Socioemotional Development in Middle & Late Childhood

Question 1

perspective taking

Answer 1

the ability to assume other people’s perspectives and understand their thoughts and feelings

Question 2

self-esteem

Answer 2

the global evaluative dimension of the self; also referred to as self-worth or self-image

Question 3

self-concept

Answer 3

domain-specific evaluations of the self

Question 4

self-efficacy

Answer 4

belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes

Question 5

Kohlberg’s 3 Levels of Moral Development

Answer 5

1-Preconventional Level/No Internalization
2-Conventional Level/Intermediate Internalization
3-Postconventional Level/Full Internalization

Question 6

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development

Answer 6

Preconventional
Stage 1-Heterononous Morality
Stage 2-Individualism, Purpose, & Exchange
Conventional
Stage 3-Mutual Interpersonal Expectations, Relationships, and Interpersonal Conformity
Stage 4-Social System Morality
Postconventional
Stage 5-Social Contract or Utility and Individual Rights
Stage 6-Universal Ethical Principles

Question 7

Preconventional reasoning

Answer 7

lowest level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, moral reasoning controlled primarily by external rewards and punishment

Question 8

heteronomous morality

Answer 8

Kohlberg’s 1st stage, moral thinking tied to punishment

Question 9

individualism, instrumental purpose, & exchange

Answer 9

Kohlberg’s 2nd stage, pursue own interests but also let others do the same

Question 10

conventional reasoning

Answer 10

intermediate level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, abide by certain standards of others (like parents or laws of society)

Question 11

mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity

Answer 11

Kohlberg’s 3rd stage, value trust, caring, and loyalty to others as basis of moral judgments

Question 12

social systems morality

Answer 12

Kohlberg’s 4th stage, moral judgments based on understanding the social order, law, justice, & duty

Question 13

postconventional reasoning

Answer 13

highest level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, recognizes alternative moral courses, explores options, and then decides on personal moral code

Question 14

social contract or utility and individual rights

Answer 14

Kohlberg’s 5th stage, reason that values, rights, and principles undergird or transcend the law

Question 15

universal ethical principles

Answer 15

Kohlberg’s 6th stage, develop a moral standard based on universal human rights

Question 16

justice perspective

Answer 16

moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual; individuals independently make moral decisions (Kohlberg)

Question 17

care perspective

Answer 17

moral perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness w/others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others (Gilligan)

Question 18

social conventional reasoning

Answer 18

thoughts about social consensus and convention, in contrast to moral reasoning, which stresses ethical issues

Question 19

gender stereotypes

Answer 19

broad categories that reflect general impressions and beliefs about males and females

Question 20

androgyny

Answer 20

presence of positive masculine and feminine characteristics in the same individual

Question 21

popular children

Answer 21

frequently nominated as a best friend, rarely disliked by peers

Question 22

average children

Answer 22

receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from peers

Question 23

neglected children

Answer 23

infrequently named as best friends but not disliked by peers

Question 24

rejected children

Answer 24

infrequently nominated as best friends and actively disliked by peers

Question 25

controversial children

Answer 25

frequently named both as best friends and as being disliked

Question 26

intimacy in friendship

Answer 26

self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts

Question 27

constructivist approach

Answer 27

learner-centered approach emphasizing importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher

Question 28

direct instruction approach

Answer 28

structured, teacher-centered approach characterized by teacher direction and control, mastery of academic skills, high expectations for students' progress, maximum time spent on learning tasks, and efforts to keep negative effect to a minimum

Question 29

mindset

Answer 29

cognitive view, either fixed or growth, that individuals develop for themselves