Sociocultural Persective Learning Outcomes Flashcards
Evaluate Social Identity theory
Definitions: social identity theory (SIT)
Relevant research:
- Tajfel (1970)
- Tajfel and Turner (1979)
- Sherif et al. (1961)
EVALUATION:
+ Assumption that intergroup conflict is not required for discrimination is supported by empirical research
+ Can be used to explain “positive distinctiveness” in group by maximizing differences in outgroup
+ Used to understand ethnocentrism, ingroup favouritism, conformity to ingroup norms, and stereotyping
- Often the studies to prove this theory have been criticized for artificiality
- Cannot fully explain how ingroup favouritism results in violent behaviour
- Cannot explain how things like poverty can play a bigger role in behaviour rather than social identity
Outline principles that define the sociocultural level of analysis
Definitions: N/A
- Human beings are social animals
- Baumeister and Leary (1995) - Culture influences human behaviour
- Berry (1967) - Humans have a social self which reflects their group memberships
- Tajfel (1970) / Tajfel and Turner (1979)
Describe the role of situational and dispositional factors in explaining behaviour
Definitions: situational factors; dispositional factors
Relevant research:
- Heider (1958)
- Ross, Amabile, and Steinmetz (1977)
- Posey ad Smith (2003)
- Kashima and Triandis (1986)
Discuss 2 errors in attributions
Definitions: fundamental attribution error; self-serving bias; (errors of) attribution
Relevant research:
- Ross (1977)
- Ross, Amabile, and Steinmetz (1977)
- Posey ad Smith (2003)
- Kashima and Triandis (1986)
Explain formation of stereotypes and their effect on behaviour
Definitions: formation; stereotypes; behaviour; (if mentioned) schema
FORMATION:
- Stereotypes learned through daily interactions, conversations and media
- To an extent based on individual experiences, but there are also social and cultural factors to their creation (stereotypes = social representations)
- Social categorization helps make the world more predictable; basically a schema of people (Tajfel 1969)
EFFECT ON BEHAVIOUR:
- Categorized into ingroups/outgroups (Tajfel and Turner 1979)
- People tend to emphasize similarities to individuals that are a part of a certain group, and exaggerate differences between groups.
- Tendency to pay attention to stereotype-consistent information, and disregard stereotype-inconsistent information (confirmation bias)
Relevant research:
- Tajfel (1969) NO STUDY CARD
- Katz and Braley (1933)
- Darley and Gross (1983)
Explain social learning theory, making reference to two relevant studies
Definitions: social learning theory (SLT)
Relevant research:
- Bandura (1977)
- Bandura and Ross (1961)
- Kimball and Zabrack (1986)
Discuss the use of two compliance techniques
Definitions: compliance technique; foot-in-the-door; door in the face; reciprocity
Usage: Marketing; advertising; sales; getting something from mom or dad etc.
Relevant research:
- Freedman and Fraser (1966)
- Dickerson et al. (1992)
- Cialdini (1993)
- Cialdini et al. (1975)
Evaluate research on conformity to group norms
Definitions: conformity; group norms
Relevant research:
- Sherif (1936)
- Asch (1951)
Discuss factors influencing conformity
Definitions: conformity (+ types)
Types:
- Informational conformity
- Sherif (1935) - Normative conformity
- Asch (1951)
Note situational factors in conformity (group size/group unanimity):
Group size: Asch made variations to original study (as he added confederates, more wrong answers arose by about 13.6% - 31.8%)
Group unanimity: Asch introduced social support into the original study, with a confederate (or another participant) who was instructed to go with whatever answer the participant chose. This raised the amount of correct answers by about 20%.
Define the terms culture and cultural norms
Definitions: culture, cultural norms
YES YOU HAVE TO LOOK AT TERMS (SL) DECK I AM NOT TYPING IT UP FOR YOU AGAIN
THIS IS A WAKE-UP CALL THAT YOU NEED TO KNOW YOUR TERMS/STUDIES/NAMES/DATES BEFORE COMING TO THIS DECK
If you already did, good. ^_^
Hint Hofstede (1995); Lonner (1995); Matsumoto (2004)
Examine the role of two cultural dimensions in behaviour
Definitions: cultural dimensions
Relevant research:
- Hofstede (1980)
- Wei et al. (2001)
- Hofstede and Bond (1988)
- Basset (2004)
- Collectivism vs Individualism
- Long-term orientation and short-term orientation
- Culture should be seen as a collective phenomenon that may distinguish one group from another.
- Knowing these dimensions could help facilitate international understanding and communication
Explain, using examples, emic and etic concepts
Definitions: emic; etic
Relevant research:
- Pike (1967)
- Bartlett (1932)
- Kashima and Triandis (1986)
