society mind health Flashcards
(54 cards)
1
Q
- suicide rates in different countries, Austria, Prussia, Bavaria. per different faiths (jews catholic protestant) - catholics less suicide than protestant - less firmly integrated church - increased social integration better mental health - no bias author was jewish
A
Durkheim 1897
2
Q
- 1882 11 Italians found jobs in Bangor Pennsylvania. moved created new town. til mid 1960s maintain close relationships family ties cohesive relations - less likely to have mycrocardial infarction than people in neighbouring town, same doctors water education etc. mid 1960s, lifestyle more American gradually the difference disappears.
A
Rosetto Egolf et al 1992
3
Q
- 2229 men + 2496 women surveyed. close friends, relatives close to, how often see them, marital status, church membership, group assocs. follow up mortality -> death certificates. least connections higher death rate. objective not self report
A
Berkman & Syme 1979
4
Q
- groups share food provide mates help care for offspring, survival tasks hunting large animals maintaining large vigilance against enemies best done by groups. need for belonging - increases survival
A
Baumesteir & Leary 2002
5
Q
- males only. comparing results of 5 large prospective studies between 1979 and 1987. less connected people (socially integrated) died earlier.
A
House et al 1988
6
Q
- words in autobiography, father, neighbour, coworker, talk, us, friend, collected in archival data. more connected words live 7 years longer
A
Pressman & Cohen 2007
7
Q
- susceptibility to common cold. nasal drops given. social network index - more connections less likely to develop rhinovirus. when antibody tier - less immune - less connections
A
Cohen 1977
8
Q
- living with spouse more diverse microbiome stronger and stable immune system. living solo heightens. vascular resistance, blood pressure, metabolic syndrome, fragmented sleep, increased hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical activity
increased glucocortical sensitivity
diminished immunity impulse control
A
Dill-McFarland et al 2019
9
Q
- objective social iso (living alone) and subjective feeling lonely. 70 prospective studies. 29% social iso, 32 % living alone likely to die
A
Holt-Lunstad 2015
10
Q
- 119 women sexual abused 1970s aged 10-12 reinterview 18-32 yrs. 86% African American. 62% recalled victimisation. 16% forget abuse at some stage. people who forget - less likely to have received support. recovered memories always same number of discrepancies in current and 1970s when first interviews.
A
Williams 1995
11
Q
- 46 American adults experienced trauma. ps asked about memory always remember but not traumatic (child birth, wedding etc). - positive start middle end absence of visual auditory reliving. environmental triggers don’t bring back memories. trauma= initial difficulty remembering narrative memory emerges, intrusive recollections, sensory modalities enhanced. overwhelming
memories are different
A
Van der Kolk & Fisler 1995
12
Q
- persistent smoking + nicotine disorder 14-21 yrs 3758 ps. more abuse more likely to have condition
A
Kiesly et al 2010
13
Q
- 236 british children exposed to 2 or more forms of violence. showed more telomere erosion between 5 and 10 years old. even after adjusting for sex, SES, body mass than their counterparts. telomere erosion bad for health
A
Shalev et al 2013
14
Q
- reports of physical, sexual abuse and neglect in childhood correlated with chronic inflammation
A
Osborn & Wisdom 2020
15
Q
- meta analysis 24 studies of 28801 people child abuse associated with increased risk of negative health outcomes (effect size = 0.42). neurological and musculoskeletal largest effect.
A
Wegman & Stetler 2009
16
Q
- 2407 adults non-instutionalised population USA. 1995-96. any child abuse associated w/ recurring stomach issues (or= 3.5), migraine (or=2.7) and ulcer (or= 4.2) all remain statistically sig after readjusting for demographics
A
Goodwin 2003
17
Q
- nationally representative 34 653 USA population psych diagnosis DSM-5. 84% of victims had life history of at least 1 psych disorder depression 27.53% and PTSD 25.98%
A
Sugaya et al 2012
18
Q
- used victorian institute of medicine to identify sexual abuse cases and normal cases. substantial risk for mental health problems. BPD 7 times more likely in females, males more likely to have anti social personality disorder
A
Cutajar et al 2010
19
Q
- deaths higher in routine manual jobs than intermediate backgrounds and least managerial for cancers, heart and circulatory diseases, digestive diseases and respiratory diseases
A
Health Statistics Quarterly 2009
20
Q
3.Risk factor in cardiovascular disease. employment grade and CHD mortality exhibits marked gradient better jobs less risk. social causation? = lower SES -> health problems OR social drift? health problems -> drift down can’t work
A
Whitehall study
21
Q
- those with highest house income consume more fruit
A
Giskes et al 2002
22
Q
- 6243 finish adults more likely to be a smoker if have lots of economic difficulties, manual worker/routine non manual worker, basic education and renter
A
Bahokenen et al 2005
23
Q
- 1803 aus adults 18-59 based on last 2 weeks of physical activity. walking for recreation, light exercise and vigorous activity. all higher in high SES. daily stress associated with low SES, so engage in health compromising behaviours to get through the day
A
Giles-Corti & Donovan 2002
24
Q
- low res associated with poor social networks, high education more close ties. low set associated with poor social networks high income more close ties
A
Weyers et al 2008
25
3. low ses ecounters may lead to mental health problems
Turner & Lloyd 1999
26
3. subsequent to initial hospitalisation low res -> stress & mental health problems (social causation) NOT mental health led to more less favourable community (SES) (Social drift)
Hudson 2005
27
3.low social class - more likely to have psych disorder most being drug dependence 7% in highest class to 50% in lowest class. depression 9% in highest SES and 35% in low SES
Meltzer et al 1995
28
3. low ses upward comparison, can't afford what neighbours, coworkers friends, possess, low job prestige and social recognition - consequential for health, low SES feel inadequate ridiculous, anxiety -> increased cortisol response
Dikerson & Kemeny 2004
29
3. people driven to eat through stress and therefore gain weight. stress eat sausages, hamburgers, pizza chocolate in excess
Laitinen et al 2002
30
4. 7771 ps British cohort. depression suicidality and general health at 45 years more likely to be worse if bullied frequently or occasionally
Takizawaet et al 2014
31
4. 1420 ps assessed bullied by peers between ages of 9-16. psych assessment at 19, 21 and 24-26. agoraphobia or=4.6, PD or =3.1, GAD or=2.7, depression or = 2.3
Copeland et al 2013
32
4. 1265 ps NZ. 1977. level of bullying measured. between 13-16yrs. high level - more psychotic symptoms when adjusted for demographics still positive relation but not statistically significant. instead explained by behavioural problems and sexual abuse
Boden et al 2016
33
4. 1671 danish ps. have you been subjected to bullying at work in the past 6 months? occasionally/frequently. sleep problems assessed with KSQ. disturbed sleep, awakening problems, poor sleep quality associated with frequent workplace bullying. particularly for awakening problems. occasionally .19, frequently .51.
Hansen et al 2013
34
4. 1975 ps 17-53 black colleagues from North Carolina. as harassment increases so too does alcohol consumption drinking related problems and risk of disorders.
Bennet et al 2005
35
4. meta analysis 60 039 ps (18000) racial minorities, experiences of chronic + acute discrimination can dysregulate function characterised by evelated levels of inflammation
Cuevas et al 2020
36
4. 2428 ps 18% sexual minority. asked what is your sexual orientation? how often been harassed on campus or discriminative behaviours on campus? sexual minority experience increased anxiety, depression incivility heterosexist harassment all stat sig
Woodford et al 2014
37
5. 92 ps intrabdominal operations. half given special care, visited regularly, informed and reassured before and after operation - control no care. special care had higher success rate
Egbert et al 1959
38
5. forms of support
emotional: availability of others, who can listen sympathetically when one has a problem, show care and acceptance
instrumental: availability of practical help and assistance
informational: availability of advice information and guidance how to solve problems
House 1981
39
5. 997 ps North Carolina. asked 11 item social support (OARS) older adult resource and services. 331 randomised follow up. 30 months later. 50 had died. asked marital status living kids or siblings, frequent interaction on phone, visits, perception of support.lonely even with people, no one understands, hard to talk to others, someone will help if ill or disabled.
low perceived support - relative risk 3.86
low frequent interaction - relative risk 2.72
low roles of attachment - relative risk 1.96
Blazer 1982
40
5. 752 swedish men physical exam to assess health and completed health questionnaire asking negative life events in the last year + emotional support. low emotional support -> death when a negative event occurs. high support -> lower death mortality
Rosengren et al 1993
41
5. 2829 ps aged 55-85 Amsterdam, measured social network people in house, kids, relatives, neighbours, coworkers instrumental: help with chores etc and emotional support: talked to network about feelings and emotions and perceptial support 12 items on feeling lonely. low social network, low instrumental support, low emotional support and high loneliness higher mortality rate
Penninx 1997
42
5. 1104 ps with cancer measured satisfaction with social support received. death occurring during observation (those who died from cancer 68%) inflammation. greater support satisfaction - lower mortality. amount of support received - not predictive of cancer survival. greater support lower inflammation. inflammation may mediate link between social support and cancer
Boen et al 2018
43
5. systematic review 100 studies 504966 ps 27 yrs of research between 1988-2015 from USA (55), Europe (33), Canada (11) and Au (11). social support (emotional mostly) protective from depression at all ages. child/adolescent - parental
adults - spousal
older adults - spousal especially among men
Gariepy et al 2016
44
6. Aus adults longitudinal. smoking behaviours strongly associated with favourable smoking norms in peer group. impact of favourable group norms stronger among those who strongly identified with the group than low identifiers
Schofield et al 2001
45
6. 3 year longitudinal reasons for taking up smoking in pre-adolescents. from various economically deprived areas in Northern Ireland. peer group influenced smoking uptake - not through direct persuasion. strive to conform to narrative behaviour in group they identify with.
Stewart-Knox et al 2005
46
6. two different uni hoodies (in group and out group) ps see confed come in or out of room. saying I ate all of that or I didn't eat any of that. ps go in with full popcorn by self and video to watch. for outgroup. similar amount consumed
for in group eating norm higher, more comfortable
Cruwys et al 2012
47
6. science ug students, cold pressor task confer comes back 'forgetting' q paper. green (in group) and yellow (out group) your paper is green (yellow), you must be science (arts) me too! have you started yet? yeah 1st trial done! - reply dw 2nd one easier. out group reassurance more galvanic response
in group less galvanic response
Platow et al 2007
48
6. prison study purpose built 9 day trial. measured saliva (cortisol levels), attitude and behaviour. group identity, guards: uncomfortable with power imbalance - disagreement, lack of leadership, raising levels of depression and stress. inmates. stuck together as group challenge authority, high group identity, clear leadership, strong collective coordination , sense of empowerment low depression and stress
Reicher & Haslam 1996
49
7. data from English longitudinal study of ageing (ELSA) measured depression - (CESD) centre of epidemiological studies and group memberships are you a member of any of the following tick all that apply: gyms, exercise class, political party, trade union, environmental groups, charitable associations in 2006
number of group memberships less depressive symptoms in those with depression history
those with low group membership more likely to relapse in 2010
Cruwys et al 2013
50
7. MS (multiple sclerosis) - mental health/ those who identified with support group (117) = 12 depressed 10.3%/ those who did not identify with group (33) = 10 depressed 30.3%
depression more likely if no support when chronically ill
Wakefield et al 2013
51
7. 194 polish people aged 18-70 years mean 34. measures depression (radolff 1977) education below or above highschool, family identification and contact with family. family identity - lower depression sig. higher education - lower depression sig. family contact - weak lower depression non sig.
Sani et al 2012
52
7. 150 members of army unit. age 25-56. measures army identifications 14 items (leach et al 2008) army contact, face to face daily , talks on phone daily or events
depression (beck 2006) and rank 1= sergeant 12 colonel etc.
higher army rank - lower depression sig even after controlling variables.
army contact - does not depression not sig
Sani et al 2012
53
8. 12 year longitudinal 118 us late ado/early adults at risk of developing psychopathology. measures aspiration index 30 items. asking financial goals (paid well, job with high status) self acceptance, affiliation and community feeling. mental health assessed for wide mental health problems during ado then again at 30. at 30 years, importance of financial success associated with mental health problems at 30. individuals goals who are less oriented to finances experience decrease in mental health problems. those who are goals more financial orientated experience and increase in mental health problems at 30.
Kasser et al 2014
54
8. 147 seniors at college USA. tested 3 different points across 2 years after graduating, measures aspiration index, to be wealthy to have expensive possessions. subjective wellbeing: satisfaction with life " life conditions are excellent" and needs satisfaction - 21 items needs for autonomy by self in daily situations, competence most days I feel a sense of accomplishment from what I do and relatedness: people are generally friendly towards me.
- being less focused on financial success -> increased needs satisfaction -> increased wellbeing
Kasser et al 2014
