements ___________ – Egyptians were the first to develop their language into a codified form of writing; ancient Egyptian writing is known as hieroglyphics. Egyptians expressed ideas through pictures using hieroglyphs. Ancient Egyptians believed that when something was written, it would actually happen by means of magic. Therefore, the central purpose of writing was to bring certain concepts or events into existence.

Writing

Egyptian Advancements ___________ – Egyptian literature represented peoples’ lives, culture, and beliefs. The first forms of Egyptian literature consisted of autobiographies and prayers. The early literature encompassed a wide array of narrative and poetic forms, religious writings, philosophical works, and more. These works were of high literary merit and were mainly concerned with astrology, weaving, cooking, and the production and purification of metal.

Literature

Egyptian Advancements ___ – Ancient Egyptian art was influential and served a practical and a functional purpose. For example, the statues held the spirits of the deceased, and charms protected one from harm. Art included various types of pottery, sculpture, and paintings. The paintings were created with the intent of leading the dead into the afterlife, and the sculptures often represented Egyptian gods.

Art

Egyptian Advancements _________ – One of the most famous architects and builders during that time was Pharaoh Ramesses the Great. He engineered the corbelled arch, which helped in the construction of pyramids. The Egyptians are well-known for the pyramids they built; the Great Pyramid at Giza is Egypt’s most famous landmark.

Architecture

Egyptian Advancements ____________ and ____________ – Ancient Egyptians were skilled in math and geometry. They introduced the earliest base-10 number system of hieroglyphs (decimal system). The ancient pyramids are also a testament to Ancient Egyptians’ mathematical abilities.

Mathematics and Geometry

The ________ ______ ___________ was located in the northwest region of India and lasted from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE. The ________ ______ ___________ is known for the following contributions: * Urban planning * Brick houses * Innovative drainage system * Water supply systems * Copper, bronze, metal, and tin works (metallurgy) * Large buildings

Indus Valley Civilization

Egyptian Advancements ________ – Ancient Egyptians were great inventors and are credited for inventing paper (papyrus sheet) and ink, the calendar, clocks, household goods, cosmetic makeup, and basic machines such as the lever. They were also renowned for being great astronomers. They could easily predict lunar and solar eclipses.

Science

The _________ _______ ____________ is the ancient Chinese civilization that existed from the Neolithic period through the Bronze Age. Early Chinese settlers established communities in the basin of the Yellow River. As with other early civilizations, the _________ _______ ____________ was able to manage the flood plain for agriculture. This allowed the civilization to create art, build buildings, and redistribute crops.

Yellow River Civilization

Yellow River Advancements 10,000 BCE–3100 BCE: ________ _______ – Farming – Carvings and art – Religion and pictographs – Crops and craftsmen

Neolithic Period

Yellow River Advancements 3100 BCE–1600 BCE: _______ ____ – Weapons – Tools

Bronze Age

Yellow River Advancements 2070 BCE–1600 BCE: ________ _____ – Xia dynasty – Shang dynasty

Ancient China

Ancient Civilizations Civilization: ___________ Dates: 2000 BCE–100 BCE Major Contributions: * Minoans and Mycenaeans were the first occupants of Greece * The Polis (city-state) * Democracy * Philosophy, science and math, art, architecture, literature, and theater * Olympic games * Athens: center for ideas and thought * Sparta: center for military * Gods, myths * Homer: Iliad, Odyssey * Alexander the Great defeats the Persians, and the Hellenistic period begins

Ancient Greece

Ancient Civilizations Civilization: ___________ Dates: 800 BCE–500 CE Major Contributions: * Architecture, arches, concrete, plumbing * Re-engineered and redesigned aqueducts * The Republic (representative democracy) * Twelve Tables (equality under law) * Julius Caesar, Brutus, and Spartacus * Games, gladiators, and chariots * Spain, Gaul, Italy, Macedonia, Asia Minor, Egypt, North Africa * Romans conquered the Greeks * Julius Caesar proposes the 365.25-day calendar in 46 BCE * Established an organized military system enabling the empire to expand exponentially.

Roman Empire

Ancient Civilizations Civilization: ___________ Dates: 2500 BCE– 1600 BCE Major Contributions: * Hinduism – Considered the oldest religion in the world – Karma, dharma, reincarnation * Buddhism – Purpose within the universe – Siddhartha and enlightenment * Caste system (hereditary social class) * Gupta period of art, literature, and intellectuals

Indian

Ancient Civilizations Civilization: ___________ Dates: 1600 BCE–1912 CE Major Contributions: * Dynasties (rulers from the same family) – Shang Dynasty (1600 BCE–1046 BCE) – Han Dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE) – Tang Dynasty (618 CE–907 CE) * Philosophies: – Confucianism – social responsibilities – Taoism (sometimes Daoism) – the meaning of life

Chinese

Ancient Civilizations Civilization: ___________ Dates: 330 CE–1453 CE Major Contributions: * Athens, Constantinople, Southern Italy * Art, literature, and education * Diversity * Epicenter for trade * Connection between Europe and India * Orthodox Church * Conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1453

Byzantine Empire

Ancient Civilizations Civilization: ___________ Dates: 1200 CE–1922 CE Major Contributions: * Founded in 1200 CE * Conquered and ended the Byzantine Empire in 1453 * Controlled much of Western Europe * Known as the Turkish Empire * Replaced by the Turkish Republic in 1922 CE

Ottoman Empire

Ancient Civilizations Civilization: ___________ Dates: 1000 BCE–1500 CE Major Contributions: * African Kush – Gold – Extreme wealth * Resources: – Iron, incense, ivory, wheat, barley, cotton * Trans-Sahara trade * Societies had different systems of government * Ghana, Mali, and Benin Kingdoms * Trade with Portuguese mariners * European colonization and slave trade

Africa

20th Century developments Advancement: _____________ Significance: Henry Ford invented the first moving __________ _______, which dramatically reduced the time it took to build an automobile. The __________ _______ had applications across many industries and allowed for mass production of consumer products.

Assembly line

Ancient Civilizations Civilization: ___________ Dates: 9000 BCE–1500 CE Major Contributions: * Resources – Corn, beans, squash, paper * Mathematics and astronomy * Compass, writing, water management * Medicines * Pyramids – Olmec – La Venta in Tabasco Mexico – Teotihuacán – Pyramid of the Sun in Teotihuacán, Mexico – Mayan – Yucatan, Guatemala – Aztec – Tenochtitlan – Moche and Inca – South America

Central and South American Empires

20th Century developments Advancement: _____________ Significance: Thomas Edison created the incandescent _____________ for commercial use in the late 1800s. This invention was significant in the factories during World War I and World War II because people could work longer hours. Industrial plants could work 24 hours a day with rotating shifts.

Light bulb

20th Century developments Advancement: _____________ Significance: The ___________ _____ process was created in the late 1800s and allowed steel to be mass-produced. Andrew Carnegie saw how steel was being developed and implemented the process in the United States to create railroad tracks.

Bessemer steel

20th Century developments Advancement: _____________ Significance: Albert Einstein and others created the first fission bomb (hydrogen bomb), which drastically changed the impacts of war and diplomacy worldwide.

Atomic energy

20th Century developments Advancement: _____________ Significance: First satellite launched into space by the Russians. This triggered the space race between the Soviet Union and the United States.

Sputnik

__________ and _________ _________ are critical transportation infrastructure systems that have played significant roles in the development and connectivity of the United States.

Railroads and interstate highways

________ revolutionized transportation in the 19th and early 20th centuries. They provided a fast, efficient, and reliable means of transporting goods and people across long distances. The construction of rail networks facilitated westward expansion, promoted trade and commerce, and spurred economic growth. __________ enabled the efficient movement of raw materials, such as coal and timber, and facilitated the growth of industries like manufacturing and agriculture. They also facilitated the movement of people, contributing to the settlement of new areas and the development of cities. _________ played a critical role in shaping the American landscape and were instrumental in the transportation of goods until the rise of highway systems and air travel.

Railroads

The ___________ ______________ _________________was established in the mid-20th century as a network of high-speed roads that spanned the United States. It was authorized by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 and aimed to improve interstate transportation, enhance national defense, and promote economic development. The interstate highways provide efficient and direct routes for long-distance travel, connecting cities and regions across the country. They have facilitated the movement of goods, enhanced commerce, and fostered economic growth. The interstate highways also had significant social and cultural impacts, enabling the rise of suburbanization, and changing travel patterns. Additionally, they have played a vital role in emergency response, military mobility, and overall connectivity within the United States.

Interstate Highway System

The ___ __ _______ and _____ ___________ (approximately 1600 CE–1800 CE) took place between the medieval and contemporary eras. The main outcome of this time period is that philosophers began exploring based on facts and reason rather than religion. This occurred in several places throughout the world around the same time.

Age of Reason and the Enlightenment

Understand the difference between Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, two prominent political philosophers of the 17th century. They had contrasting views on the nature of government and individual rights. Hobbes emphasized the need for a strong central authority to maintain order, while Locke believed in limited government and protection of individual rights. John Locke's philosophy influenced the framers of the Declaration of Independence.

Test Tip

The Age of Reason and the Enlightenment Movement: __________________ _______________________________________ Time frame: 17th Century Major Players and Contributions: * Thomas Hobbes – English philosopher, wrote Leviathan, a book about the structure of society and legitimate government. Hobbes believed that no order exists in a state of nature, and therefore people need to surrender some of their power and form a government to create order. * René Descartes – French philosopher, generally considered to be the father of modern philosophy. He was the first major figure in the philosophical movement known as rationalism, a view that our actions should be based on reason and knowledge. * John Locke – Political scientist, wrote Two Treaties of Government and advocated for the social contract theory. Locke believed in limited government and emphasized individual rights. Locke had a profound influence on Thomas Jefferson and Jefferson’s framing of the Declaration of Independence. * Thomas Paine – Author of the famous anti-church texts: Common Sense, The Age of Reason, and Rights of Man. His writing had a profound influence on the framing of the American government, specifically the separation of church and state.

The Age of Reason Transition from faith- based reasoning of the Medieval Era to rational reasoning

The Age of Reason and the Enlightenment Movement: __________________ _______________________________________ Time frame: 18th Century Major Players and Contributions: * Bishop George Berkeley – Irish philosopher of immaterialism. Wrote A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge. * Voltaire – French writer and philosopher. Criticized the Christianity. Wrote Candide. * Jean-Jacques Rousseau – French philosopher and influencer. Wrote The Social Contract. * Adam Smith – Economist. Wrote The Wealth of Nations. * Immanuel Kant – German philosopher. Wrote Critique of Pure Reason. * Edmund Burke – Irish statesman. Criticized British colonialism. Wrote A Vindication of Natural Society.

The Enlightenment Intellectual movement for freedom, democracy, and reason

Results of the ___ __ ___________: * More knowledge about Americas. * Increased European wealth because of new trade in goods, spices, and precious metals. * Decline of the Ottoman Empire. * Mapping improved with the use of the first nautical maps and the invention of the compass. * New food, plants, and animals were exchanged between the Americas and Europe. * The Europeans decimated the indigenous population with disease and massacres. * The massive amount of work led to the 300-year slave trade.

Age of Exploration

The ___ __ __________ began in the early 15th century and lasted through the 20th century. Europeans began exploring trade routes to avoid the Ottoman Empire. Nations were searching for more resources, including crops, gold, silk, and spices. The Ottoman Empire blocked European access to the east when it took over Constantinople. The ___ __ __________ led to the discovery and conquer of the Americas. European nations explored and conquered lands throughout the world.

Age of Exploration

The ___________ ______ ______ (or Trade Triangle) refers to the routes European Colonials used to transport slaves from Africa to the Americas and Europe.

Triangular Slave Trade

Triangular Salve Trade The part of the slave trade where African captives were packed into ships and sent from Africa to the West Indies (part of the Caribbean).

The Middle Passage

American Revolution The ______________ ___ (1775–1783) was between the British and the 13 American colonies. The colonists did not like the way the British were treating them, especially when it came to taxes. Eventually, small arguments turned into larger fights, and the colonists decided to fight for their independence from Britain. In 1781, the battle of Yorktown, led by George Washington and French General Comte de Rochambeau, resulted in the final surrender of the British forces.

Revolutionary War

The ___ __ _________ is the period of time between 1760–1830, when significant social uprisings occurred in response to tyrannical government control. During this time, the American Revolution and the French Revolution took place, and absolute monarchies were overthrown for democracies.

Age of Revolution

Prior to the _______ ____________, France had experienced years of expensive wars, one of which was the Seven Years’ War fought between France and its Native American allies and Great Britain. This war, along with economic and financial crisis France was facing, contributed to the _______ ____________. The _______ ____________ (1789–1799) was a time of social and political upheaval in France and its colonies. Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history.

French Revolution

One of the major contributions to the French Revolution was the leadership of King Louis the 16th. He was only 20 when he took the throne, and many of his decisions caused civil unrest and upheaval.

Quick Tip

French Revolution- Key Events ________ ________ – Conflict between the monarchy and the nobility over the tax system led to economic paralysis and bankruptcy. The storming of the political prison known as the Bastille signaled the start of the French Revolution.

Political conflict

French Revolution- Key Events ___ ________________ – The political philosophies of the Enlightenment were spreading with the advent of the printing press. People were not satisfied with monarchical rule and wanted independence.

The Enlightenment

French Revolution- Key Events _______ _______ _____ _____ _______ – The aristocracy was the traditional group of elite landowners who were born into the ruling class over centuries. During the French Revolution, another group of middle to upper class merchants and factory workers called the bourgeoisie gained power and influence in economics and politics. The aristocracy and the bourgeoisie often clashed but found common ground to stamp out peasant uprisings.

Social disruptions among social classes

French Revolution- Key Events _________ _________ – King Louis XVI’s excessive spending and support for the American Revolutionary War left France on the verge of bankruptcy.

Ineffective leadership

French Revolution-Key Events __________ __________ – The agrarian crisis of 1788–1789 led to discontent and food shortages.

Economic hardship

French Revolution-Key Figures _____-______ _______ – Philosopher, writer, lawyer, politician. He authored The Social Contract, which helped inspire political reform.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

French Revolution- Key Figures _____________ __________ – Lawyer, politician, and advocate of democratic reforms. He was the architect of the Reign of Terror and a prominent member of the Committee of Public Safety, which had dictatorial control over the French government.

Maximilien Robespierre

The _______ _______ _____ __ _______________ were the revolutions, or a revolutionary wave, that took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries and resulted in the creation of a number of independent countries in Latin America. During the Latin American Revolution, countries in South and Central America broke from Spanish control.

Latin American Wars of Independence

Latin American Revolution-Key Events __________ becomes the first state to break from Spanish rule and become independent.

Hispaniola

Latin American Revolution-Key Events ________ __ _______ _________ – After Hispaniola became independent, more countries followed.

Revolt in Latin America

Latin American Revolution-Key Events __________ ___________ – Mexico became independent in 1810.

Mexico’s Independence

Latin American Revolution-Key Events _______ __ _________ – A battle led by Simón Bolívar, which resulted in Peru’s independence from Spain.

Battle at Ayacucho

Latin American Revolution-Key Figures _______ _________ (aka El Libertador) – Venezuelan military and political leader who led the secession of Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Panama from the Spanish Empire.

Simón Bolívar

In the late 19th century, European nations realized the advantages of seizing land in the interior of Africa. 14 countries, including the United States, met in Belgium to map out the region and divide the continent into colonies. From the 1800s to the early 1900s, these countries engaged in conflicts with existing African communities and seized their land. By 1914, Liberia and Ethiopia were the only independent countries on the African continent.

Scramble for Africa

Latin American Revolution-Key Figures _______ _______ – The president of Mexico (1861–1872), who fought against foreign occupation.

Benito Juárez

After World War I, African and Asian colonies began to revolt against European rule. During World War II, European countries were unable to hold on to their colonies from the Central Powers. Japan invaded and seized British territory in Asia, including Malaya, Singapore, and Burma. By the end of the war, the Allied Powers wanted to discontinue colonialism and imperialism and foster the principles of sovereignty and self- determination.

Decolonization in Asia and Africa

Anticolonial Leaders: ___________ _____ – India

Mahatma Gandhi

Anticolonial Leaders: _________ ____ – Algeria

Messali Hadj

Exploration, Imperialism, and Decolonization Timeline Time frame: _______________ __________ Events: * New World is named after Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci in 1513. * Spanish explorer Vasco Nuñez de Balboa discovers the Pacific Ocean. * Netherlands, England, and France began exploring the New World.

16th Century and 17th Century European colonization of the Americas

Anticolonial Leaders: __ ___ ____ – Indochina

Ho Chi Minh

Exploration, Imperialism, and Decolonization Timeline Time frame: _______________ __________ Events: * Advent of better navigation technology, including maps and the compass, makes exploration possible. * Portugal and Spain began exploring new trade routes. * Portugal discovered the Cape of Good Hope and route around the tip of Africa. * Spanish explorer Christopher Columbus discovered San Salvador and Hispaniola in 1492. * Italian explorer John Cabot discovered continental North America in 1497.

15th Century European Exploration

Exploration, Imperialism, and Decolonization Timeline Time frame: _______________ __________ Events: * The colonies in North America declare independence from Britain, initiating the Revolutionary War. * Beginning in the late 18th century and ending in the early 19th century, nearly all of the Latin American colonies gained independence from Spain and Portugal.

18th Century American colonies revolt

Exploration, Imperialism, and Decolonization Timeline Time frame: _______________ __________ Events: * French Indochina was formed in 1887 after the Sihno-French War. * Imperialism and trade trigger the Scramble for Africa. * The Berlin Conference in 1884 is held with European nations to partition Africa. * European countries invade and conquer areas with existing African civilizations.

19th Century European colonization of Africa and Asia

Exploration, Imperialism, and Decolonization Timeline Time frame: _______________ __________ Events: * 1947 – The British Empire agreed to give India its independence after World War II. When the British withdrew, India split into two independent dominions based on religion. The two dominions formed were India (Hindu) and Pakistan (Islam). Bangladesh gained independence from Pakistan in 1971. * 1945–1950 – Indonesia fought for independence from the Netherlands. * 1945–1954 – Vietnamese fought for independence from the French. * 35 developing nations were admitted to the United Nations. The United States tried to influence these new governments toward democracy while the Soviet Union tried to influence them toward the communist bloc. * By 1975, nearly all of the colonial empires were removed from the global system.

20th Century African and Asian colonies revolt

___________ is the study of rational human behavior as it relates to production, consumption, and transfer of wealth.

Economics

Terms and definitions related to economics. _________ – The wealth and resources of a country or region, especially in terms of the production and consumption of goods and services.

Economy

Terms and definitions related to economics. ___________ – A long and severe recession in an economy or market.

Depression

Terms and definitions related to economics. ________________ – A period of temporary economic decline during which trade and industrial activity are reduced, generally identified by a fall in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in two successive quarters.

Recession

Terms and definitions related to economics. _________ – A venue where producers and sellers can come together to buy and sell goods.

Market

Terms and definitions related to economics. ______ __________ _______ (___) – The value of all the goods and services a country produces in a year.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Terms and definitions related to economics. ____________ – An economic system where business owners produce goods and provide services for sale in order to make a profit, not for personal consumption.

Capitalism

Terms and definitions related to economics. ________ – An economic system where there are no private business owners; there is a system of collective or government ownership and administration of production and distribution of goods.

Socialism

Terms and definitions related to economics. __________ – An economic system where no private property exists and there is centralized production and distribution.

Communism

Terms and definitions related to economics. ________ ______________ – A perfect market structure where all producers sell an identical product (homogeneous), producers cannot manipulate the price of the product, market share does not influence the price, and buyers have complete information. A perfect competition is the opposite of a monopoly.

Perfect competition

Terms and definitions related to economics. ______________ ___________ – A market structure where producers sell similar goods and services, barriers to enter the market are low, and decisions made by one producer do not affect its competitors.

Monopolistic competition

Terms and definitions related to economics. ___________ – A market structure where there is only one producer/seller. The monopoly has control over the price of its goods and services. The market is restricted due to economic, political, or social barriers.

Monopoly

Terms and definitions related to economics. _________ – A market structure where only a few producers/sellers make up the industry. An _________ has control over prices and maintains barriers from others entering the market.

Oligopoly

___________ _____________ is the exchange of money for goods and services by private purchases. ___________ __________ is the demand side of supply and demand principles.

Consumer spending

Budgeting _______ – A budget ensures a person’s total income meets total expenditures and helps to manage cash flow so income and expenditures coincide.

Planning

__________ – A budget is a plan for spending and saving money. The main reason for making a budget and sticking to it is to save for future goals while meeting present needs.

Budgeting

Budgeting __________ – A budget can help motivate individuals to reach goals by setting achievable intermediate objectives.

Motivation

Types of Accounts Account: ___________ Description: A bank account where the account holder can make deposits and withdrawals, and access is unlimited.

Checking Account

Budgeting ________ – A budget allows control of finances because it shows what actually occurred versus what was planned.

Control

Budgeting ___________ – A budget is a concrete communication of personal goals and monetary plans.

Communication

Types of Accounts Account: ___________ Description: A bank account where the account holder can make deposits and withdrawals, and the account earns interest. This type of account is commonly used to store money for longer periods of time. The money is readily accessible.

Savings Account

Types of Accounts Account: ___________ Description: A bank account with a higher interest rate than a savings account but with limited withdrawals per statement cycle. This type of account usually requires a minimum balance.

Money Market Accounts

Types of Accounts Account: ___________ Description: A bank account with a higher interest rate than a money market account but from which the money cannot be withdrawn for a set period of time.

Certificates of Deposit (CD)

Types of Accounts Account: ___________ Description: A retirement account that offers tax advantages but cannot be withdrawn until retirement (age 59.5) without penalty.

Individual Retirement Account (IRA)

Types of Accounts Account: ___________ Description: A government bond that is exempt from state and local taxes and is used to fund capital projects. The bond has a fixed interest rate for a fixed period of time, usually 15–30 years. Federal taxes are applied at the time the bond matures.

U.S. Savings Bonds

_________ leads to an increase in spending, thus increasing income levels in the economy. This leads to higher GDP and thereby faster productivity growth. If _________ is used to purchase productive resources, _________ helps in economic growth and adds to income.

Credit

___________ ________ – The portion of credit consumers use to buy non-investment services. These are goods that depreciate quickly. One form of consumer credit is a credit card.

Consumer Credit

Consumer Credit _____________ – Consumers can purchase goods and services and pay for them later over an extended period of time.

Advantage

Consumer Credit ________________ – If consumers fail to repay a loan or a credit card balance, this impacts their credit scores, affects terms and conditions, and results in late fees and penalties.

Disadvantage

Types of Consumer Credit: ___-____________ _____ – Short-term borrowing that ends with the borrower making one payment by the end of the credit period.

Non-Installment Credit

Types of Consumer Credit: ________-___ ______ – A specific amount of money is lent to the borrower—the total purchase price of the good or service. This type of credit is typically used by car dealerships.

Close-End Credit

Types of Consumer Credit: ___________ ____-___ _______ – This type of consumer credit is found with most credit cards. With this kind of credit, the lender extends credit for use by the consumer with an outside limit that depends on the debtor’s credit history and ability to manage the debt repayment.

Revolving Open-End Credit

________ and ________ ______ is one of the basic concepts of a market economy. Demand is how much product consumers want; supply is how much product the market can provide. The quantity supplied refers to the price suppliers are willing to receive for a specific good.

Supply and demand theory

Supply and Demand ___ __ ______ – When prices increase, demand decreases. Demand is centered on the consumer’s behavior. Consumers will purchase fewer products if the price is high.

Law of Demand

Supply and Demand ____ __ ________ – When prices increase, supply increases. Supply is centered on the supplier’s behavior. Suppliers will sell more products if the price is high.

Law of Supply

Supply and Demand ___________ – Supply and demand equilibrium occurs at the intersection of the demand curve and the supply curve. Equilibrium is a balance between supply and demand, also called allocation efficiency. This can only be reached in theory because supply and demand are constantly changing with the fluctuations of the market.

Equilibrium

Supply and Demand ________________– This occurs when the price or the quantity is not equal to the equilibrium.

Disequilibrium

Supply and Demand Disequilibrium _________ _______ (________ _______) – The quantity of goods supplied is more than the quantity demanded.

Excess supply (economic surplus)

Supply and Demand Disequilibrium _________ _________ (_________ _________) – The quantity demanded for a good is higher than what can be supplied.

Excess demand (economic shortage)

Supply and Demand Disequilibrium ___________ – The degree in which consumers change their demand and producers change their supply in response to changes in price or income.

Elasticity

Supply and Demand Disequilibrium (Elasticity) _______ – The quantity demand of a good or service changes significantly when its price changes.

Elastic

Supply and Demand Disequilibrium (Elasticity) __________ – The quantity demand of a good or service only changes modestly when its price changes.

Inelastic

Simultaneous Changes in Supply and Demand Equilibrium price cannot be determined Quantity increases

Demand Increases Supply Increases

Simultaneous Changes in Supply and Demand Equilibrium price decreases Quantity cannot be determined

Supply Increases Demand Decreases

Simultaneous Changes in Supply and Demand Equilibrium price increases Quantity cannot be determined

Supply Decreases Demand Increases

Simultaneous Changes in Supply and Demand Equilibrium price cannot be determined Quantity decreases

Supply Decreases Demand Decreases

_______ _________ refers to a limited availability of goods and services. It occurs when people cannot obtain much of something they need. Scarcity often involves a trade-off because people must sacrifice resources or goods they have in order to obtain more of the scarce resources they need or want. Key Idea: Scarcity influences market prices. Example: * The gasoline shortage in the 1970s resulted in soaring gas prices and long lines at the pumps.

Cost scarcity

______________ ____ – The loss of potential gain from other alternatives when one alternative is chosen. Examples: * A business is considering adding to its parking lot so it can serve more customers. The construction will cause a temporary reduction in parking space; therefore, the business will lose some revenue while adding to the parking lot. However, when construction is completed, the parking lot will hold two times as many cars as the original parking lot; therefore, revenue will increase. In this case, the opportunity cost is the money the business will lose during the construction of the new parking spaces. The opportunity is the chance to earn more money by serving more customers after the parking lot expansion is complete. * An employer is hiring new personnel to grow the business. The opportunity cost is the additional payroll cost (salary and taxes). The opportunity is the chance to earn higher profit by growing the new business with the additional personnel.

Opportunity Cost

Examples of _______-_______ investment: * Buying and renovating a home to re-sell * Buying Certificates of Deposit (CDs) * Enrolling in an interest-bearing savings account

short-term

___________ – The action or process of investing money for profit or material result. Higher returns come from higher interest rates. Example: * 7% annual interest on $100 = $107 at the end of the year. * 3% annual interest on $100 = $103 at the end of the year.

Investments

___________ impacts where people live. People move toward economic opportunities. In the 18th and 19th centuries, millions of Europeans moved to the New World for a better life with more economic freedom. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Americans moved to cities to get jobs in factories. When people migrate to another country, it is usually because something pushes them away from their native country and pulls them toward a new place. This idea is called the push-pull factor.

Economics

Examples of _______-_______ investments: * Investing in stocks (i.e., 401K) * Investing in IRAs (i.e., Traditional, Roth, SEP) * Investing in bonds

long-term

Economics and its effects _______ factors are the circumstances that make a person want to leave. For example, lack of employment or education opportunities, a tyrannical government, famine, or war. A _______ factor on an Irish family leaving Ireland during the Potato Famine would be the lack of food in the old country.

Push

Economics and its effects ________ factors are the advantages a country has that make a person want to live there. America has pull factors for many people around the world whose native countries have unstable governments, limited job opportunities, or no reliable security. A ______ factor would be food and opportunity to buy more food in a more prosperous country.

Pull

Beginning in 1845 and lasting for six years, the potato famine killed nearly 1 million men, women, and children in Ireland and caused another 2 million to flee the country. The crisis started with a natural event that infected potato crops. The situation was further exacerbated by the government’s laissez-faire economic policies and its continuation of exporting of food to Great Britain. The potato famine in Ireland resulted in Irish immigrants coming to the United States, causing a large increase in the Irish population in U.S. cities.

The Great Famine of Ireland (The Potato Famine)

The late-nineteenth-century United States witnessed a decline in the prices of farm goods, primarily agricultural commodities. This decline can be attributed to overproduction, the expansion of agricultural land, and the adoption of new technologies, such as mechanization and improved fertilizers. This all led to increased productivity in farming, which resulted in a surplus in the market and driving prices down.

Over Production and its Effects

____________ __________ in economics has played a huge role in American history. In the 17th and 18th century, economic opportunity brought people to the American colonies and the New World. Trade restrictions, taxes, and tariffs caused the American colonists to revolt against the British government. Proposed restrictions on slave labor caused the southern states to secede from the Union and ignited the American Civil War. The laissez-faire economic policies of the 1920s allowed the economy to swell too fast and contributed to the Great Depression. The government’s deregulation of banks in the early 2000s led to the housing market crash of 2008. Government action and inaction influence the economy.

Government influence

Government and economics _________ – An official ban on trade or other commercial activity with a particular country.

Embargo

Government and economics ______ _________ – Monitoring including government regulation of unfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive business acts or practices.

Trade regulation

Government and economics __________ ________ – The right of a government or its agent to expropriate private property for public use, with payment of compensation.

Eminent domain

Government and economics ________ – A threatened penalty for disobeying a law or rule.

Sanctions

The __________ __________ (sometimes called “the Fed”) is the central banking system of the United States. It was established in 1913 to gain control of the economy and alleviate financial crisis. The __________ __________ also lends money to smaller banks and determines interest rates. When the economy grows too fast, the __________ __________ increases interest rates to counteract borrowing. When the economy slows down, the __________ __________ lowers interest rates to encourage borrowing.

Federal Reserve

The _______________ __ ___ _________ manages federal finances by collecting taxes, paying bills, and managing currency, government accounts, and public debt. The _______________ __ ___ _________ also enforces finance and tax laws.

Department of the Treasury

The ____________ ____________ has several primary functions: * Promote the health and stability of the U.S. economy and financial system * Conduct monetary policy – Expansionary monetary policy – Policy intended to stimulate the economy – Contractionary monetary policy – Policy intended to abate the economy * Supervise and regulate financial institutions and activities * Promote a safe, efficient, and accessible settlement system for transactions * Promote consumer protection and community development

Federal Reserve

The _______________ __ ___ _________ is responsible for: * producing all currency and coinage of the United States. * collecting taxes, duties, and money paid to and due to the United States. * paying all bills of the United States. * managing the federal finances. * managing government accounts and the United States public debt. * supervising national banks and thrift institutions. * advising on domestic and international financial, monetary, economic, trade, and tax policy (fiscal policy being the sum of these). * enforcing federal finance and tax laws. * investigating and prosecuting tax evaders. * publishing statistical reports.

Department of the Treasury

A _________ is a tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports. The result of a _________ is often higher prices on goods for the consumers. _________ benefit some groups at the expense of others. For example, the _________ of 1828 was designed to protect northern manufacturing. However, it reduced British imports of cotton from the southern United States thereby damaging the southern economy. Examples: * _________ (taxes) on cars imported from Japan * _________ (taxes) on coffee imported from South America

tariff

An __________ is an official ban on trade with a specific country or commodity. Typically, __________ are implemented as a form of punishment or for diplomatic leverage. Example: * In 2006, the U.N. Security Council (UNSC) imposed an __________ on North Korea in response to North Korea’s first nuclear test. The __________ prohibited the supply of heavy weapons and select luxury goods.

embargo

______________ _____________ is when a country produces a good or service for a lower opportunity cost than other countries. The country may not be the best at producing something, but the good or service has a low opportunity cost for other countries to import. Example: * Companies in the United States use call center services from India because the services are less expensive than locating the call center in the United States. Indian call centers are not necessarily better than United States call centers; however, India’s services are inexpensive, making the trade-off worthwhile.

Comparative advantage

___________ _________ is when a country produces greater quantity of a good, product, or service than competitors using the same amount of resources. Example: * Saudi Arabia can produce more oil than many other countries. Saudi Arabia does not have to spend as many resources to produce oil as many other countries do. Therefore, Saudi Arabia has an absolute advantage over other non-oil producing countries.

Absolute advantage

Economic Systems _________ ___________ __________ – The original economic system in which traditions, customs, and beliefs shape the goods and the services the economy produces.

Traditional Economic System

Economic Systems _________ __________ _______ – The government determines what goods should be produced, how much should be produced, and the price at which the goods are offered for sale. This is also referred to as Communism.

Command Economic System

Economic Systems __________ _________ – A feature of a command economy is that a large part of the economic system is controlled by a centralized power, most often the federal government.

Centralized Control

Economic Systems ___________ _________ ___________ – Decisions regarding investment, production, and distribution are based on market, supply, and demand. Prices of goods and services are determined in a free price system.

Market Economic System

Economic Systems ___________ – ___________ affords economic freedom, consumer choice, and economic growth.

Capitalism

Economic Systems ____________ – The means of production, distribution, and exchange are owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

Socialism

Economic Systems ________ __________ _______ – Features characteristics of both capitalism and socialism.

Mixed Economic System

_______________ is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision- making of regional, national, and global economies.

Macroeconomics

________ _________ refers to the total value of a country’s output of all new goods and services produced in a year, both domestically and internationally. It is important to measure the level of national income in order to understand economic growth, living standards, and income distribution.

National income

_________ ____________ _______ (___) is the value of the goods and services produced domestically in a year. The percentage that GDP increases or decreases from one period to another is an important way for the people of a country to measure the health of the economy. The GDP measures the income of anyone in the country, including foreign businesses.

Gross domestic product (GDP)

________ is the amount of physical, mental, and social effort used to produce goods and services in an economy. It supplies the expertise, manpower, and service needed to turn raw materials into finished products and services.

Labor

____ ____________ is a stable rate of unemployment—1 to 2 percent of the total workforce.

Full employment

______________ is when skilled workers are working fewer hours than they would like to work or when the workers take lower paying jobs that do not require the skills or education the workers hold.

Underemployment

Three types of unemployment: __________ ___________ – Refers to difficulty in matching qualified workers with jobs. For example, a college graduate who is actively looking for work cannot find a job that matches her skills.

Frictional unemployment

_________________ is when people who are actively seeking work cannot find employment.

Unemployment

Three types of unemployment: _________ _____________ – Refers to unemployment that is a product of the business cycle. For example, when tourist season ends in Florida, people lose their jobs or have difficulty finding work.

Cyclical unemployment

Three types of unemployment: ____________ ______________ – Refers to unemployment that occurs when workers are not qualified for the jobs that are available. An example of this is when manufacturing jobs and trade jobs go unfilled because workers do not have the necessary skills. The job skills such workers possess become obsolete, and the workers need to be retrained.

Structural unemployment

________ __________ indicates that the economy’s price level does not fluctuate much over a period of time, and there are no long periods of inflation or deflation.

Price stability

_________ – A rise in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over time, resulting in a decline in the value of money and purchasing power. – _________ complicates economic decision-making. – Rapid _________ slows economic growth. – _________ diminishes the value of savings.

Inflation

_________ – A decrease in the general price level of goods and services over a longer period of time. – _________ slows economic growth. – People stop buying, so companies stop producing. – Loans are not repaid, which poses a threat to the stability of financial institutions.

Deflation

Exchange Rates and the International Price of Goods In finance, an ______________ _____ is the rate at which one currency will be exchanged for another. It is also regarded as the value of one country’s currency in relation to another country’s currency.

exchange rate

Exchange Rates and the International Price of Goods Movements in exchange rates alter the _____________ ______ of goods and services.

international price

Exchange Rates and the International Price of Goods If the U.S. dollar ___________, the exchange rate falls, and: * the relative price of domestic goods and services decreases. * *the relative price of foreign goods and services increases. * the change in relative prices will increase U.S. exports and decrease its imports.

depreciates

Exchange Rates and the International Price of Goods If the dollar ___________, the exchange rate increases: * the relative price of domestic goods and services increases. * the relative price of foreign goods and services falls. * the change in relative prices will decrease U.S. exports and increase its imports.

appreciates