SOCIOL Final Chap 18

Question 1

Why did schools first appear ?

Answer 1

They were created by religious organizations in hopes of teaching literacy so that people could read sacred scripture

Question 2

Social Mobility

Answer 2

The ability for people to move up the socioeconomic ladder

Question 3

Common schools

Answer 3

Funded by taxes and attended by all

Question 4

Morrill Act 1862

Answer 4

Provided each state with federal government resources to create or expand a state university

Question 5

Land grant colleges

Answer 5

Origins are usually traced to the Morrill Act and were created through this funding

Question 6

Socialization

Answer 6

Teaches young people the habits and practices expected of members of the community

Question 7

Classical functionalist theory of education

Answer 7

The classroom is portrayed as a small society where children learn the rules of the adult world they will soon enter

Question 7

Hidden Curriculum

Answer 7

The teaching of students how to act and behave in addition to their formal academic subjects

Question 7

Direct knowledge

Answer 7

Rules and regulations

Question 8

Indirect knowledge

Answer 8

Social and cultural rules

Question 9

Creationism

Answer 9

Bible-infused understanding of the origins of life

Question 10

Child-centric learning

Answer 10

Students participate in crafting their own learning

Question 11

Active learning

Answer 11

Students learning together by doing things

Question 12

“Democratic” schools

Answer 12

Students would practice and learn the skills of citizenship through hands-on activities

Question 13

Human Capital

Answer 13

the stock of knowledge, skills, and habits that students can use to do productive labor later in life

Question 14

Meritocracy

Answer 14

the idea that the most desirable jobs will go to those with the most “merit” and/or human capital

Question 15

Social reproduction theory

Answer 15

the ways in which education reinforces already existing advantages that some children have

Question 16

G.I Bill

Answer 16

allowed honorably discharged veterans to enroll for free in an accredited higher educational program while also receiving a small living allowance.

Question 17

Soft skills

Answer 17

These include social skills such as the ability to work in teams and interact well with a wide variety of people, communication skills, determination, and discipline (the ability to stay on task)

Question 18

Closure theory

Answer 18

Education limits the number of people eligible to work in various kinds of jobs, creating a kind of scarcity that pushes up wages; views the educational system as dispensing, or allocating, credentials that make those who have them eligible for various kinds of jobs. It is a barrier to entry, so to speak.

Question 19

Credentialism

Answer 19

the growing number of jobs requiring a credential of some sort

Question 20

Residential Segregation

Answer 20

When members of groups cluster live in different neighborhoods and communities

Question 21

What are the two main ways in which residential segregation occurs ?

Answer 21

Race and class

Question 22

concerted cultivation

Answer 22

middle- and upper-class parents tend to use resources to actively foster the development of their children’s talents, opinions, and skills

Question 23

natural growth style

Answer 23

parents getting out of the way and allowing their children to grow “naturally.”

Question 24

opportunity hoarding

Answer 24

parental resources give more economically privileged children important advantages

Question 25

The Head Start Program

Answer 25

Offers prekindergarten enrichment programs for poor children before they enter school.

Question 26

Charter Schools

Answer 26

Operate more independently of the rest of the school district and can offer more rigorous curriculums for ambitious children and families.

Question 27

Identify the correlation between education level and health

Answer 27

1) Education and working conditions 2) Health insurance 3) Highly educated people have better access to health related information

Question 28

Recognize the correlation between education level and intimate relationships

Answer 28

Highly educated people are more likely to get married and stay married

Question 29

Educational homogamy

Answer 29

We are also increasingly likely to marry individuals with educational levels similar to our own

Question 30

Harlem Childrens Zone

Answer 30

HCZ is a pioneering attempt not only to provide high-quality schools for children from low-income families, but also includes health clinics, social services, all-day prekindergarten programs, and other kinds of support programs not normally part of a typical school system.

Question 31

What are "percent plans"

Answer 31

The top x% of a school can get into certain public universities in the state which attempts to reduce class based advantages

Question 32

Preparatory schools and their significance

Answer 32

College "prep" school graduates are disproportionately represented at the most elite private colleges and universities

Question 33

Brown v. Board of Education

Answer 33

The Brown decision ordered school districts to stop segregating their schools, and to take concrete steps to desegregate

Question 34

Hyper-segregated

Answer 34

Minority students comprise more than 90 percent of the student body

Question 35

White flight

Answer 35

The general pattern of White families seeking schools with mostly White children

Question 36

What has research shown about reducing the gap between racial and ethnic gaps in educational achievement ?

Answer 36

Integration is key

Question 37

What has research shown about the gender gap in education and how it has changed over time ?

Answer 37

College-educated households first started giving strong encouragement to their female children, and later spread it to all households.

Question 38

What is the educational system like in Germany ?

Answer 38

Students at a young age are sorted into different tracks. 1) Vocational (no college) 2) Middle (prepares them for educations akin to community college) 3) Upper (university level)

Question 39

What is the educational system like in Sweden ?

Answer 39

Egalitarian System - Schools receive the same funding Tracks: 1) Vocational 2) Academic Both types of students can go to college.

Question 40

What is the educational system like in Japan ?

Answer 40

Very intense, rigorous schooling Tracks: 1) Vocational (students that dropped out of high school) 2) University (students compete for college admissions)

Question 41

Programne for International Student Assessment (PISA)

Answer 41

The PISA is an international examination given to a sample of students in more than 60 countries every three years since 2000. The tested students are all aged 15 and complete assessments on subjects such as mathematics, science, and problem solving

Question 42

What do PISA results highlight for the US educational system ?

Answer 42

American students on average are simply not learning as much as their peers in other countries

Question 43

What are the implications of a decentralized school system ?

Answer 43

1) Variations in funding - both source and amount

Question 44

What is one way that the educational system can be improved through teachers?

Answer 44

The improvement of teacher training programs

Question 45

What three things does evidence suggest about moving to home schooling during the pandemic ?

Answer 45

1) Virtually all students were learning less 2) Low-income students were suffering from the impacts of remote learning at higher rates 3) Long term losses: less well educated students and lower economic growth

Question 46

What are the two main differences in educational practices between the US and other countries ?

Answer 46

Testing and tracking

Question 47

Testing

Answer 47

Most other nations with strong educational systems and high student achievement outside of East Asia are not testing students every year and are not judging teachers or school administrators by their students’ test scores

Question 48

No Child Left Behind

Answer 48

Some of the key provisions of this federal law are state-level annual tests of third to eighth graders in reading and math, plus at least one test for students in grades 10 through 12; States and districts are required to report school-level data on students’ test scores for various subgroups: Black, Latinx, Native American, Asian American, Whites, special education, limited English proficiency, and low-income students. NCLB financially rewards or punishes school districts and schools for the tested achievement of their students.

Question 49

Tracking

Answer 49

Placing students on certain "tracks" Honors, AP, Regular, Dual-Credit, based on their perceived abilities

Question 50

What is driving up college costs ?

Answer 50

1) State governments are providing far less support from taxes 2) Health care: health care expenses have risen dramatically over the past 40 years for everyone; the fact that colleges and universities continue to maintain their health programs means that those costs have also risen rapidly

Question 51

What are the consequences of these rising costs ?

Answer 51

1) Higher drop out rates 2) Larger loans