Sociology Flashcards
(77 cards)
1
Q
Society (Definition):
A
A group of people involved in interpersonal relationships, subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.
2
Q
Primary socialisation (Definition):
A
Socialisation during childhood, mainly through family.
3
Q
Secondary socialisation (Definition):
A
Socialisation of teenagers through schools / peer groups / media.
4
Q
Social processes (Definition):
A
Ways individuals and groups on the behaviour of each other.
5
Q
Social interactions (Definition):
A
Influence of individuals or groups on the behaviour of each other.
6
Q
Social issues (Definition):
A
Topic that influences society but is opposed by some individuals.
7
Q
Social change (Definition):
A
Alterations to society over time.
8
Q
Social structures (Definition):
A
Organised pattern of social relationships and institutions that make up society.
9
Q
Social stratification (Definition):
A
System of rankings within society, e.g. wealth, power, etc.
10
Q
Social control (Definition):
A
Ways that people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviour are regulated in societies.
11
Q
It is often thought a country’s status is represented by sporting success, give an example of this:
A
Brazil and football.
East Africa and distance running.
The Ashes.
USA vs Russia.
12
Q
What types of sport do the upper and middle classes typically take part in?
A
- Non-contact sports such as golf, polo and tennis.
- More resources.
- More free time.
13
Q
What types of sport do the working / lower classes typically take part in?
A
- More physical such as mob football and wrestling.
- More informal.
- More participation (when possible).
14
Q
How do the upper and middle classes usually play sports?
A
- More formally played.
- Sportsmanship.
- Organised.
- Competitive.
15
Q
How do the working / lower classes usually play sports?
A
- More casual.
- Less rules.
- Gamesmanship.
- Maybe wagering.
- Competitive.
16
Q
What are the various purposes of physical education during the primary socialisation process?
A
- Physical skills / coordination.
- Social skills / communications.
- Morality / sharing.
- Safety / awareness.
- Creativity / cognitive skills / decision-making.
17
Q
What are the various purposes of physical education during the secondary socialisation process?
A
- Health and fitness.
- Physical skills / competencies.
- Social / leadership skills.
- Morals.
- Decision making.
- Preparation for active leisure.
18
Q
When does gender socialisation occur?
A
During both primary and secondary socialisation.
19
Q
Gender socialisation (Definition):
A
The act of learning to conform to culturally defined gender roles through socialisation.
20
Q
Put simply, what is gender socialisation?
A
“Boys learn to be boys and girls learn to be girls”
21
Q
What concept is where “boys learn to be boys and girls learn to be girls”?
A
Gender socialisation.
22
Q
How does gender socialisation occur?
A
Through many different ‘agents of socialisation’, these are family, friends, school, college and mass media.
23
Q
Institutions (Definitions):
A
An established organisation founded for a religious, educational, professional or social purpose.
24
Q
Society is made up of various ________?
A
Institutions.
25
What is the most basic institution unit?
Family.
26
What do institutions work together for?
The benefit of society, undertaking a variety of 'social processes' to ensure socialisation into society, maintaining order and social control.
27
Social processes act as barriers to participation in sports, historically what is the main constraint?
Gender.
28
Identify reasons why aerobics is a popular pastie among women compared to a sport such as rugby.
- Weight loss / health and fitness.
- Non-contact.
- Socially acceptable / female stereotype.
- Equality of opportunity.
- Time and money.
- More opportunities
- Performed recreationally / own leisure.
- Female only classes.
29
Give an example of gender inequalities in sport: (media)
Newspaper articles are male dominated; (pink / blue highlighting exercise).
30
What percentage of sports coverage in national and local print media is dedicated to women's sport?
4%.
31
What are the two main concerns of sociology?
1 - Examining interactions and interdependence.
| 2 - Examining how human behaviour becomes controlled.
32
Which of the following terms best defines the term socialisation? (1)
a) A collection of people living in a defined geographical area.
b) Studying how the social groups people belong to influence their actions and beliefs.
c) The learning of cultural values in society
d) The learning of society's social norms and values.
c) The learning of cultural values in society
33
Which one of the following is a primary agent of socialisation? (1)
a) Immediate family
b) Mass media
c) Peers
d) Schools
a) Immediate family
34
Which one of these describes social control? (1)
a) The way in which people's thoughts, feelings, appearance and behaviour are regulated in social systems.
b) Where members of a society learn its norms, values, ideas, practices and roles in order to take their place in that society.
c) An alteration in the social order of a society.
d) An organised group of people associated for some specific purpose or with a shared common interest.
a) The way in which people's thoughts, feelings, appearance and behaviour are regulated in social systems.
35
'An inequality where society is divided into different levels on the basis of a characteristic, such as wealth or status'
Which one of these is the above statement describing?
a) Social control
b) Socialisation
c) Social processes
d) Social stratification
d) Social stratification
36
Distinguish between the terms social control and social issues. (2)
Social control = regulating people's thoughts / feelings / appearance / behaviour.
Social issues = problems affecting people within a society.
37
Define the terms society and socialisation. (3)
```
Society = organised group of people associated for some specific purpose or with shared interest.
Socialisation = (a lifelong) process where members of a society learn its norms / values / roles.
Primary = during childhood mainly with immediate family.
Secondary = during the later years as teenagers and adults mainly with your peers.
```
38
Describe the main concepts within social action theory. (3)
- Theory says that individuals interact within society
- Individuals / society / sport can chage / influence their involvement in sport.
- e.g. change sport to match social needs.
- e.g. develop equality.
39
Inequality (Definition):
The unfair situation where resources or opportunities are distributed unevenly within a society.
40
What are the two types of inequality present in society?
Social - ethnic / race and gender.
| Economic - unequal distribution of wealth.
41
What are the causes of inequality in sporting participation?
- Lack of money / costs of participating.
- Lack of confidence / self-esteem.
- Lack of role models to aspire to as participants / coaches / leaders are responsible.
- Myths or stereotypes in some sections of society about the capability of women.
42
What is the social action theory?
A way of viewing socialisation, emphasising social action.
43
Equal opportunities (Definition):
Principle of treating all people the same regardless of such factors as race, sex, or physical capability.
44
Discrimination (Definition):
The unjust treatment of a person; to make a distinction (overt / covert)
45
Stereotyping (Definition):
Making simple generalisations about all members of a group.
46
Prejudice (Definition):
Preconceived opinion of an individual or group based upon inadequate facts.
47
What are the two types of discrimination?
Overt and Covert.
48
What is covert discrimination?
Hidden and less obvious (such as non-selection of an individual as captain based on their race).
49
What is overt discrimination?
Visible and obvious (such as verbal racist abuse of a player).
50
Explain the term 'discrimination'. (2)
- Treating people differently / unfairly;
- Prejudice;
- Based upon stereotyping.
51
What are the benefits of participation in sport for society?
- Social control;
- Less strain on NHS;
- Lower crime statistics;
- National pride through success;
- Lower obesity levels;
- Interaction and community.
52
What are the benefits of participation in sport for an individual?
- Increased health;
- Friendships;
- Working with others;
- Develop organisational skills;
- Commitment;
- Sense of success;
- Economic benefits.
53
What are the under-represented groups in society?
Disabled;
Ethnic minorities;
Women;
Disadvantaged people.
54
Less than half of UK adults participate in sport, suggest general reasons for this:
- Lack of time;
- Negative social influences;
- Lack of motivation;
- Lack of skill;
- Lack of resources / costs;
- Family / domestic responsibilities.
55
Suggest a possible solution to the barrier to participation that is the lack of time.
Add physical activity to a daily routine (walk / ride to work or school).
56
Suggest a possible solution to the barrier to participation that is negative social influences.
Invite family & friends to exercise with you or to join a group where physical activity plays an important part.
57
Suggest a possible solution to the barrier to participation that is the lack of motivation.
Invite a friend to exercise with you on a regular basis or join a class.
58
Suggest a possible solution to the barrier to participation that is the lack of skill.
Select activities requiring few or no skills (walking / jogging).
59
Suggest a possible solution to the barrier to participation that is the lack of resources / costs of participation.
Select activities which require few facilities / limited equipment (walking / jogging / skipping).
60
Suggest a possible solution to the barrier to participation that is family obligations / domestic responsibilities.
Exercise with children (go for a walk or swim).
61
Using the concept of gender socialisation, which sports would boys learn to play and which sports would girls learn to play?
Boys would do rugby, boxing and football.
| Girls would do yoga, netball and horse riding.
62
How does education promote social control within society?
Private and State:
| Rich and poor are separated at age 11 and the rich receive a better education (in theory).
63
How does law promote social control within society?
Discrimination Rich and Poor:
| White collar workers vs blue collar workers.
64
How does religion promote social control within society?
The rich church controls the working class' beliefs and takes their money.
65
How does media promote social control within society?
Advertising is much more expensive for men's sports than women's sports which inhibits the $ flowing around women's sports.
66
Britain is a multi-cultural, egalitarian society. What does egalitarian mean?
All people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities.
67
What are the health benefits of regular participation in physical activity?
- Stroke;
- Cancer;
- Mental health;
- Obesity;
- Type 2 diabetes;
- Blood pressure.
68
What are the fitness benefits of regular participation in physical activity?
- Posture;
- Reactions;
- Speed;
- Cardiovascular endurance;
- Flexibility.
69
What are the social benefits of regular participation in physical activity?
- Endorphins;
- Friends;
- Confidence;
- Concentration;
- Sleep patterns.
70
What is the aim (the slogan) for Sport England?
"To create a sporting habit for life".
71
How does Sport England get its funds?
It uses funds from the government and the National Lottery.
72
Sport England works with CSPs, what are these?
County Sport Partnerships, national networks of local agencies working together to increase numbers in sport and physical activity tailored to meet specific local needs.
73
How many CPSs do Sport England invest in?
49 CPSs spread across the country.
74
Give an example of a CPS:
Active Surrey.
75
What initiatives do Active Surrey put on to attempt to increase participation?
- Specsavers Surrey Youth Games;
- Surrey School Games;
- Active Surrey Awards.
76
What are the advantages and disadvantages of CSPs:
+ Specific to the needs of the local areas.
| - Some areas may experience bias due to wealth.
77
How much money did Sport England receive between 2012 and 2017?
$1 Billion Pounds.
