socio final Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
Race
A
grouping of humankind on shared physical or social qualities that can vary from one society to another
2
Q
Ethnicity
A
based on shared culture-the practices, norms, values, and beliefs of a group that might include shared language, religion, and traditions, among other commonalities
3
Q
Minority
A
(subordinate group) any group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from the others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment
4
Q
dominant group
A
(majority) represents the rulers or is in the majority who can access power and privilege in a given society
5
Q
Functionalism on Race and Ethnicity
A
emphasizes that all the elements of society have functions to enhance order in society
racism can contribute to a functioning society by promoting bonds between in-group members through the ostracism of out-group members
6
Q
Interactionism on Race and Ethnicity
A
race and ethnicity provide strong symbols as sources of identity
symbols of race, not race itself, are what lead to racism
Herbert Blumer- racial prejudice is formed through interactions between members of dominant group
ex: person bases beliefs on group of people bc of images conveyed in social media
7
Q
Conflict on race and ethnicity
A
past and current struggles between he white ruling class and racial and ethnic minorities
rising power of Black Amerian after the civil war resulted in draconian Jim Crow laws that limited black political/social power
8
Q
Intersection on race and ethnicity
A
Feminist sociologist Patricia Hill Collins developed this theory
we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes
multiple layers of disadvantage intersect to create the way we experience race
ex: white woman prejudice differ from asian prejudice
9
Q
White Privilege
A
benefits people receive by being a white or white passing
10
Q
Prejudice
A
beliefs, thoughts, feelings, and attitudes someone holds about a group of people
ex: not based n personal experience
11
Q
Discrimination
A
Consists of actions against a group of people
ex: unfair housing prices, “Dont ask, Dont tell”
12
Q
Stereotypes
A
oversimplified generalizations about groups of people
ex: Latinas are crazy, Navy is gay
13
Q
Color-avoidance
A
“color-blind racism”; avoidance of racial language by European Americans that racism is no longer an issue. Fails to recognize systemic racism and supports racism while avoiding references to race
14
Q
Racial Steering
A
the act of real estate agents directing prospective homeowners toward or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race
15
Q
Systemic Racism
A
“structural or institutional racism”; systems and structures that have procedures or processes that disadvantages racial minority groups
ex: schools that send students of color into underfunded schools
16
Q
Assimilation
A
describes the process by which a minority individual or group gives up its own identity by taking on the characteristics of the dominant culture
17
Q
Pluralism
A
the ideal of the United States “salad bowl”; a great mixture of different cultures where each culture retains its own identity and yet adds to the flavor of the whole (societies coexisting)
18
Q
True Pluralism
A
Mutual respect on the part of all cultures, both dominant and subordinate
19
Q
Amalgamation
A
a minority group and majority group combine to form a new group
a form of miscegenation achieved through intermarriage between races
20
Q
Genocide
A
deliberate annihilation of a targeted group
ex: MOST TOXIC INTERGROUP RELATION like the holocaust
21
Q
Expulsion
A
a subordinate group being forced by a dominant group to leave a certain area o country
ex: Trail of Tears, Japanese Internment Camps
22
Q
Segregation
A
physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in work place and social functions
23
Q
De Jure segregation
A
segregation enforced by law
24
Q
De Facto
A
segregation that occurs without laws but because of other factors
25
Sex
physical or physiological differences between males and females including both primary sex characteristics
26
Gender
behaviors, personal traits, and social positions that society attributes to being female or male
27
Gender Roles
society's concept of how men and women are expected to look and how they should behave
Boys=aggressive
Girls=Nurturing
28
Doing Gender
when people perform tasks or possess characteristics based on gender
29
Transgender
people's assigned sex at birth an gender identity are not same
transwomen is male at birth
transgender man is female at birth
30
Intersex
general term used to describe people whose traits, reproductive anatomy, hormones, or chromosomes are different form the usual two ways human bodies develop
31
Sexuality
a persons capacity for sexual feelings and meetings
32
Sexual Orientation
physical, mental, emotional, and sexual attraction to a particular sex
33
Sexism
prejudice beliefs that value one sex over another
34
Functionalism on Gender, Sex, and Sexuality
Importance of sexual behavior to ensure marital cohesion; sexual behavior in marriage is to increase the bond of partners
35
Conflict on Gender, Sex, and Sexuality
views men as dominant group and women as subordinate group
social problems are created when dominant groups exploit/oppress subordinate groups
benefits of heterosexual marriages are not given to homosexual marriages= struggles of social and financial resources will always conflict
ex: women suffrage
36
Interactionism on gender
Gender develops through how people behave with each other
37
Feminism
type of conflict theory that examines inequalities in gender-related issues
38
Radical Feminism
states that family dynamic perpetuates male dominance
39
Queer Theory
interdisciplinary approach to sexuality studies that identifies the Wests rigid splitting of gender into male and female roles and questions the manner in which we have been taught to think above sexual orientation
40
Baby Boomer
the cohort born between 1946-1964 and now reaching their 60s and 70s
this generation doesn't want to get old
dramatic increase of population over 65
41
Society Views on Age
1 in 6 people will be 65>
healthcare and insurance will increase as population does
42
Global Issue on Aging
aging around the world
life course: birth to death
life entails maturing and change on physical, psych, and social levels
43
Hospice Care
type of healthcare that treats terminally ill patients when cure-oriented treatment doesn't work
44
Physician-Assisted suicide
voluntary/physician assisted use of lethal medication provided by a medical doctor to end one's life
45
Ageism
discrimination based on age; reduces elderly people to inferior or limited positions
46
Elder Abuse
when a caretaker intentionally deprives on older person of care or harms the person in their charge
47
Five categories of elder abuse
Physical, sexual, emotional/psych, neglect, and financial
48
Functionalism on Aging
elderly are vital to society through disengagement, activity, and continuity
49
Disengagement (functionalism)
withdrawing from society and social relationships is a natural part of growing old
50
Activity (Functionalism)
activity levels and social involvement are key to this process and key to happiness; the more active the more happy
51
Continuity (Functionalism)
elderly make specific choices to maintain consistency in internal and external structures
this is to maintain social equilibrium and stability
52
Conflict on Aging
elderly struggle to keep share of certain resources through modernization, age stratification, and exchange
53
Modernization (Conflict)
primary cause of the elderly losing power and influence in society are the parallel forces of industrialization and modernization
54
Age Stratification (Conflict)
processes in society ensure that people of different ages differ in their access to society's power, rewards, and privileges
55
Exchange (Conflict)
increased dependence and must submit to the will of others because we have fewer ways of compelling others to submit to us
56
Interactionism
If people develop a sense of self through their social interactions, their sense of self is dependent on those interactions
changes with old age have no inherent meaning
57
Subculture of aging theory
shared community created by elderly when they are excluded from participating in groups
58
Selective Optimization with Compensation
successful personal development throughout the life course and subsequent mastery of the challenges in life
energy diminishes and we find ways to make up for that loss
59
Gerotranscendence
the older we get the more connected to nature we are
60
Functionalism on Marriage
families are importnt social institutions and that they play a key role in a stabilization theory
61
Four FUNCTIONS of family
sexual, reproductive, educational, economic
62
Conflict on Marriage
families are private entities
role of power in family and contends that the family is often not a haven but rather an arena where power struggles can occur
enforcement of rules from parent to child or more serious issues (abuse)
person with most access to resources holds the most power
63
Interactionism on Marriage
view family a group of actors/role players that com together to act out their parts in an effort to construct a family
64
Patterns of Marriage
marriage is a legal contract between two people
was traditionally seen as a way to start a family
65
Family
socially recognized group that forms an emotional connection and serves as an economic unit of society
66
Family of Orientation
family into which a person is born
67
Family of Procreation
family formed through marriage
68
Bilateral Descent
maternal/paternal kinship
69
Kinship
traceable ancestry-blood, marriage or adoption
70
Patrilineal
fathers line only
only males carry family surname males get prestige and permanent family membership
71
Matrilineal
mothers line only
Crow and Cherokee tribes; children belong to women
72
Patrilocal Residence
for wife to live with or near husband family
73
Matrilocal
husband lvies with wifes family ornearby
74
Nuclear Family
two parent family structure- married parents and children serve as "nuclear" or core of group
75
Single-parent
only 1 parent in household
76
Blended families
step-parents/siblings in home
77
Cohabitation
when a couple shares a residence but not a marriage
78
same-sex couples
approximately 594k same-sex couples live together increased in last decade
average income 50-170k and less likely to have children
lesbian couples children have higher self-esteem and less behavioral issues
suicide among HS students decreased with states that legalized same-sex marriage
79
Divorce, children, poverty
children of divorce are 40% more likely to divorce
feminization of poverty: women no longer solely depend on male spouse and feel more confident to divorce in miserable marriage
80
Intimate Partner Violence
domestic violence in household or family members
81
Religious Rituals
behaviors or practices that are either required or expected of the members of a particular group, such as a bar mitzvah or confession of sins
82
Historical View of Religion
Emile Durkheim saw religion as sacred
inspired order and that seemed connected to the concept of divine
religion happens when society has a separation between the profane (ordinary life) and the sacred
saw religion as a community to form bonds
83
Functionalism on Religion
depends on society for is existence, value, and significance
provides opportunities it creates for social interaction and the formation of groups
promoted social control: reinforces social norms such as appropriate styles of dress, following the law, and regulating sexual behavior
84
Conflict of Religion
views religion as an institution that helps maintain patterns of social inequalities
uses power dynamic to keep the poor in place by forcing belief to be grateful for "true reward" after death
85
Interactionism on Religion
beliefs and experiences are not sacred unless individuals ina society regard them as sacred
86
Religion and Social Change
Max Weber claims that the modernization of society would bring a decrease in the influence of religion
87
Secularization
what occurs when religious values are recouped with non-religious values and beliefs
decline in the importance of religion and supernatural or sacred
88
Liberation theology
use of a church to promote social change via the political arena
it is now an international movement that encompasses many churches and denominations
89
Global Inequalities in Education
universal access- peoples equal ability to participate in an education system
world level- access to education can be more difficult based on class or gender
US- access is supported through federal or state governments covering the cost of free public education
90
Functionalism on Education
education contributes to two kinds of functions: latent and manifest
91
Manifest (Functionalism)
Primary; intended and visible functions of education
socialization, learning rules, conformity to law and respect for authority
92
Latent (Functionalism)
Secondary; hidden and unintended functions
exposure to peer groups, social networks
93
sorting (Functionalism)
classifying students based on academic merit or potential
94
Conflict on Education
educational system reinforces and perpetuates social inequalities that arise from differences in class, gender, race, and ethnicity
push people to lower status quo into obedience
95
Interactionism on education
sees education as labeling theory in action
direct correlation to those in power and those who are labeled
credentialism emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that a person has a certain skill
96
Social Construct of health
medical sociology emphasizes the socio-cultural aspects of the disciplines approach to physical, objectively defined phenomena
cultural meaning of illness, socioconstruct of medical knowledge
97
Stigmatization of illness
this has the greatest effect on the patient and the kind of care they receive
98
Medicalization
process by which previously normal aspects of life are redefined as deviant
ex: women's periods are seen as deviant
99
Social Epidimiology
study of the causes and distributions of diseases
100
medical sociology
the systematic study of howhumans manage issues of health and illness, disease and disorders, and health care for both the sick and the healthy
doctor/patient relationship, the structure and socioeconomic of healthcare, and how the culture impacts attitudes toward disease and wellness
101
High-Income nations on healthcare
obesity, cardiovascular problems, MSK problems, diabetes, respiratory issues
102
Low-income nations on healthcare
infectious disease, high infant mortality rates, scarce medical personnel, scarce medical personnel, and inadequate water and sewer systems
103
Health by Gender
women have experienced higher costs in healthcare and decline in accessibility to see providers
medicalization of women's issues is seen as institutionalized sexism
104
Health by Race
Afr. Americans experience higher incidence of disease that cause mortality, from cancer to heart disease
ethnic minorities have higher rates of CVD, and mortality rates than white people
racial and ethnic minority groups receive poorer quality of care and less access to care than dominant groups
105
Health in Socioeconomic Status
racial and ethnic minorities are more than likely to be poor or near poor
education also plays a role by dispersing information of disease/illness
106
Anxiety Disorder
most common mental health disorder; OCD, panic disorders, PTSD and social/specific phobias
normal reactions in times of stress
strong feelings of worry and fearfulness that lasts for months at a time
107
Mood disorders
10% of adults affected by this
most common cause of illness-related hospitalization
108
Personality Disorders
9% of people affected in US
enduring an inflexible pattern of long duration leading o significance distress or impairment NOT due to substances or other medical conditions
109
US Healthcare system
public/private HC
2 main public healthcare systems are Medicare, which provides health services to people over 65 and others who qualify for disability and Medicaid which provides services to people with low-income
Private insurance is categorized as employment-based or direct purchase insurance
110
Private Insurance categories
Employment-based provides health insurance to employee or/and their family and covered by employer or union
Direct-purchase is coverage that an individual buys directly from a private company
111
Global Healthcare
socialized medicine, the government owns and runs healthcare system
US has 1 socialized system (The VA)
Universal healthcare: A system that guarantees healthcare coverage for everyone
112
Functionalism on Healthcare
health is vital to society
sick role is the patterns of expectations that define appropriate behavior for the sick and for those who take care of them
exemption to perform tasks while sick requires legitimation by a physician (they must certify illness is genuine)
doctors serve as GATEKEEPERS, deciding who is sick or healthy
113
Conflict on Healthcare
capitalism and the pursuit of profit lead to the commodification of health
the changing of something not generally thought of as a commodity into something that can be brought and sold in a marketplace
people with money and power (dominant group) are ones who make decisions about how healthcare systems will run
when health is a commodity, the poor are likely to experience illness caused by poor diets, to live and work in unhealthy environments AND less likely to challenge the system
114
Interactionism on Healthcare
health and illness are social construct
medicalization and medicalization contribute to who responds to patient, how to respond to patient, and how people view the personal responsibility of the patient
ex: alcoholism
115
Collective behavior
noninstitutionalized activity in which several or many people voluntarily engage
crowds, mass, public
116
Crowds
large number of people in close proximity
117
Types of crowds
casual, conventional, expressive, acting
118
Casual crowd
people who are in same place/time but not interacting
119
conventional crowd
coming together for a scheduled event that occurs regularly like a religious service
120
expressive crowds
people who join together to express emotion
funerals, weddings, etc.
121
Emergent Norm theory (interactionism)
people perceive and respond to crowd situation with their particular (individual) set of norms which may change as crowd experience evolves
ex: looting became norm during hurricane katrina
122
Value-Added theory (functionalism)
perspective within functionalism on the idea that several conditions must be in place for collective behavior to occur
structural conduciveness, structural strain, growth and spread of a generalized belief, precipitating factors, mobilization for action, social control
123
Structural conduciveness
occurs when people are aware of the problem and have the opportunity to gather ideally in an open area
124
Structural strain
peoples expectations about the situation at hand being unmet, causing tension and strain
125
Growth and spread of generalized belief
a problem is clearly identified and attributed to a person or group
126
precipitating factors
spur collective behavior; the emergence of a dramatic event
127
Mobilization for Action
when leaders emerge to direct a crowd into action
128
Social Control
action by agents' the only way to end the collective behavior episode
129
Assembly Perspective
another system for understanding collective behavior that credited individuals in crowds as rational beings
refocuses attention from collective behavior to collective action
130
Social Movements
purposeful, organized groups that strive to work toward a common social goal
Local, state, global, and NGO
131
Local movements
Movements in cities/towns
132
State
most impactful would be for a state to secede from country
133
Global
takes stand on bigger things like poverty, sex-trafficking, and use of genetically modified organisms in food (GMO)
134
NGO
non-governmental organizations are formed to support gloval movements like international FOAM
135
Reform Movement
seek change in something specific about the social structure
ex: Mothers against drunk driving
136
Revolutionary Movement
seek to completely change every aspect of society
ex: Texas Secede!
137
Religious/Redemptive Movement
"meaning seeking" and their goal is to provoke inner change or spiritual growth in individuals
138
Alternative Movement
focused on self-improvement and limited, specific changes to individuals beliefs and behaviors
139
Resistance Movements
seek to prevent or undo the change to the social structure
140
Preliminary stage of social movement
people become aware of an issue and leaders emerge
141
coalescence stage of social movement
people join together and organize in order to publicize the issue and raise awareness
142
intitutionalization stage of social movement
movement no longer required grassroots volunteerism (established organization with paid staff)
143
Decline stage of social movement
movement successfully brings about the change it sought or when issue is no longer serious
144
Resource mobilization
A way to explain movement successin terms of the ability to acquire resources and mobilize individuals
usually time and money
existing social mvmt sector: multiple social movement industries in a society even if they have widely varying constituents and goals
social movements industry: the collection of the social movement organization that are striving toward similar goals
145
Framework analysis categories
diagnostic, prognostic, motivational, frame alignment
146
diagnostic framing
states the probem in a clear easily understood way
no gray areas
belief in what "they" do is wrong and how "we" will fix it
147
prognostic framing
offers a solution and states how it will be implemented
148
motivational framing
the call to action. what to do when DF and PF are in movement
149
frame alignment process
when groups join together to maximize their impact - an ongoing and intentional means of recruiting participants to the movement
150
Frame alignment process categories
Bridging, amplification, extension, transformation
151
Bridging
connects uninvolved and unorganized individuals or ineffective groups with social movements with similar goals
152
Amplification
organizations seeking to expand their core ideas to gain wider more universal appeal
153
Extension
social movements agreeing to mutually promote each other
154
Transformation
complete reversion of goals to remain relevant
