social studies final Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
What are dynasties?
A
A series of rulers from the same family.
2
Q
Who was Confucius?
A
A Chinese philosopher who wrote 4 books and had 3 big ideas.
3
Q
What were Confucius’ 3 big ideas?
A
- Filial Piety: Respect for your parents and ancestor worship. 2. Ritual: Rituals teach propriety and respect. 3. Humaneness: People are good and should help one another.
4
Q
Who was Lao Tzu?
A
Said to have written Tao Te Ching and founded Taoism.
5
Q
Who was Sun Tzu?
A
Wrote The Art of War. He was a military strategist. Fought in the Wu Chu war. His goal was to win without fighting.
6
Q
Who were the Mongols?
A
The Mongols were nomads from the north of China.
7
Q
What animals did the Mongols use in battle?
A
The Mongols used horses to fight.
8
Q
Who were the famous leaders of the Mongols?
A
Genghis Khan and Kublai Khan.
9
Q
What percentage of the world did the Mongols take over?
A
About 20% of the world.
10
Q
How were the Mongols at ruling compared to fighting?
A
They were good at fighting but not good at ruling.
11
Q
Who helped the Mongols run the government?
A
Chinese people helped run the government.
12
Q
What is the Mandate of Heaven?
A
In Shang, there was a king called Mandate of Heaven because he was a descendant of the supreme G-d, Shang Ti.
13
Q
What is silk?
A
Silk was very hard and slow to make, so it was expensive and mostly used by nobles and royalty.
14
Q
What was the Silk Road?
A
The Chinese used the Silk Road to trade silk and other goods with other countries.
15
Q
What are pictographs?
A
Pictographs are small pictures used for writing.
16
Q
Who used pictographs for writing?
A
Ancient Chinese people used pictographs for writing.
17
Q
What purpose did pictographs serve?
A
They were used to show words and ideas.
18
Q
On what materials were some pictographs carved?
A
Some pictographs were carved on bones.
19
Q
What was one of the uses of bones with pictographs?
A
They were used for telling the future.
20
Q
What was one of the first forms of Chinese writing?
A
Pictographs were one of the first forms of Chinese writing.
21
Q
What is the first known Greek civilization?
A
The Minoans.
22
Q
Where did the Minoans live?
A
On the island of Crete.
23
Q
What time period did the Minoans thrive?
A
From about 3000-1100 BCE.
24
Q
Who was the most famous king of the Minoans?
A
King Minos.
25
What legendary structure did King Minos build?
A labyrinth to keep the Minotaur trapped inside.
26
What event seems to have destroyed the Minoan civilization?
A massive earthquake or volcanic eruption.
27
Who were the Mycenaeans?
They were very wealthy and lived on Crete from 1600-1100 BCE, known as fierce warriors.
28
How were the Mycenaeans described?
Homer described them as rich kings. Agamemnon led them in the Trojan War.
29
What is Hellenism?
The spread of Greek culture.
30
What is Olympus?
The tallest mountain of Greece and where all the gods are born.
31
What is polytheism?
The belief in multiple gods.
32
What is the Mediterranean Sea?
A large sea near Greece that was important for travel, trade, and farming.
33
What is a monarchy?
A government ruled by one king or queen, where power is passed down through the family.
34
What is an oligarchy?
A government ruled by a small group of powerful people.
35
What is aristocracy?
A type of oligarchy where the rulers are wealthy landowners or nobles.
36
What is tyranny?
A government where one person takes power by force and rules alone.
37
What is democracy?
A system where citizens rule and make decisions by voting.
38
Who were citizens in Athens?
A citizen had to be a man, born in Athens, over 30 years old, and own property.
39
Who was Homer?
A famous Greek poet who wrote The Iliad and The Odyssey.
40
Who was Socrates?
A well-known Greek philosopher who focused on truth and questioning.
41
Who was Plato?
A student of Socrates who wrote The Republic and started The Academy.
42
Who was Aristotle?
A philosopher who believed in observation and logic.
43
Who did Aristotle teach?
Alexander the Great.
44
What philosophical concept is associated with Aristotle?
The golden mean.
45
What is a phalanx?
A tight Greek battle formation using spears and shields.
46
What is Latin?
The language of the Romans.
47
What was the religion of Rome?
The Romans believed in the same gods as the Greeks, but with different names.
48
What is a paterfamilias?
The male head of a Roman family who had full control over the household.
49
What is a republic?
A form of government where leaders are elected.
50
What is a commonwealth?
A group of people or states working together for the common good.
51
What is patriotism?
Love and loyalty to your country.
52
Who were the plebeians?
The poor working-class people of Rome.
53
Who were the patricians?
The wealthy upper-class people of Rome.
54
What is the patron-client system?
A system where a patron gives help or protection to a client in exchange for loyalty.
55
What are consuls?
The top leaders of Rome, two were elected each year.
56
What is the Senate?
A group of men who advised the consuls and helped make laws.
57
What was Carthage?
A powerful city in North Africa and Rome's enemy in the Punic Wars.
58
Who was Hannibal Barca?
A general from Carthage who famously led an army with elephants across the mountains.
59
What is a legion?
A large group in the Roman army, about 5,000 soldiers.
60
What is a cohort?
A unit in a legion, made up of about 500-600 soldiers.
61
What is a century?
A smaller Roman army group, usually about 80-100 men.
62
Who was Julius Caesar?
A Roman general who became very powerful and was later killed by senators.
63
What happened in 476 CE?
The Western Roman Empire fell, marking the end of Ancient Rome.
64
What is a torq?
A necklace to show your honor price.
65
What is a fine?
Your extended family (who you live with).
66
What is a clan?
A large fine or several small fines who are loyal to one another.
67
Who were the druids?
More powerful than the kings, they were lawyers, doctors, negotiators, and spiritual leaders.
68
What is a roundhouse?
The place where a fine lived.
69
Who were the bards?
The travelers, singers, and songwriters.
70
What is tartan?
Woven wool to show your wealth.
71
What is an honour price?
The price you pay to the clan for how much someone was worth when you killed them.
72
What were the Dark Ages?
The early part of the Middle Ages, called 'dark' because there was less learning, trade, and stability after Rome fell.
73
Who were the Vikings?
Warriors and sailors from Scandinavia who raided and settled parts of Europe.
74
Who was Charlemagne?
A powerful king who united much of Europe and was crowned 'Emperor of the Romans' in 800 CE.
75
What was the Battle of Hastings?
A battle where William the Conqueror defeated the English king and took over England.
76
Who was William the Conqueror?
The Duke of Normandy who became king of England after winning the Battle of Hastings.
77
What are tithes?
A church tax where people gave 10% of what they earned or grew to the church.
78
What is Catholicism?
The main form of Christianity in Europe during the Middle Ages, led by the Pope.
79
Who is the Pope?
The leader of the Roman Catholic Church with significant power.
80
What is the feudal system?
A system where kings gave land to nobles, who gave some to knights, who protected the peasants.
81
What was the Black Plague?
A deadly disease that spread across Europe in the 1300s, killing millions.
82
What was one method used in medieval trials to determine guilt?
Trial by ordeal.
83
What is an example of a trial by ordeal in medieval times?
Walking on hot iron.
84
What was another method used in medieval trials to determine guilt?
Trial by combat.
85
What did people believe about God's role in medieval trials?
God would protect the innocent.
86
What is humanism?
A belief that focuses on human achievements, learning, and the importance of individuals.
87
What is the printing press?
Invented by Johannes Gutenberg, it allowed books to be copied quickly and cheaply.
88
What was the Protestant Reformation?
A movement started by Martin Luther to change problems in the Catholic Church.
89
Who was Leonardo da Vinci?
A famous Renaissance artist, scientist, and inventor who painted the Mona Lisa.
90
Who was Michelangelo?
A great artist and sculptor who painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
91
Who was Raphael?
A Renaissance artist known for his beautiful paintings.
92
Who was Shakespeare?
A famous English writer who wrote many plays and poems.
93
Who was Galileo?
A scientist who used a telescope to study the stars.
94
Why did Chinese Emperors try to 'keep' the Mandate of Heaven?
They believed the emperor had permission from the gods to rule. Emperors tried to keep it by being fair and protecting the people.
95
How are Confucianism and Taoism similar? How are they different?
Similar: Both focus on living a good life. Different: Confucianism focuses on respect, while Taoism focuses on nature.
96
Why is China divided into different dynasties?
Each dynasty was a ruling family. When one dynasty got weak, a new family took over.
97
What were the two ancient civilizations on Crete?
Minoans: Peaceful, sea traders. Mycenaeans: More warlike, focused on conquest.
98
What are the 5 forms of government?
1. Monarchy (one ruler) - least inclusive. 2. Oligarchy (rule by a few). 3. Aristocracy (rule by nobles). 4. Tyranny (one person takes power). 5. Democracy (rule by the people) - most inclusive.
99
Who are the 12 Olympians?
Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Demeter, Athena, Apollo, Artemis, Ares, Aphrodite, Hephaestus, Hermes, Dionysus.
100
What are the similarities and differences between Sparta and Athens?
Similar: Both Greek city-states. Differences: Sparta was military-focused; Athens focused on learning and art.
101
What does it mean to be an Ancient Greek citizen?
You had to be a free adult man, born in the city. Today, more people can be citizens.
102
Who are the 'Big 3' Greek Philosophers?
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle.
103
Who were Romulus and Remus?
Twin brothers in Roman legend who founded Rome.
104
What 3 types of government did Rome have?
Monarchy, Republic, Empire.
105
What was a consul?
Leaders of the Republic, elected yearly.
106
What were the responsibilities of a consul?
Led the army, ran the government, chose senators, made decisions in court, managed money, could veto each other.
107
What are the similarities and differences between Greek and Roman governments?
Similar: Both had voting. Different: Greeks used direct democracy; Romans had a republic.
108
What are the differences between plebeians and patricians?
Plebeians were the poor/common people; patricians were the rich/noble families.
109
What were the similarities between Roman and Greek gods?
Same gods, different names.
110
Why was Julius Caesar important in turning Rome into an Empire?
He gained too much power and became dictator, leading to civil war and the rise of the Roman Empire.
111
Why did Rome and Carthage fight three wars?
They fought over control of trade and land in the Mediterranean.
112
How did the Romans expand?
Through strong armies, building roads, and offering citizenship.
113
What were the problems between clergy and regular people?
Church leaders were rich and powerful, while regular people had to pay tithes and follow strict rules.
114
What was the social class pattern in Egypt, Rome, and the Middle Ages?
Top: rulers and priests. Middle: soldiers, traders. Bottom: farmers and slaves.
115
What were the Punic Wars?
The Punic Wars were conflicts between Rome and Carthage, and Rome won all three.
116
How did the Romans expand?
Through strong armies, building roads, and offering citizenship to people they conquered.
117
What problems existed between clergy and regular people?
Church leaders were rich and powerful, some were corrupt. Regular people had to pay tithes and follow strict rules but had no say in the Church.
118
What was the social class pattern in Egypt, Rome, and the Middle Ages?
Top = rulers and priests; Middle = soldiers, traders; Bottom = farmers and slaves. This shows that power and wealth were always kept at the top.
119
Why was religion important in Egypt, Rome, and the Middle Ages?
It gave people purpose and leaders power. Kings and emperors said they ruled because the gods (or God) chose them.
120
What was the importance of the clan in Celtic life?
The clan (extended family) was very important.
121
How did families within a clan support each other in Celtic life?
Families helped each other, shared land, and protected one another.
122
What was the role of Druids?
Druids were priests, teachers, and judges. They knew the laws, led ceremonies, and were highly respected and powerful.
