socialisation and culture- Culture and Identity

Question 1

nature or nurture debate​

Answer 1

Some biologists argue that the way we behave is driven mainly by our natural instincts and our genetic make-up.​

However, sociologists point out the enormous variations between individuals and societies and argue much of our behaviour is learned rather than instinctive.​

Question 2

socialisation

Answer 2

Socialisation is the process of learning the norms and values of your society. This first takes place in the home with parents (primary) and then with outside influences such as teachers and peers (secondary)

Question 3

Norms

Answer 3

Norms are the shared expectations of behaviours in a specific culture (the “normal” standards of behaviour). Rules that govern social behaviour such as eating hot food with cutlery.​

Question 4

Different Types of Norms

Answer 4

ociologists refer to different types of norms…​

Folkways – socially approved behaviours (conventions) without moral significance. E.g. queuing in the supermarket​

Mores- norms of morality., often based on religion. E.g. sex before marriage ​

Taboo- widely prohibited and forbidden within a culture. E.g. incest or cannibalism ​

Laws- formal rules enacted by the state. Most taboos are enacted in to law. ​

Question 5

value

Answer 5

A value is a belief or principle shared by a group e.g. education is important​

Question 6

Culture

Answer 6

Culture is the shared customs, traditions, beliefs, norms and values of a society.​

Question 7

Cultural Diversity ​

Answer 7

This is the difference in norms, values, customs and traditions between societies​

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Different societies may appear to be very different but fundamentally there will be similarities in the processes of socialisation and the aims of transmitting knowledge of the culture​

Question 8

Subcultures

Answer 8

Subcultures are entire social groups that behave differently to the majority of people within wider society. ​

Subcultures tend to conform to the norms and values of mainstream society in some respect, but form a subculture based on shared customs, norms, and values that are unique to them. ​

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Question 9

Folk Devils and Moral Panics​

Answer 9

Stan Cohen (1972) researched the fights in English seaside resorts on bank holidays, between two youth subcultures: the mods and rockers.​

Interested in the media response to the fights​

Media identifies a “folk devil” and this can lead to a “moral panic” ​

The media would sensationalise the situation and police reactions would escalate the conflict ​

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Question 10

Roles

Answer 10

the expected behaviour associated with a particular social status under defined circumstances……​

roles allow individuals to predict how others will act in particular situations and to respond appropriately” ​

Question 11

Status

Answer 11

a position in society associated with particular roles and duties” ​

Question 12

Ascribed Status

Answer 12

Ascribed status is….​

‘a position in society as a result of the social characteristics given at birth’ ​

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Question 13

Achieved Status

Answer 13

Achieved status is….​

‘a position in society gained through one’s own efforts’​

Question 14

Deviance

Answer 14

Deviance is a failure to conform to social norms ​and behaviour which goes against the dominant norms of the society or group in which it occurs” ​

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Question 15

Breaching ​

Answer 15

If people don’t do what is expected in a given situation they may be considered to have ‘breached’ the rules.​

Action theorists sometimes conduct these experiments to show how social order is something we create.​

Question 16

Sanctions

Answer 16

the means whereby a social norm is enforced, either by a positive or negative device and either formally or informally” ​

Question 17

Positive and negative sanctions

Answer 17

positives sanctions are thin g given that reward behaviour such as presents

Negative sanctions are things that are given for bad behaviour e.g prison

Question 18

Social Control

Answer 18

social control is the various methods used to persuade or force individuals to conform to the dominant social norms and values of a society, and to prevent deviance” ​

Question 19

Formal Control

Answer 19

Formal control is where institutions in society exist to force people to behave/conform E.g. the police, legal system, schools, army

Question 20

Formal sanctions

Answer 20

Formal sanctions are imposed by institutions or organizations upon other institutions, organizations, or upon individuals.​

E.g. arrest, expulsion, economic sanctions​

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Question 21

Informal control

Answer 21

Informal control is where people are taught what their culture believes is correct (socialisation) so are less likely to challenge them. ​

E.g. norms, values, customs, traditions, beliefs, roles, status​

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Question 22

Informal sanctions

Answer 22

Informal sanctions - imposed by individuals or groups upon other individuals or groups without the use of a formal, institutional system. ​

E.g. Scornful looks, shunning, boycotts, being “left out” ​

Question 23

the types of Social Control?

Answer 23

Physical Violence
Economic Pressure
Social Acceptance
socialisation

Question 24

Physical Violence

Answer 24

Government and its agencies can claim authority to exercise legitimate forms of violence against people.​

Police and the military back up society’s laws with the threat of physical force.​

Question 25

Economic pressure​

Answer 25

People may conform because it is in their economic interest. ​ For example, workers may conform to rules because of fear of the loss of work and money. ​

Question 26

Social Acceptance

Answer 26

The desire to be accepted by other people is a strong influence on our behaviour.​ We may ask ‘what will other people say?’ which then can determine whether we engage in a behaviour or not.

Question 27

socialisation

Answer 27

The main method of achieving social control – people are socialised into society’s norms and values. We then internalise cultural expectations and they become part of our value system.

Question 28

Agencies of socialisation

Answer 28

Agents of socialisation are the people and institutions who play a key role in teaching us the norms, values and culture of our society.​ The family carries out primary socialisation.​

Question 29

Agencies of socialisation - Family

Answer 29

The family is most important agent of socialisation Imitation and role modelling -Children look up to their parents. and children are more likely to copy their family's behaviour There are positive sanctions and negative sanctions- this is where the family rewards children for good behaviour, and punishment for bad behaviour. There are different Exceptions within the family this can be gender norms and stricter on older children

Question 30

Agents of socialisation- education

Answer 30

Education is a powerful secondary socialisation. there are two types of curriculum the formal curriculum- socialising children to prepare them for the world of work . Schools deliver knowledge of culture to children .this is what is taught within the time table. Hidden Curriculm is a set of assumption and bbeliefs that are implied in textbooks these two curriculm socialise children

Question 31

Agencies of Socialisation- Peers

Answer 31

Peers-made up of people who are the same age and status as one self Early friendship-Young children are very responsive to other children and began to form friendship. Children to develop group norms and behaviour Peer Pressure-adolescent peer group can be very supportive of each to friendship group in order to fit in it is a power force and it can mainpulate people 's fear of social reflection

Question 32

Agencies of socialisation- Mass media

Answer 32

The media creating moral panic and having an major impact on children Hypodermic Syringe Model- Media seen as a drug that is injected into people's mind and affecting mind and people cannot escape the media Copycat behaviour/Imitation-children imitate the behaviour of those in the media,use of media and modifying the behaviour

Question 33

Agencies of Socialisation-Religion

Answer 33

Parental Faith- Religious Families children will be profoundly affected by the beliefs of their children has have very little choice Collective Conscience -religion carries a certain set of shared norms and values that are instilled

Question 34

Agencies of socialisation-work

Answer 34

Mcdonaldisation -shows the work in certain industries were trained to not to show initiative Canteen Culture- trained to understand the practices of other employees

Question 35

Identity

Answer 35

identity is our sense of who we are,our relationship with other people and our place within the social world. A society's culture provides individuals with a major part of their identity-it tells who they are and where they come from We learn this identity through our interactions with others,thus is gained through the process of socialisation

Question 36

what influences a person's identity

Answer 36

The country you are born in the culture you are apart of the social class they are in their heritage or race

Question 37

How is identity related to culture

Answer 37

sense of self relates to the cultural values you were born into

Question 38

two types of identity

Answer 38

Primary identity secondary identity