Sociology 1101 (Chapters 6-13) Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
Modernity (Modern thought)
A
A belief in science as the sole source of truth and the idea that humans can rationally organize societies and improve human life
2
Q
Rationalization
A
The process of embracing reason and using it to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of human activities
3
Q
Premodern thought
A
A belief in supernatural sources of truth and a commitment to traditional practices
4
Q
Postmodern thought
A
A rejection of absolute truth (whether supernatural or scientific) in favor of countless partial truths, and a denunciation of the narrative of progress
5
Q
McDonaldization
A
The process by which more and more parts of life are made efficient, predictable, calculable, and controllable by nonhuman technologies
6
Q
Social institutions
A
Widespread and enduring patterns of interaction with which we respond to categories of human need
7
Q
Social structure
A
The set of interlocking social institutions in which we live
8
Q
Social stratification
A
A persistent sorting of social groups into enduring hierarchies
9
Q
Divisions of labor
A
Complicated tasks broken down into smaller parts and distributed to individuals who specialize in narrow roles
10
Q
Institutional discrimination
A
Widespread and enduring practices that persistently disadvantage some kinds of people while advantaging others
11
Q
Bureaucracy
A
Organizations with formal policies, strict hierarchies, and impersonal relations
12
Q
Nation-states
A
Large territories governed by centralized powers that grant or deny citizenship rights
13
Q
Institutionalized ideologies
A
Shared ideas about how human life should be organized
14
Q
Gig work
A
A segment of the labor market in which companies contract with individuals to complete one short-term job at a time
15
Q
Bourgeoisie
A
A class of people who employ the workers
16
Q
Capital
A
The resources we use to get things we want and need
17
Q
Capitalism
A
An economic system based on private ownership of the resources used to create wealth and the right of individuals to personally profit
18
Q
Class consciousness
A
An understanding that members of a social class share economic interest
19
Q
Colorism
A
Prejudice against and discrimination toward people with dark skin compared to those with light skin, regardless of race
20
Q
Contradictory class locations
A
Positions in the economy that are in some ways like the proletariat and in other ways like the bourgeoisie
21
Q
Crisis of capitalism
A
A coming catastrophic implosion from which capitalism would never recover
22
Q
Glass ceiling
A
An invisible barrier that restricts upward mobility
23
Q
Economic capital
A
Financial resources that are or can be converted into money
24
Q
Economic elite
A
The minority of people who control a disproportionate amount of wealth
25
Free market capitalism
A capitalist system with little or no government regulation
26
Labor
The work people can do with their bodies and mind
27
Labor unions
associations that organize workers so they can negotiate with their employers as a group instead of individuals
28
Living wage
An income that allows full-time workers to afford their basic needs
29
Means of production
Resources that can be used to create wealth
30
Precariat
A new class of workers who live economically precarious lives
31
Protestant work ethic
The idea that one's character can and should be measured by one's dedication to paid work
32
Service and information economy
An economy centered on jobs in which workers provide services or work with information
33
Social mobility
Opportunity to move up or down in the economic hierarchy
34
Social safety net
A patchwork of programs intended to ensure that the most economically vulnerable do not go without basic necessities like food, clothing, and shelter
35
Socialism
An economic system based on shared ownership of the resources used to create wealth that is then distributed by governments for the enrichment of all
36
Wage
Cash payments given to workers in exchange for their labor
37
Wage gaps
Differences between the hourly earnings of different social identity groups
38
Wealth gaps
Differences in the amount of money and economic assets owned by people from different social identity groups
39
Achievement gaps
Disparities in the academic accomplishments of different kinds of students
40
Adultification
A form of bias in which adult characteristics are attributed to children
41
Cross-institutional advantage and disadvantage
A phenomenon in which people are positively or negatively served across multiple institutions
42
Cumulative advantage and disadvantage
Advantage or disadvantage that builds over the life course
43
Hypersegregation
Residential segregation so extreme that many people's daily lives involve little or no contact with people of other races
44
Intergenerational advantage and disadvantage
Advantage and disadvantage that is passed from parents to children
45
Environmental racism
The practice of exposing racial and ethnic minorities to more toxins and pollutants than white people
46
Mass deportation
An extremely high rate of deportation in cross-cultural and historical perspectiv
47
Mass incarceration
An extremely high rate of imprisonment in cross-cultural and historical perspective
48
Racism
A term that refers to a society's production of unjust outcomes for some racial or ethnic groups
49
Redlining
A practice of refusing loans to or steeply overcharging anyone buying in poor or minority neighborhoods
50
Residential segregation
The sorting of different types of people into separate neighborhoods
51
Resource deserts
Places that lack beneficial or critical amenities
52
School-to-prison pipeline
A practice of disciplining and punishing children and youth in school that routes them out of education and into the criminal justice system
53
Spatial analysis
A research method in which data are layered onto a landscape divided into finegrained segments
54
Structural violence
Institutional discrimination that injures the body and mind
55
Tracking
The practice of placing students in different classrooms according to their perceived ability
56
White fight
Organized white resistance to integration
57
White flight
A phenomenon in which white people start leaving a neighborhood when minority residents begin to move in
58
Patriarch/property marriage
A model of marriage in which women and children are owned by men
59
Breadwinner/homemaker marriage
A model of marriage that involves a wage-earning spouse supporting a stay-at-home spouse and children
60
Family wage
An income, paid to a man, that is large enough to support a non-working wife and children
61
Ideology of separate spheres
The idea that the home is a feminine space best tended by women and work is a masculine space best suited to men
62
Heteronormative
Promoting heterosexuality as the only or preferred sexual identity, making other sexual desires invisible or casting them as inferior
63
Mononormative
Promoting monogamy, or the requirement that spouses have sexual relations only with each other
64
Pro-natal
Promoting childbearing and stigmatizing choosing to go child-free
65
Partnership unions
A relationship model based on love and companionship between equals
66
Sexism
The production of unjust outcomes for people perceived to be biologically female
67
Androcentrism
The production of unjust outcomes for people who perform femininity
68
Subordinated masculinities
Men who are seen as lesser based on the androcentric logic that masculine is better than feminine
69
Marginalized masculinities
Men who are perceived to be sufficiently masculine but are considered lesser by virtue of another social identity
70
Hegemonic masculinity
The form of masculinity that constitutes the most widely admired and rewarded kind of person in any given culture
71
Second shift
The unpaid work of housekeeping and childcare that faces family members once they return home from their paid jobs
72
Time-use diary
A research method in which participants are asked to self-report their activities at regular intervals over at least twenty-four hours
73
Ideal worker norm
The idea that an employee should devote themselves to their jobs wholly and without distraction of family responsibilities
74
Greedy institutions
Institutions that take up a great deal of time and energy
75
Shared division of labor
An arrangement in which both partners do an equal share of paid and unpaid work
76
Cult of domesticity
The idea that women could and should wholeheartedly embrace the work of making a loving home
77
Ideology of intensive motherhood
The idea that children require concentrated maternal investment
78
Helicopter parenting
The ideology insists that mothers should give their children close, hands-on attention, that it's normal and good for this to drain most of a mother's time an energy, and that children's needs and interests must take precedence over those of anyone else
79
Feminization of poverty
A concentration of women, trans women, and gay, bisexual, and gender-nonconforming men at the bottom of the income scale and a concentration of gender-conforming, heterosexual, cisgender men at the top
80
Glass escalator
An invisible ride to the top offered to men in female-dominated occupations
81
Job segregation
The sorting of people with different social identities into separate occupations
82
Androcentric pay scale
A positive correlation between the number of men in an occupation relative to women and the wages paid to employees
83
Care work
Work that involves face-to-face caretaking of the physical, emotional, and educational needs of others
84
Male flight
A phenomenon in which men start abandoning an activity when women start adopting it
85
Stalled revolution
A sweeping change in gender relations that started by has yet to be fully realized
86
Freedom/power paradox
A situation whereby women have more freedom than men but less power, and men have more power than women but less freedom
87
Domestic outsourcing
Paying non-family members to do family-related tasks
88
Global care chains
A series of nurturing relationships in which the international work of care is displaced onto increasingly disadvantaged paid or unpaid workers
89
Elite networks
90
Coordinated institutions
91
Interlocks
Formal connections which enhance the likelihood of cooperation
92
Culture and exclusion
93
The cult of the individual
94
Cultural hegemony
Power maintained primarily by persuasion
95
Xenophobia
Prejudice against people defined as foreign
96
Individualism
The idea that people are independent actors responsible primarily for themselves
97
Collectivism
The idea that people are interdependent actors with responsibilities primarily to the group
98
Ethnography
A research method that involves careful observation of naturally occurring social interaction, often as a participant
99
Social closure
A process by which advantaged groups preserve opportunities for themselves while restricting them for others
100
Social capital
The number of people we know and the resources they can offer us
101
Cultural capital
Symbolic resources that communicate one's social status
102
Power elite
A relatively small group of interconnected people who occupy top positions in important social institutions
103
Elite theory of power
The idea that a small group of networked individuals control the most powerful positions in out social insititutions
104
Pluralist theory of power
The idea that U.S. politics is characterized by competing groups that work together to achieve their goals
105
Collective action
The coordinated activities of members of groups with shared goals
106
Collective action problem
The challenge of getting large groups of people to act in coordinated ways
107
Counter frames
Frames meant to challenge an existing social movement's frame
108
Countermovements
Persistent, organized collective action meant to resist social movements
109
Cultural opportunity structure
Cultural ideas, objects, practices, or bodies that create or constrain activist strategies
110
Critical event
A sudden and dramatic occurrence that motivates nonactivists to become politically aware
111
Economic opportunity structure
The role of money in enabling or limiting a movement's operations and influence
112
Frame
A succinct claim as to the nature of a social fact
113
Framing wars
Battles over whether a social fact is a problem and what kind of problem it is
114
Insurgent consciousness
A recognition of a shared grievance that can be addressed through collective action
115
Interdependent power
The power of noncooperation
116
Interest convergence
The alignment of the interests of activists and elites
117
Organizational strength
A combination of strong leadership, human and material resources, social networks, and physical infrastructure
118
Political networks
Webs of ties that link people with similar political goals
119
Political opportunity structure
The strengths and weaknesses in the existing political system that shape the options available to social movement actors
120
Repertoire of conention
Shared activities widely recognized as expressions of dissatisfaction with social conditions
121
Social change
Shifts in our shared ideas, interactions, and institutions
122
Social construction of social problems
The process of coming to see a personal struggle as an issue of public concern
123
Social movement
Persistent, organized collective action meant to promote or oppose social change
124
Standing
The authority to speak credibly on a particular topic
125
Globalization
The social processes that are expanding and intensifying connections across nation-states
126
Cultural hybridization
The production of ideas, objects, practices, and bodies influenced by two or more cultures
127
Transnational organization
Organizations that operate in more than one country
128
Transnational governmental organizations
(The United Nations and European Union)
129
Transnational non-governmental organizations
Associations with charitable goals, ones dedicated to social justice, professional organizations, and interest organizations
130
Colonialism
A practice in which countries claim control over territories, the people in them, and their natural resources, then exploit them for economic gain
131
Global commodity chains
A transnational economic process that involves extracting natural resources, transforming them into goods, and marketing and distributing them to consumers
132
Global cities
Urban areas that act as key hubs in the world economy
133
Nation-state system
A world society consisting of only sovereign, self-contained territories
134
World system
A global market organized by a capitalist economy
135
Global slave trade
The practice of kidnapping human beings, transporting them around the world, and selling them for profit
136
Global power elite
A relatively small group of interconnected people who occupy top positions in globally important social institutions
137
Peripheral country
Countries in the world economy---including those in many previously colonized regions---that are home to the world's working poor
138
Semi-peripheral country
Countries that exploit the periphery when they can, struggle to avoid falling into it, and try to compete with richer countries
139
Core country
Countries home to most of the world's economic capital
140
Alienation
The feeling of dissatisfaction and disconnection from the fruits of one's labor
141
Anthropocene
A period in which human activities are changing the earth's geology
142
Anthropogenic
Human-caused
143
Institutional global environmental racism
Those least responsible for the emissions of greenhouse gases---disproportionately poor, previously colonized, non-white, and indigenous---will pay the steepest price
144
Greening households
Recycling, designing sustainable diets, choosing local produce, and reducing home energy use
145
Global imagined community
A socially constructed in-group based on a shared planet
146
Glocal
Connecting global concerns with local ones
147
Transnational social movement
Coordinated activism across more than one country
148
Moral entrepreneurs
Activists who attempt to reshape our understanding of right and wrong
149
Risk society
A society organized around the self-conscious production, distribution, and management of risk
150
The sociological imagination
The capacity to consider how people's lives---including our own---are shaped by the social facts around us
