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sociological theories Flashcards

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1
Q

it says thay crime is a result of anomie

A

traditional sociological theories

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2
Q

it may try to link questions on an individual criminality with the social structures and cultural values of society, familial, or peer group

A

sociological theories

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3
Q

society influences people to commit crime

A

sociological theories

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4
Q

people are not born criminal

A

sociological theories

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5
Q

who termed it as a lack of being connected to the society

A

emile durkheim

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6
Q

belgian mathematician who began what js known as the cartographic school of criminology.

A

adolphe quetelet

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7
Q

he studied data gathered in france to investigate the. influence of social factors on the propensity to commit crime

A

adolphe quetelet

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8
Q

he found out thay age sex season climate population composition and poverty were realted to criminality

A

adolphe quetelet

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9
Q

found crime rates to be influenced by drinking habits

A

adolphe quetelet

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10
Q

founders of sociology, defined crime as a normal and necessary social event

A

emile durkheim

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11
Q

emile durkheims definition of crimes

A

crime is normal
crime is useful
crime is healthy for society

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12
Q

durkheim odentifies twocmajor causes of anomie

A

division of labor

rapid social change

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13
Q

the primary of sociologixal positivism as the intellectual basis of criminology was secured bh research begun in the early 20th centrury by

A

albion w. small

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14
Q

he organized the famed sociology department at the University of Chicago

A

albion w. small

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15
Q

they pioneered rrsearch on the social ecology of the city in Chicago

A

w.i thomas
robert ezra park
ernest burgess
louis wirth

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16
Q

they studied the social ecology of chicago and found that some neighborhoods form so called natural areas lf wealth and affluence while others suffered from poverty and disintegration

A

robert ezra park
ernest burgess
roderick mckenzie

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17
Q

clarify the association between social structure and crime

A

socioeconomic structure and crime

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18
Q

segments of the population whose members have a relatively similar.portion of desirable things who share attitude values norms and identifiable lifestyle

A

social class

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19
Q

trypes of social class

A

the underclass
child poverty
minority group poverty

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20
Q

he coined the underclasss

A

oscar lewis

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21
Q

view thay people in the lower class of the society form a separate culture with its own values and norms thwt are in conflict with conventional dociety

A

culture of poverty

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22
Q

suggest that social and economic forces operatiing in disorganized lowerclass areas are the key determinant of criminal behavior patterns

A

social structure theories

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23
Q

focuses on the conditions within the urban environment that affect crime rates

A

social disorganization theory

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24
Q

links crime ratee to neighborhood ecological characteristics

A

social disorganization theory

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25
crime is aproduct of transitional neighborhoods that manifest socaial disorganization and value
concentric zones theory
26
identifies why crime rates are highesst in slum areas, points out the factors that produce crim, suggest programs to help reduce crime
concentric zones theory
27
who founded concentric zones theory
clifford r shaw | henry d mckay
28
the conflicts and problems of urban socal life and communities including fear, unemployment, deterioration and siege of mentality inffluence crime rates
social ecology theory
29
accounts for urban crime rates and trends
social ecology theory
30
most people share similar values and goals, failure to get whatthey want leads to frustratuin and anger , a condition that is reffered ti as strain
strain theories
31
nomos means
without norms
32
is one in which rules of behavior have broken down or become inoperative during periods of rapid soial change or social crisi such as war or famine
anomic society
33
modes of social adaptions
``` conformity innovation ritualism retreatism rebellion ```
34
ambrce conventional social goals and also have the means of attainment at their disposal
conformity
35
accepts goals of society but rejects or is incapable of attaining them through legitimate means
innovation
36
educated and informed but reject established cultural goals of contemporary society
ritualism
37
rejects both the goals and the means of society
retreatism
38
involves substituting an alternative set of goals and means fo conventional ones
rebellion
39
combines the effects of social disorganization and strain to explain how people living in deteriorated neighborhoods reacts to social isolation and economic ddeprivation
cultural deviance theory
40
grups that are loosely part of the dominant culture but maintain a unique set of values beliefs and traditions
subcultures
41
``` his identified the unique value system that defines lower class culture CLINGING TO LOWER CLASS FOCAL CONCERNS PROMOTES ILLEGAL OR VIOLENT BEHAVIOR ```
WALTER MILLER
42
6 miller lower class focal concerns
``` trouble toughness smartness excitement fate autonomy ```
43
a form of culture conflict experienced by lower class youths because social conditions prevent them from achieving success as defined by the larger society
status frustration
44
he viewed the deliquent gang as separate subcuture, possessing a value system directly opposed to that of the larger socety
albert cohen
45
3 types of gangs
criminal gangs conflict gangs retreatist gangs
46
exist in stable lower class areas in which close connections among adolescent young adult and adult offenders creat an environtment for successful criminal enterprise
criminal gangs
47
develop in communities unable to provide either legitimate or illegitimate opportunities
conflict gangs
48
are double failures unable to gain success
retreatist gangs
49
the view that criminality is a function of peoples interactions with various organizations insitutions and processes in society
social process theory
50
the view that human behavior is modelled through observation of human social interactions either directly from obsering those who are close and from intimate contact or indirectly through media.
social learning theory
51
people learn to commit crime from exposure to antisocial definitions
differential association theory
52
differential association theory is by?
edwin h. sutherland
53
differential reinforcement theory by?
roland akers
54
criminal behavior depends on the persons experiences with rewards for conventional behaviors and punishment for deviat ones
differential reinforcement theory
55
direct conditioning also known as
differential reinforcement
56
they view the process of becoming a criminal as a leaning experience in which potential delinquents and criminals master techniques that enable them to counterbalance or neuttralize conventual values and drift back and forth between illegitimate and conventional behavior
neuralization theory (david matza & gresham sykes)
57
5 techniques of neutralization
``` deny responsibility deny injury deny the victim condemn condemners appeal to higher loyalties ```
58
people develop a distinct set of justifications for their law violating behavior
techniques of neutralization
59
criminal acts resulted from forces beyond their control or were accidents
deny responsbility
60
by denying the wrongfulness of an act, ciminals are able to neutralize illegal behavior
deny injury
61
criminals sometimes neutralize wrong doing by maintaining that the victim of crim "had it coming"
deny the victim
62
an offender views the world as a corrupt place witha dog eat dog code
condemn condemners
63
novice criminals ofthen argue that they are caught in the dilemma of being loyal to their own peer group while at the same time atttempting to abide by the rules of the larger society
appeal to higher loyalties
64
maintain that all people have the potential to violate the law and that modern society presents many opportunities for illegal activity
social control theory
65
non delinquent youths are able to maintain a positive self image in the face of the environment pressures towards deliqeuncy
containment theory
66
he argued that a srtong self image insulates a youth from the pressures and pulls criminogenic influences int he environtment
walter reckless
67
ties a person has to the insitutions and processes of the society
social bond
68
a persons bond to society prevents him or her from violatiing social rules if the bond weakens the person is free to commit crime
social bond theory
69
founded social bond theory
travis hirschi
70
four elemnts of social bond
attachment commitment involvement belief
71
refers to a persons sensitivity to and interest in others
attachment
72
involves the time enerfy and effort expeded inconventional lines of action uch as gettng an education and saving money for the futuere
commitment
73
commonly called labelling theory
social reaction thory
74
explains how the xreation of criminal careers rest on social interactions and encounters
social reaction thery
75
involves normal violations or crimes that have very ltte influence on the actor and can be quickly forgotten
primary deviance
76
occcurs when a deviant event comes tot th e attention of significant others of social control agents who apply a negative label.
secondary deviance
77
3 SOCIAL PROCESS THEORY
social learning theory social control theory social reaction theory
78
4 sociological theories
development of sociological criminology socioeconomic structure and crime social structure theories social procss theories
79
criminal law is an expression of the rules of the dominant culture
thorsten sellin
80
6 factors related to criminality by Adolphe quetelet
``` AGE SEX SEASON POVERTY CLIMATE POPULATION COMPOSITION ```
81
concentric zones theory YUNG ANL UNG STAGES ATA? ZONES BASTA LAM NYO N YON
``` CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT ZONE OF TRANSITION WORKING CLASS MIDDLE CLASS COMMUTERS ```
82
5 modes of social adaptations
``` conformity Innovation rebellion ritualism retreatism ```
83
millers lower class focal concerns
``` trouble toughness smart ess excitement fate autonomy ```
84
types of gangs
criminal gangs conflict gangs retreatist gangs
85
elements od social bond
attachment commitment involvement belief
86
male sex hormones | female sex hormones
testosterone | estrogen
87
ellis argues that increased levels of testosterone reduce the brain s sensitivity to environment stimuli
evolutionary neuroandrogenic theory (ellis 2013)
88
is a severe and debilitating forms of pms, distinguish ed by the legel of interference the menstrual process has on the ability of the woman to engage in functions of everyday life
PREMENSTRUAL DYSPHORIC DISORDER
89
is experiencd by most new mothers
POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION SYNDROME
90
chemicals that transmit mesages between brain cells
neurons
91
is associated with the bodys fight or flight response
norepinephrine
92
plays a role in thinking and learningx motivation, sleep et
dopamine
93
impacts many fuctions such as sleep, sex drive, anger , aggression appetite and metabolism
serotonin
94
adolphe quetelet began the transition of BIO to SOCIOLOGY known as
cartographic school of criminology
95
failure to get what they want leads to frustration and anger, a condition that is referred to as ??????
STRAIN
96
"without norms"
nomos / anomie
97
peiple are evalutated by their actual or potential involvement in making trouble
TROUBLE
98
lower class males want local recognition of their physicsl and spiritual toughness
TOUGHNESS
99
members of the lower class want to maintain an image of being streetwise and savvy
smartness
100
members of the lower class search for fun and excitement
excitement
101
lower class citizens believe their lives are in hands of strong spiritual forces guided their destinies
FATE
102
being independent of authority figures such as police etx
AUTONOMY
103
behavior expected of social group members
conduct norms
104
blockage of conventional opportunities causes lower class youths yo join criminal conflict or reatrist gangs
richard cloward, and lloyd ohlin DIFFERENTIAL OPPORTUNITY THEORY
105
criminal behavior depends on the persons experience with rewards for conventional behaviors and puncishment for deviant ones. being rewardee for deviance leads to crime
DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT THEORY BY RONALD AKERS

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