Sociology

Question 1

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 1

behaviours acquired through associated learning between 2 stimuli

Question 2

What are the features of classical conditioning?

Answer 2

• habituation leads to loss of reflex
• can have spontaneous recovery
• generalisation and discrimination of stimuli

Question 3

Where is classical conditioning seen in healthcare?

Answer 3

• anticipation to chemo
• learnt fears
• treating phobias

Question 4

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 4

behaviour acquired through reinforcement and punishment

Question 5

What are the features of operant conditioning?

Answer 5

• differs in individuals
• stronger when consequence is immediate
• affected by size
• better response with constant patterns

Question 6

What is social learning?

Answer 6

behaviours acquired through observing others

Question 7

What are the components of the COM-B framework?

Answer 7

• capability
• motivation
• opportunity

Question 8

What is the main limitation of social learning models?

Answer 8

they downplay cognitive and emotional influences

Question 9

What 3 factors influence perception?

Answer 9

• attention
• information processing
• emotion

Question 10

What is top down processing?

Answer 10

when perception is influenced by prior knowledge?

- e.g. being more aware of symptoms

Question 11

What are the 3 stages of skill acquisiton?

Answer 11

1. cognitive stage
2. associative stage
3. autonomous stage

Question 12

How is long term memory organised?

Answer 12

in schemas

Question 13

What is declarative knowledge?

Answer 13

‘knowing that’

- acquired from personal experience and semantic memory

Question 14

What is procedural knowledge?

Answer 14

‘knowing how’

- acquired through motor skills, conditioning etc

Question 15

What is the Hawthorne effect?

Answer 15

workers increase productivity when they are observed

Question 16

What methods are used for collecting primary quantitative data?

Answer 16

questionaires

- PROMS

Question 17

What methods are used for collecting secondary quantitative data?

Answer 17

official statistics, hospital records etc

Question 18

What methods are used for collecting qualitative data?

Answer 18

mainly interviews

Question 19

What is quantitative social science useful for?

Answer 19

understanding disease in the population

Question 20

What is qualitative social science useful for?

Answer 20

understanding peoples beliefs and attitudes

Question 21

What is demographic transition?

Answer 21

birth and death rates decrease when countries become richer

Question 22

What are the indicators of social capital?

Answer 22

civic participation
social networks and support
social participation
reciprocity and trust
views about the neighbourhood

Question 23

What factors cause low social capital?

Answer 23

• high residential turnover

- concentrated disadvantage

Question 24

What are the categories of health behaviour?

Answer 24

• risky
• protective
• illness related

Question 25

What factors lead to likelihood of behaviour change in the health belief model?

Answer 25

- perceived susceptibility - perceived severity - perceived cost/barriers - perceived benefits

Question 26

What can be used to target perceived barriers?

Answer 26

- education - action plans - problem solving

Question 27

What factors affect behaviour intention in the theory of planned behaviour?

Answer 27

- attitude towards behaviour - subjective norm - perceived behavioural control

Question 28

What is the symptom iceberg

Answer 28

most symptoms are not reported to a doctor

Question 29

What is the sick role?

Answer 29

- have obligations to cooperate and get well | - have rights to shed normal responsibilities

Question 30

What is usually needed for people to take a symptom to the doctor?

Answer 30

a symptom combined with environmental stimulus

Question 31

What are the social triggers for reporting symptoms?

Answer 31

- interference with work or social activities - interpersonal crisis - sanctioned by someone else - temporlaisation

Question 32

What is the limitation of decision-making models for illness behaviour?

Answer 32

they assume people are rational decision makers

Question 33

What is the lay referral system good for?

Answer 33

- alleviates anxiety | - good for self-limiting conditions

Question 34

Why is there an increase in alternative practitioners?

Answer 34

- strong patient focus | - support for conditions with poor conventional treatment

Question 35

What is the interpretive model?

Answer 35

people go to the doctor when they fail to make sense of their symptoms

Question 36

What are the techniques used for behaviour change?

Answer 36

- information provision - goal setting - stress managment - self-monitoring of behaviour

Question 37

What is the OARS technique for motivational interviewing?

Answer 37

open questions affirm reflect summarise

Question 38

What is the DARN accronym?

Answer 38

- desire - ability - reason - need

Question 39

What are SMART goals?

Answer 39

- specific - measurable - achievable - relevant - timely

Question 40

What are the 5 domains of the illness schema?

Answer 40

``` identity cause timeline consequences cure and control ```