Sociology Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
Where did the word sociology come from?
A
logos- study of society
socius- companion or being w others
2
Q
Sociology def
A
scientific study of human behaviour. science of society and social interactions
3
Q
Sociological imagination def
A
based on the distinction between personal troubles and public issues
it opens a window into unfamiliar worlds, it is a view of the world
4
Q
Charac of SI
A
Focus on: collectivity totality meaning context
5
Q
Sociological Inquiry def
A
systematic analysis of motivations and behaviour of individuals and social groups
6
Q
prime concern of sociologic inquiry
A
analysis of social action
7
Q
intervening variable
A
cannot be manipulated
8
Q
Methods for inquiry
A
sample survey case study cohort study interview-experimental participatory/non-participatory crosscultural
9
Q
early socialist that theorised sociology
A
Claude saint-simone
10
Q
Sorted human efforts to comprehend society into 3 stages
A
Aguste Comte
11
Q
Comte’s 3 stages
A
Theological stage
Metaphysical stage
Scientific stage
12
Q
Events that led to the development of socialogy
A
- social upheaval in europe
- development of imperialism
- successor the natural sciences
13
Q
father of socialogy
A
Auguste comte
14
Q
Law of dynamics
A
social change
15
Q
Law od statics
A
social order
16
Q
Herbert spencer
A
survival fittest- social darwinism
focus should be on evolution
17
Q
Karl Marx
A
class conflict should take active steps to change society
18
Q
Max weber
A
Protestant ethic
not economics at the centre but religion
protestant is betted economic development
introduced ideal type
one of the founders of symbolic interactionism
19
Q
Emile durkheim
A
social behaviour must be understood within a larger social context
group or society is the central object of sociologic study
concept of social integration
introduced ANOMIE
20
Q
ANOMIE
A
a feeling of out of place not belonging or having lost sense of direction purpose in life
21
Q
Harriet martineau
A
translated comte’s works
emphasis on scrutinising on race, status and gender
women’s liberation
22
Q
George herbert mead
A
developed symbolic interactionism
23
Q
Talcott parsons
A
formalised theory of structural functionalism
24
Q
Symbolic interactionism theory
A
human being live in a world of meaningful objects. Symbols are an important part of communication.
25
Structural functionalism theory
Society is composed of different part each of which have function that when fulfilled contributes to society's equilibrium
Society is composed of social structures
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Social structure
relatively stable pattern of social behavior
27
Each social structure has ___
social function consequences of the social pattern fro the operation of society
28
2 types of functions (FS)
manifest and latent
29
Conflict theory
based on the assumption that society is characterised by inequality and conflict that generate change
society as groups competing for scarce resources
30
1st to have a PHD in sociology in the PH
Serafin Macaraig
31
Emergence of empirical sociologic research in the PH
1960-1970's
32
general types of research
basic- for the sake of theory
applied- how study can be used
practical/action- continues in to actual intervention
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Aims of socialization
```
teach fundamentals of life
instill values
transmit skills
fulfill social roles
develop into socially functioning person
means of social control
```
34
agents of socialization
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family
peer
school
work place
church
media
gender concepts
```
35
Gender
personal traits and social position attached to being male or female
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sexuality
STATE OF EITHER BEING MAKEOR FEMALE
37
Influences on gender
biological influence
| cognitive influence
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Sexism
endorsement of traditional gender roles
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Androgyny
presence of both masculine and feminine trait in a person
40
RA for women
reproductive health law
anti-violence against women and children
promoting role of women in national development
41
Deviance
behaviour that does not conform to social norms
42
Norms
rules about what members of society should and should not do
| norms are not absolute
43
Stigma
mark of moral disgrace
| Picks out a particular characteristic and uses this to devalue a person's whole social identity
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crime
violation of norms written into law
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social order
group's usual social arrangements on which members depend and base their lives
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social control
group's means of forcing its norms
47
Anomie
breakdown in cultural structure that occurs when there is a acute disjunction between the cultural norms and goals and the socially structured capacities of members to act in accord with them
48
types of deviance
primary
secondary- difficult returning into society
group- violation against a group norm
individual- conformity to a group but against society
49
functions of deviance
affirming cultural values and norms
clarifies moral boundaries
promotes social unity
encourages social change
50
dysfunction of deviance
disrupting social order
diverting resources to social control
undermining trust
undermining other people's will to conform
51
3 theories of deviance
1. biological- looks for answers within the individual. assumes genetic predisposition
2. psychological theories- focuses in abnormalities within individual
3. sociological theories- SI, FS, CP factors outside the individual
52
Differential associaltion theory (Becker)
deviant behaviour is learned the same way non deviant behaviour is learned
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Labelling theory (Sutherland)
deviance is a result of others playing rules, sanctions or labels to particular reasons
54
Labelling theory primary and secodary deviance
1. involvement of behaviour opposing the norms
| 2. stigmatization
55
Control theory (Hirschi)
Human being are deviant at heart
56
Control theory 4 elements of social bond in order to understand the effectivenss of inner controls
attachment
commitment
involvement
belief
57
Normality of Deviance (Durkheim)
Inevitable part of social life
| functional in society because it contributes to social order
58
Conflict perspective
```
illegitimate opportunity structures: social class and crime
the law as an instrument of oppression
```
59
4 types of social control
1. internal- control through socialisation
2. external- society's effort to control behaviour
3. Informal- interpersonal actions
4. Formal- effort to bring about conformity to law by criminal justice system
60
6 types of crime
violent
white collar- high social status committed in the context of their occupation
corporate
organized
victimless- offense i s against society itself
street
61
4 justifications for punishment/formal control
retributions- pay back
deterence
rehabilitation
incapacitation- societal protection
62
Group types
primary groups- warm, intimate, long-term association
secondary- few emotional ties and limited interaction. more formal and impersonal based on some shared interest.
Gemeinschaft
Gesellschaft
Ingroup
Outgroup
Reference group- grip whose standard we refer to as evaluation. exerts strong influence in one's identity
63
Gemeinschaft
(community) small traditional communities, primary group.
| United by common ancestry or geographical closenss
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Gesellschaft
(society) dominated by contractual and impersonal relationships
social bonds are voluntary and based on rational self-interest
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Types of group leader
```
instrumental
Expressive
Authoritarian
Democratic
Laissez-fare
```
66
Basis of social cohesion
mechanical solidarity
| organic solidarity- division of labor
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clarification of social interaction
STRUCTURal
cultural
religios interaction
geographical interalktion
68
Conjunctive social process
a. conjunctive
cooperation- share responsibilities and goal
accommodation- adjustment of hostile individuals or groups. adjustments to conflicts in order to work together.
amalgamation- biological interbreeding of two peoples of distinct physical appearance until they become one stock
assimilaltion- process of interpretation and fusion in which persons and groups acquire the memories, sentiments, and attitudes other persons or groups by sharing their experience and history, incorporated in a cultural life
acculturation- significant change though mutual borrowings and adaptations by people of different cultures in contact with some continuity
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Disjunctive social processes
conflict- approaches are arbitration or compromise
competition- personal or impersonal
70
social structure
Patterns around which society is organised
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elements of social structure
status
| role
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Social status
position in a social system
| building blocks of social structure
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types of social structure
```
ascribed
achieved
master
status set
status incumbent
status symbols
status inconsistency
```
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social role
expected patterns of behaviour attached to a given status
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types of social role
```
role distancing
role conflict
role prescriptions
role strain
role exit
```
76
social stratification
system by which society ranks categories of people in hierarchy
77
Layers of stratification
```
slavery
caste
estate
class
clan
```
78
social class
large group of people who rank close to one another in terms of wealth power and prestige
either capitalist or workers
79
Karl marx on social class
based on means of production
80
MAX WEBER ON SOCIAL CLASS
based on property, power, prestige
81
social change
alterations in patterns of culture social structure and social behaviour, and relationships over time
82
theories of social change
evolutionary
cyclical
functionalist
conflict
83
Evolutionalry theories
societies gradually grow and develop from simple to complex
84
Social darwinism
spencer
| domination of white race over non white
85
functionalist
focus on social statistics
| composed of various parts which should compliment each other
86
Conflict theories
holds that change is caused by tensions between competing interests in society
87
1st social institution developed by man
family
88
family life cycle
```
love and courtship
marriage
childbirth
child rearing
family transitions
```
