socio culture

Question 1

nature

Answer 1

(our biology and genetics)

Question 2

nurture

Answer 2

our environment and surroundings that also shape our identities)

Question 3

Culture is

Answer 3

the non-biological or social aspects of human life, basically anything that is learned or made by humans is part of culture.

Question 4

Culture encompasses

Answer 4

objects and symbols, the meanings given to those objects and symbols, and the norms, values, and beliefs that pervade social life.

Question 5

The objects or belongings of a group of people are considered

Answer 5

material culture.

Question 6

in contrast, __________ consists of the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society.

Answer 6

Nonmaterial culture

Question 7

. A metro pass is a material object, but it represents

Answer 7

form of nonmaterial culture, namely, capitalism, and the acceptance of paying for transportation. Clothing

Question 8

Values

Answer 8

are a culture’s standard for discerning what is good and just in society.

Question 9

Values are deeply embedded and critical for

Answer 9

transmitting and teaching a culture’s beliefs.

Question 10

Beliefs are the tenets or convictions that

Answer 10

people hold to be true.

Question 11

ideal culture

Answer 11

the standards society would like to embrace and live up to

Question 12

ideal culture differs from real culture,

Answer 12

the way society actually is, based on what occurs and exists.

Question 13

Sanctions are a form of

Answer 13

social control, a way to encourage conformity to cultural norms.

Question 14

sanction

Answer 14

People positively sanction certain behaviors by giving their support, approval, or permission, or negatively sanction them by invoking formal policies of disapproval and nonsupport.

Question 15

Norms

Answer 15

define how to behave in accordance with what a society has defined as good, right, and important, and most members of the society adhere to them.

Question 16

Formal norms are

Answer 16

established, written rules. T

Question 17

informal norms

Answer 17

casual behaviors that are generally and widely conformed to

Question 18

People learn informal norms by

Answer 18

observation, imitation, and general socialization.

Question 19

Mores (mor-ays) are

Answer 19

norms that embody the moral views and principles of a group. Violating them can have serious consequences.

Question 20

Unlike mores, folkways are

Answer 20

norms without any moral underpinnings. Rather, folkways direct appropriate behavior in the day-to-day practices and expressions of a culture.

Question 21

Cultural universals are

Answer 21

patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies.

Question 22

Murdock found that cultural universals often revolve around basic human

Answer 22

survival, such as finding food, clothing, and shelter, or around shared human experiences, such as birth and death or illness and healing.

Question 23

ethnocentrism,

Answer 23

valuating and judging another culture based on how it compares to one’s own cultural norms.

Question 24

cultural imperialism

Answer 24

, the deliberate imposition of one’s own ostensibly advanced cultural values on another culture

Question 25

Ethnocentrism can be so strong that when confronted with all of the differences of a new culture, one may experience disorientation and frustration. In sociology, we call this

Answer 25

culture shock.

Question 26

Cultural relativism

Answer 26

is the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards rather than viewing it through the lens of one’s own culture.

Question 27

. Xenocentrism

Answer 27

is the opposite of ethnocentrism, and refers to the belief that another culture is superior to one’s own. (

Question 28

high culture

Answer 28

to describe the pattern of cultural experiences and attitudes that exist in the highest class segments of a society.

Question 29

The term popular culture refers to the

Answer 29

pattern of the more accessible cultural experiences and attitudes that exist in mainstream society.

Question 30

A subculture is just what it sounds like—a

Answer 30

smaller cultural group within a larger culture; people of a subculture are part of the larger culture but also share a specific identity within a smaller group.

Question 31

countercultures

Answer 31

which are a type of subculture that rejects the larger culture’s norms and values.

Question 32

Technology

Answer 32

is the application of science to address the problems of daily life.

Question 33

culture lag

Answer 33

Sociologist William F. Ogburn coined the term culture lag to refer to this time that elapses between the introduction of a new item of material culture and its acceptance as part of nonmaterial culture (Ogburn 1957).

Question 34

media globalization

Answer 34

is the worldwide integration of media (all print, digital, and electronic means of communication) through the cross-cultural exchange of ideas.

Question 35

Technological globalization

Answer 35

refers to the cross-cultural development and exchange of technology.

Question 36

The speed with which culture is diffused has changed as a result of

Answer 36

technological advances.

Question 37

Media consolidation

Answer 37

is a process in which fewer and fewer owners control the majority of media outlets.

Question 38

Media consolidation results in the following dysfunctions:

Answer 38

consolidated media owes more to its stockholders than to the public and represent the political and social interests of only a small minority

Question 39

Media consolidation results in the following dysfunctions:

Answer 39

there are fewer incentives to innovate, improve services, or decrease prices

Question 40

Media consolidation results in the following dysfunctions:

Answer 40

cultural and ideological bias can be widespread and based on the interests of who owns the purveyors of media

Question 41

Functionalists view society as a

Answer 41

system in which all parts work—or function—together to create society as a whole. In this way, societies need culture to exist.

Question 42

gatekeeping

Answer 42

Shoemaker and Voss (2009) define gatekeeping as the sorting process by which thousands of possible messages are shaped into a mass media-appropriate form and reduced to a manageable amount.

Question 43

The panoptic surveillance envisioned by Jeremy Bentham, depicted in the form of an all-powerful, all-seeing government by George Orwell in 1984, and later analyzed by Michel Foucault (1975) is increasingly realized in the form o

Answer 43

of technology used to monitor our every move.

Question 44

Neo-Luddites are people who are

Answer 44

critical of technology and who see it as symbolizing the coldness and alienation of modern life.