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Social Studies final Flashcards

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1
Q

What did the government have to do with the Transcontinental Railroad?

A

The U.S. government provided land grants and loans to railroad companies to encourage the construction of the railroad.

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2
Q

Which companies were involved in building the Transcontinental Railroad?

A

Union Pacific and Central Pacific.

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3
Q

How were the companies paid?

A

They were paid with federal land grants and money based on the number of miles of track laid.

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4
Q

Which company laid more track?

A

Union Pacific laid more track than Central Pacific.

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5
Q

Where was the Transcontinental Railroad completed?

A

Promontory Point, Utah in 1869.

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6
Q

What did its completion mean?

A

It connected the east and west coasts, boosting trade, migration, and economic growth.

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7
Q

What is Manifest Destiny?

A

The belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across to the Pacific Ocean.

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8
Q

What does Laissez-faire economics mean?

A

A policy of minimal government interference in the economy.

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9
Q

How did Laissez -Faire policy affect the nation?

A

It allowed businesses to grow with little regulation, leading to monopolies and rapid industrial growth.

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10
Q

What is a monopoly? Give examples.

A

A monopoly is when one company dominates an entire industry. Example: Frito Lay.

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11
Q

What is vertical integration? Examples?

A

Controlling all steps of production. Example: Carnegie Steel owned mines, railroads, and factories.

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12
Q

What is horizontal integration? Examples?

A

Buying out competitors. Example: Rockefeller’s Standard Oil bought other oil companies.

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13
Q

How does supply and demand work?

A

Prices rise when demand is high and supply is low, and fall when demand is low and supply is high.

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14
Q

What is mass production? How did technology play a role?

A

Producing large quantities of goods quickly using machines. Technology like the assembly line made it possible.

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15
Q

What does ‘Gilded’ mean and who coined the term?

A

It means something that looks good on the outside but is corrupt underneath; coined by Mark Twain.

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16
Q

What are examples of the Gilded Age?

A

Rapid industrial growth, wealth gaps, political corruption.

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17
Q

What is a Robber Baron? Examples?

A

Business leaders who used exploitative practices. Examples: Rockefeller, Carnegie, Vanderbilt.

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18
Q

Who were party bosses?

A

Powerful leaders who controlled political parties and voter support.

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19
Q

What were political machines? How did they work?

A

A political machine is a powerful group (usually in a city) that controls elections and government by using favors, money, and jobs to get votes.

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20
Q

What is Social Darwinism?

A

The belief that only the strongest businesses and people survive in society. Survival of the fittest.

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21
Q

What is the Social Gospel?

A

A movement promoting charity and justice as part of Christian duty.

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22
Q

What is the difference between Old and New Immigration?

A

Old: Northern/Western Europe; New: Southern/Eastern Europe and Asia.

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23
Q

What are push vs. pull factors?

A

Push: war, poverty, persecution. Pull: jobs, freedom, land.

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24
Q

Where did immigrants usually live?

A

In ethnic neighborhoods in urban areas, often in tenements.

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25
What is nativism?
Hostility toward immigrants and preference for native-born Americans.
26
What is Americanization?
Americanization is the process of making immigrants adopt American culture, language, and customs of immigrants assimilating into American culture.
27
Who was Andrew Carnegie?
Andrew Carnegie was a powerful businessman in the late 1800s who made a huge fortune in the steel industry.
28
Who was John D. Rockefeller?
Founder of Standard Oil; used horizontal integration to form a monopoly.
29
Who was J.P. Morgan?
A powerful banker who financed railroads, steel, and electricity.
30
Who was Thomas Edison?
Inventor of the light bulb, phonograph, and motion picture camera.
31
Who was Cornelius Vanderbilt?
Railroad and shipping tycoon who helped link national transportation networks.
32
What is the difference between Robber Barons and Captains of Industry?
Robber Barons exploited workers for profit; Captains of Industry contributed positively to the economy.
33
Who was Henry Ford?
Innovator of the assembly line and founder of Ford Motor Company.
34
Who was Alexander Graham Bell?
Inventor of the telephone.
35
Who was Samuel Morse?
Inventor of the telegraph and Morse code.
36
Who was Henry Bessemer?
Developer of the Bessemer process for making steel cheaply and efficiently.
37
Who was Eugene V. Debs?
Labor leader and socialist; involved in the Pullman Strike.
38
What is Social Darwinism?
The idea that only the strongest businesses and individuals thrive.
39
Who was Jane Addams?
Social reformer and founder of Hull House for immigrants.
40
Who was Upton Sinclair?
Author of The Jungle, which exposed meat packing industry conditions.
41
Who were the famous outlaws of the West?
Billy the Kid, Sundance Kid, Wyatt Earp, Jesse James, Wild Bill Hickok, Doc Holliday.
42
What was the Knights of Labor?
An early labor union that welcomed all workers; sought broad reforms.
43
What was the American Federation of Labor (AFL)?
A skilled workers’ union led by Samuel Gompers, focused on practical goals like better pay.
44
What was The Great Strike of 1877?
A national railroad strike protesting wage cuts.
45
What happened at the Haymarket Affair?
A bomb exploded at a labor protest; associated labor with violence.
46
What was the Homestead Strike?
A violent steelworker strike against Carnegie Steel.
47
What was the Pullman Strike?
widespread railroad strike and boycott that severely disrupted rail traffic in the Midwest of the United States in June–July 1894
48
What caused the growth of cities?
Industrial jobs, immigration, and innovations in transportation.
49
What were tenements?
Overcrowded and unsanitary apartment buildings for poor urban dwellers.
50
What were Ellis Island and Angel Island?
Immigration stations—Ellis (New York) processed Europeans, Angel (California) processed Asians.
51
What was the Chinese Exclusion Act?
1882 law banning Chinese immigration.
52
What were political machines and who was Boss Tweed?
Corrupt political groups that controlled cities; Boss Tweed led Tammany Hall in NYC.
53
What was the Pendleton Civil Service Act?
Law requiring government jobs to be awarded by merit, not politics.
54
What was the Interstate Commerce Act?
Regulated railroads to ensure fair rates.
55
What was the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?
First federal law to break up monopolies and promote competition.
56
What was Dollar Diplomacy?
President Taft’s policy of using economic investment to influence Latin America.
57
What was the Big Stick Policy?
Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policy: 'Speak softly and carry a big stick,' emphasizing military strength.
58
What was Moral Diplomacy?
President Wilson’s policy to promote democracy and moral progress in other countries.
59
What was the Roosevelt Corollary?
An addition to the Monroe Doctrine allowing U.S. intervention in Latin America to maintain stability.
60
What was the Great White Fleet?
A U.S. naval fleet sent around the world to show American military power.
61
What is a Sphere of Influence?
A region where one country has special trading and political privileges.
62
Who was Joseph Pulitzer?
A newspaper publisher known for sensationalist journalism, or 'yellow journalism.'
63
What was San Juan Hill?
Site of a major U.S. victory in the Spanish-American War, famously involving the Rough Riders.
64
Who was George Dewey?
U.S. naval officer who won a key battle in Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War.
65
What is annexation?
Taking over territory and adding it to a country, like Hawaii or the Philippines.
66
What is yellow journalism?
Sensational news reporting that exaggerates stories to attract readers.
67
What happened to the USS Maine?
It exploded in Havana Harbor; the U.S. blamed Spain, helping start the Spanish-American War.
68
What was the 1898 Treaty of Paris?
Ended the Spanish-American War; Spain gave up control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.
69
What was the Panama Canal?
A man-made waterway through Panama that shortened sea travel between the Atlantic and Pacific.
70
What were the M.A.I.N. causes of WWI?
Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism.
71
What was the spark that started WWI?
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.
72
Who were the Central Powers and Allied Powers?
Central: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire. Allied: Britain, France, Russia, U.S. (later).
73
What was the Russian Revolution?
1917 uprising that led to Russia withdrawing from the war and becoming communist.
74
What is the difference between the Eastern and Western Fronts?
Eastern Front: mobile warfare in Russia; Western Front: trench warfare in France.
75
What were Wilson’s 14 Points?
President Wilson’s plan for peace after WWI, including the League of Nations.
76
What treaty ended WWI?
The Treaty of Versailles (1919), which punished Germany and redrew European borders.
77
What was trench warfare?
Fighting from long, dug-in positions; caused stalemates and high casualties.
78
What was the Schlieffen Plan?
Germany’s strategy to quickly defeat France, then attack Russia; it failed.
79
What caused the Great Depression?
Stock market crash (October 29, 1929), bank failures, overproduction, and poor credit practices.
80
Who was President during the stock market crash?
Herbert Hoover.
81
What was the Dust Bowl?
Severe drought and dust storms in the Great Plains during the 1930s.
82
What were the 3 R’s of the New Deal?
Relief, Recovery, Reform.
83
What were some key New Deal programs?
Social Security Act, WPA, CCC, FDIC, TVA.
84
What was court packing?
FDR’s attempt to add more justices to the Supreme Court to support New Deal laws.
85
Who were the major leaders during WWII?
Hitler (Germany), Mussolini (Italy), Stalin (USSR), Churchill (UK), Roosevelt/Truman (USA).
86
What is Blitzkrieg?
German 'lightning war' tactic of fast, surprise attacks.
87
What was the Non-Aggression Pact?
A 1939 agreement between Germany and the USSR not to attack each other.
88
What happened at Pearl Harbor?
Japan attacked the U.S. naval base on December 7, 1941, leading the U.S. to enter the war.
89
Who were the Axis and Allied Powers?
Axis: Germany, Italy, Japan. Allies: U.S., UK, USSR, France, China.
90
What is appeasement?
giving something to someone to prevent them from becoming angry or causing trouble

Social Studies (2 decks)

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