Socialisation

Question 1

Socialisation

Answer 1

The process by which an individual learns the norms and values of society - The way we learn to be a member of society

Question 2

Primary socialisation

Answer 2

The informal process from which we learn the norms and values of our culture. 0-5years
- Main influence is family

Question 3

Nature debate

Answer 3

Genes and other biological factors

Question 4

Nurture debate

Answer 4

Upbringing

Question 5

Agencies of socialisation

Answer 5

1. Family
2. Peer groups
3. Education
4. Media
5. Religion
6. Workplace

Question 6

Secondary socialisation

Answer 6

What is received after primary socialisation. It is an ongoing process.

Question 7

Deliberate socialisation

Answer 7

Teaching them personally on purpose

E.g. Telling a child to say ‘please’ and ‘thankyou’

Question 8

Unconscious socialisation

Answer 8

Unintentionally passing on behaviour/ mannerisms

Question 9

Social control

Answer 9

The ways in which our behaviour is controlled. Behaviour is controlled and reinforced by sanctions. Can be used either encourage or discourage behaviour.

Question 10

Deviance

Answer 10

Breaking away from what is considered normal in a certain context.

Question 11

Formal social control

Answer 11

An official reaction or treatment

Question 12

Informal social control

Answer 12

An unofficial casual reaction and treatment

Question 13

Give two examples of formal mechanisms of social control

Answer 13

• Warnings from the police
• Sentence from the court
• Dismissal from work
• Exclusion from school

Question 14

Give two examples of informal mechanisms of social control

Answer 14

• Socially excluding a person from a peer group
• Disappointed reaction from parents
• Being passed over for a promotion at work
• Celebrities being criticised in magazines

Question 15

Give an example of a Positive Formal sanction

Answer 15

Pay rise

Award/certificates

Question 16

Give an example of a positive informal sanction

Answer 16

Saying ‘thank you’

Applause

Question 17

Give an example of a negative formal sanction

Answer 17

Exclusion from school
Formal warning from school
A sentence from the court

Question 18

Give an example of a positive informal sanction

Answer 18

Compliments

A smile

Question 19

Skeleton and Francis (2003)

Peer group as an agent of socialisation

Answer 19

Looked at peer groups in primary schools - Found that play was very gendered with boys dominating space and the girls taking part in separate activities eg skipping.

Question 20

Sue Lees (1983,1997)

Peer group as an agent of socialisation

Answer 20

Looked at the pressure put on teenage girls by peers - eg how double standards are applied to girls’ and boys’ sexual behaviour. Such as the term ‘slag’ which is used to control girls behaviour.

Question 21

Judith Harris (1998)

Peer group as an agent of socialisation

Answer 21

Looked at the comparitive influence of parents and peer groups, concluding that peer groups can be more influential than family in shaping children’s identites.

Question 22

Mulvey (1975)

Media as an agent of socialisation

Answer 22

Uses concept of the ‘male gaze’ to describe how the camera ‘eyes up’ female characters encouraging viewers to assess their bodies and their attractiveness, from a male perspective.

Question 23

Jock young (2007)

Media as an agent of socialisation

Answer 23

British criminologists that argues that the media is partly responsile for criminality and that is has created a ‘bulimic society’ - one with the constant hunger and desire to binge on anything.

Also argues that this can explain the criminality amoung youths from deprived backgrounds.

Question 24

Currie (1999)

Media as an agent of socialisation

Answer 24

Analysed the content of magazines for teenage girls spanning a 40-year period and noticed a dramatic increase in the importance of beautification in recent years.

She stated the growth in significance of men’s magazines in recent years also cannot be overlooked. Magazines such as Loaded, FHM, GQ and Maxim could be seen as outcomes of the consumer culture and men’s relationship with it. The magazines are selling a particular aspirational male lifestyle.

Question 25

Evidence for nature/nurture debate | Isabel Chicken girl

Answer 25

Found when she was ten years old in portugal. Left in a chicken coop with hens by her mother. She could not speak, was not toilet trained. Was physically malformed

Question 26

Method of rewarding behaviour to ensure people follow norms and values Family

Answer 26

Functionalism: family provides appropriate gender roles for children to learn from

Question 27

Method of punishing behaviour to ensure people follow norms and values Family

Answer 27

Oakley: Manipulation, whereby families actively discourage gender inappropriate behaviours

Question 28

Method of rewarding behaviour to ensure people follow norms and values Peer group

Answer 28

Being included in more group activities. | Gain a high status eg. have a lot of followers on a social media platform

Question 29

Method of punishing behaviour to ensure people follow norms and values Peer group

Answer 29

getting excluded from them to realise what certain types of behaviour is tolerated in a group. Another way could be people having negative opinions about you, your behaviours and views which could lead to you getting criticised by a specific action taken.

Question 30

Method of rewarding behaviour to ensure people follow norms and values Media

Answer 30

Allows us to communicate and find out things about what is going on society.

Question 31

Method of rewarding behaviour to ensure people follow norms and values Religion

Answer 31

Religion allows us to feel a part of a community and follow a set or sets of rules.

Question 32

Method of punishing behaviour to ensure people follow norms and values Religion

Answer 32

In this case, this could indicate a certain individual being criticised by a community and also depending on religion entering hell or not reincarnating into something good.

Question 33

Method of punishing behaviour to ensure people follow norms and values Media

Answer 33

In the chase of punishment, it could portray a particular age group as bad in the case of them doing drugs or committing crimes which could ruin the reputation of an individual and be placed in a certain category based on their actions.

Question 34

Method of rewarding behaviour to ensure people follow norms and values Education

Answer 34

Giving someone an R3 for doing the homework on time or answering questions.

Question 35

Method of rewarding behaviour to ensure people follow norms and values Work

Answer 35

Allows us to learn about norms and values to gain experience in the workplace and do your job correctly. Once you do your job correctly you will receive a pay rise or certificates.

Question 36

Method of punishing behaviour to ensure people follow norms and values Education

Answer 36

Getting excluded from school after doing something which goes against the school rules

Question 37

Method of punishing behaviour to ensure people follow norms and values Work

Answer 37

Getting suspended if you do the job incorrectly or having to speak with your boss or being passed over for a promotion at work.

Question 38

Twin studies

Answer 38

Bouchard researched identiical twins who had been seperated at birth.

Question 39

Example of 'hidden cirrculum'

Answer 39

- Respecting authority. - respect for other pupils' opinions. - punctuality. - aspiring to achieve. - having a 'work ethic'

Question 40

Modood abd Berthoud (1997) | Religion

Answer 40

Surveyed young people and found that 67% of the pakistanis and bangladeshi saw relgion as 'very important' compared to white british youths.

Question 41

Bowles and Gintis (1976) -Education as an agent of socialisation

Answer 41

Argues there was a hidden curriculum in schools. The education system brainwashed children through the hidden curriculum. Pupils are taught to: - Accept their place in society. - Believe that they are responsible for their own achievements and failures. - That everything is fair and based on merit

Question 42

Waddington (1999) -The Workplace as an agent of socialisation ‘Canteen culture’

Answer 42

Studied the onboarding process that happens in the police force. Waddington called it ‘canteen culture’ to illustrate the norms and values police officers came to hold when they were off-duty together. This culture is very different from the norms and values they are expected to demonstrate when on-duty.

Question 43

Reiner (2000) -The Workplace as an agent of socialisation Macho values

Answer 43

studied police canteen culture and argued that features of this culture were suspicion, macho values, and racism. This fueled the racism and mistrust of people of colour in the police force.

Question 44

Goffman (1959) -The Workplace as an agent of socialisation ‘impression management’

Answer 44

Described the ‘impression management’ that we do in order to present a version of ourselves to people. When at work we will perform impression management, we may present a different self to colleagues, bosses, and clients/customers.