sociology

Question 1

what is self concept, and what are three factors that influence development of self concept?

Answer 1

self-concept is defined as the knowledge and understanding of oneself. This knowledge is based on one’s understanding of the self physiologically, physically, mentally, and socially

the factors that influence self concept are:
self-efficacy
self-esteem
locus of control

Question 2

what is self efficacy?

Answer 2

self-efficacy is the fact that one may do better or worse on an exam based on their interpretation of their abilities

Question 3

what is self-esteem?

Answer 3

judgement of self-worth. self-evaluation

Question 4

at what stage or Erikson’s developmental stages does one develop identity? what age?

Answer 4

erikson said identity develops in adolescence. The challenge here is identity vs. role confusion. If one doesn’t find their identity in adolescence then they may be confused about their role for the remainder of life

Question 5

describe charle’s cooley’s looking glass self and its effect on identity formation

Answer 5

looking glass self was a concept that states we develop our identity based on perceiving how other’s judge us. We develop who we are by internalizing other’s judgments of us.

Question 6

george meade was a supporter of social behaviorism. Describe his idea of symoblic interactionism

Answer 6

symbolic interactionism states that we develop our identity through learning to associate symbols with meaning in our everyday life. symbolic interactionism says that the mind and self emerge from communicating with others.

Question 7

what is the generalized other

Answer 7

the generalized other is when a child realizes the societal expectations of their behavior

Question 8

what are norms

Answer 8

social expectations which are reinforced through sanctions (good or bad)

Question 9

what are sactions

Answer 9

sanctions are reinforcement for complying or deviating from norms

Question 10

formal norms

Answer 10

norms such as laws which have a punishment/consequence for deviating from them

Question 11

informal norms

Answer 11

folkways: no real punishment for breaking these socially constructed informal norms (like handshake)

Question 12

agents of socialization

Answer 12

school, family, media, gov, work, peers

Question 13

what is the difference between dispositional attribution and situational attribution?

Answer 13

dispositional attribution is posiiting someone’s behavior as a result of the character.

situational attribution places the reason for people’s behavior on the situation

these attribution models rely on three factors: concensus (is he mad or is everyone mad? if everyone then prolly the situation), consistency (he’s always made, thats his personality, and distinctiveness

Question 14

social facilitation effect

Answer 14

social facilitation effect is when people do better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks when other’s are present. This is due to the fact that other’s arouse us, and we revert to a dominant (well learned) response when under pressure. this results in advancement in wel learned behavior, decrease in abilities at complex tasks

Question 15

deindivuation

Answer 15

mixture of high arousal and low responsibility leads to strange, scary behahior

Question 16

group polarization

Answer 16

when an individual in a group changes their view towards a more extreme version of their opinion. this is due to two reasons: in a polarized group with strong views, reasons to support their view are commonly talked about and enforce their belief. the second reason is normative influence: desire to fit it and have others like you due to your strong stance

Question 17

self serving bias

Answer 17

a form of fundamental attribution error in which you give yourself credit for wins, situation credit for losing

Question 18

prejudice vs stereotype

Answer 18

prejudice is the feelings and attitudes about a certain group of people. prejudice may be conscious or subconscious, positive or negative

stereotypes are the beliefs that someone has about a group of people. beliefs about how the group acts or thinks

Question 19

illusory correlation

Answer 19

seeing a relationship among variables even if one isn’t actually present. aka noticing patterns in data that aren’t true

Question 20

self fulfilling prophecy

Answer 20

stereotype of a certain group is affirmed due to lack of griving members of that group a chance to prove said stereotype otherwise.

Question 21

stereotype threat

Answer 21

being a member of a stereotyped gorup and letting that stereotype affect your performance

Question 22

ethnocentrism

Answer 22

viewing others culture through lense of your culture

Question 23

cultural relativism

Answer 23

basing another culture indepent of your culture

Question 24

group vs aggregate vs category

Answer 24

group is your mcat study group in the coffee shop

category is all ppl taking mcat

aggregate is all ppl in coffee shop

Question 25

functionalism

Answer 25

society viewed as an organism in which all parts serve function that is necessary for holistic success. emile durkheim system must be in dynamic equilibrium

Question 26

manifest vs latent functions as viewed by a functionalist

Answer 26

manifest function: primary intended fx-hospital heals latent function: secondary function-hospital creates jobs

Question 27

social dysfunction

Answer 27

unintended negative effect of a process- racial ttension due to hospital's institutional discrimination

Question 28

ecclesia

Answer 28

nationally mandated religion

Question 29

sect vs cult

Answer 29

sect-group deviating from traditional system or organization cult-deviates widely from the norm

Question 30

fundamentalist

Answer 30

religions adherent; very strict

Question 31

sapir whorf hypothesis

Answer 31

language shapes reality

Question 32

material culture

Answer 32

cultural icons that don't necessarily demonstrate values or norms ie a car

Question 33

symbolic culture

Answer 33

items that demonstate culturally relative norms and beliefs ie ring, stop sign

Question 34

social constructionism

Answer 34

social constructionism says that people actively construct their realities rather than just interpre it

Question 35

pluralism

Answer 35

describes a society where each cultural group contributes to the society but retains their cultural identity

Question 36

tragedy of commons

Answer 36

tragedy of commons is when an individuals actions are beneficial to the individual but detrimental to the group as a whole

Question 37

reciprocal determinism

Answer 37

behavior affects the environment and environemntal reciprocally effects behavior

Question 38

pseudospeciation

Answer 38

attempt to dehumanize a group of people

Question 39

complex behavior

Answer 39

mix of innate and learned behavior

Question 40

components of attitudes

Answer 40

cognition, affect, action tendencies action tendencies are the way that attitudes effect and guide behavior

Question 41

diffusion

Answer 41

integration of international culture

Question 42

social anomie

Answer 42

breakdown of societal norms and such that made lead to fragmentation of society

Question 43

difference between variable ration and variable interval

Answer 43

variable ration is a trial in which the number of times one must press the lever to receive the treat changes the variable interval schedule changes the amount of time between reinforcements

Question 44

lazarus theory

Answer 44

theory of emotion that says emotions are elicited completely independent of physiological arousal. Otherwise, emotion must happen before physiological arousal

Question 45

fusiform gyrus

Answer 45

part of visual system

Question 46

give an example of a coenzme

Answer 46

nadh

Question 47

describe the three types of enzyme inhibitors

Answer 47

competitive inhibitors bind to the enzyme in the active site and block the substrate from binding. Comptitive inhibitors can be overridden by an increased substrate concentration. Therefore, competitive inhibitors will allow a system to still reach Vmax. uncompetitive inhibitors bind the enzyme substrate complex and prevent product formation. You can never each Vmax with an uncompetitive inhibitor, even you add a great deal of substrate noncompetitive inhibitors are considered mixed inhibitors. they bind the enzyme active site and the enzyme subtrate complex and prevent product formation

Question 48

allosteric modulators bind in what fashion?

Answer 48

reversible and noncovalent

Question 49

reference group

Answer 49

a group that people use to judge themselves against as a standard of themselves and their behavior.

Question 50

script

Answer 50

mental order of certain behavior. i.e. going to restaurant and you automatically do a certain routine: walk in, sit, eat, pay, leave schemas are more like mental representation of things, ideas, people, places, identity, gender, etc