Socioemotional Development in Infancy and Early Childhood

Question 1

What is Erikson’s theory of development?

Answer 1

Development as a series of eight stages, each with a unique crisis for psychosocial growth

Successful resolution leads to psychosocial strength; failure stunts development.

Question 2

What is the psychosocial crisis during infancy (0-1 year)?

Answer 2

Basic Trust vs. Mistrust

Question 3

What psychosocial strength develops from successfully resolving Basic Trust vs. Mistrust?

Answer 3

Hope

Question 4

What is the primary crisis during toddlerhood (1-3 years)?

Answer 4

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Question 5

What psychosocial strength develops from successfully resolving Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt?

Answer 5

Will

Question 6

What is the primary crisis during preschool years (3-5 years)?

Answer 6

Initiative vs. Guilt

Question 7

What psychosocial strength develops from successfully resolving Initiative vs. Guilt?

Answer 7

Purpose

Question 8

What stage of attachment occurs from birth to 6-8 weeks?

Answer 8

Preattachment

Question 9

What stage of attachment occurs from 6-8 weeks to 6-8 months?

Answer 9

Attachment in the Making

Question 10

What stage of attachment occurs from 6-8 months to 18 months?

Answer 10

True Attachment

Question 11

What stage of attachment occurs from 18 months onwards?

Answer 11

Reciprocal Relationships

Question 12

What are the four attachment styles identified by Mary Ainsworth?

Answer 12

• Secure
• Avoidant
• Resistant
• Disorganized

Question 13

What is the consequence of secure attachment?

Answer 13

Leads to competent social interactions and fewer disorders

Question 14

What is the most important factor in determining the quality of attachment?

Answer 14

Predictable and appropriate parental responses

Question 15

What is the concept of the Internal Working Model in attachment theory?

Answer 15

Infants develop expectations about parents’ availability and responsiveness

Question 16

What are the basic emotions infants experience?

Answer 16

• Joy
• Anger
• Fear
• Interest
• Disgust
• Sadness

Question 17

At what age do complex emotions, such as pride and guilt, typically emerge?

Answer 17

18-24 months

Question 18

What is altruism?

Answer 18

Behaviour driven by responsibility towards others, without direct benefit

Question 19

What skill underlies altruistic behaviour by promoting sharing and helping?

Answer 19

Perspective-taking

Question 20

What situational influences can affect altruism?

Answer 20

• Feelings of Responsibility
• Feelings of Competence
• Mood

Question 21

What is gender identity?

Answer 21

Sense of oneself as male or female

Question 22

What is Gender-Schema Theory?

Answer 22

Children decide if something is for males or females, then decide whether to learn more about it

Question 23

What influences the development of gender roles?

Answer 23

• Parents
• Peers
• Media

Question 24

What are some traditional gender roles in South Africa?

Answer 24

• Men as breadwinners
• Women as nurturers

Question 25

What influences women's empowerment in South Africa?

Answer 25

* Increased access to education * Employment opportunities * Legislative efforts like the Employment Equity Act

Question 26

What challenges do men face in adapting to changing gender roles?

Answer 26

Struggles with fulfilling the 'breadwinner' role

Question 27

What practices reinforce traditional power structures and patriarchal norms?

Answer 27

* Lobola (bride price) * Ulwaluko (initiation rites)

Question 28

How can gender roles be redefined?

Answer 28

* Promoting equitable sharing of responsibilities * Challenging traditional notions of masculinity and femininity

Question 29

What is an important aspect of fostering gender equality?

Answer 29

Engaging men and boys in conversations about gender roles

Question 30

What reflects changing gender roles in modern society?

Answer 30

More women in the workforce

Question 31

True or False: Secure attachment leads infants to view the world positively.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

What skill underlies altruistic behaviour by promoting sharing and helping?

Answer 32

Perspective-taking ## Footnote Perspective-taking involves understanding others' thoughts and feelings, which are key components of altruism.

Question 33

In modern society, which of the following reflects changing gender roles?

Answer 33

More women in the workforce ## Footnote This shift reflects a move away from traditional gender stereotypes.

Question 34

Which attachment style best describes Nomusa's behaviour?

Answer 34

Secure ## Footnote Nomusa shows distress upon separation but is easily comforted by her mother’s return and uses her as a secure base to explore.

Question 35

Which attachment style best describes Thando's behaviour?

Answer 35

Avoidant ## Footnote Thando's indifference upon his mother's return suggests he has learnt to self-soothe, likely due to less responsive caregiving.

Question 36

What behaviour is Zola most likely to exhibit?

Answer 36

Zola will be difficult to console, showing anger and resistance despite seeking contact ## Footnote Infants with a resistant attachment style display a combination of seeking closeness and resisting contact.

Question 37

What behaviour is Sipho most likely to exhibit?

Answer 37

Sipho will show confused and contradictory behaviours, such as approaching his mother but then freezing or falling to the floor ## Footnote A disorganised attachment style is characterised by a lack of consistent strategy and confused actions.