Sociology CLEP flash cards
(185 cards)
1
Q
FATHER OF SOCIOLOGY; POSITIVISM, SOCIAL STATICS, SOCIAL DYNAMICS
A
August Comte
2
Q
INSPIRED FEMINISM
CHANGED SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ON MARRIAGE, CHILDREN, DOMESTIC LIFE
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HARRIET MARTINEAU
3
Q
“SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST”
THINK OF SOCIETY & CULTURE BELONGING TO THE NATURAL WORLD
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HERBERT SPENCER
4
Q
PEOPLE SHOULD CHANGE THE WORLD RATHER THAN STUDY IT
BOURGEOISIE & PROLETARIAT
A
KARL MARX
5
Q
FIRST TO STUDY SUICIDE
MECAHNICAL & ORGANIC SOLIDARITY
A
EMILE DURKHEIM
6
Q
VERSTEHEN & RATIONALIZATION
STUDIED PERSONAL MEANINGS, VALUES, AND BELIEFS UNDERLYING HUMAN SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
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MAX WEBER
7
Q
SOUGHT SOCIAL JUSTICE FOR POOR AND SICK IN CHICAGO
ESTABLISHED HULL HOUSE
A
JANE ADDAMS
8
Q
BELIEVED SOCIOLOGY COULD PROVIDE ANSWERS TO RACE PROBLEMS
AFRICAN AMERICAN SOCIAL ACTIVIST
A
W.E.B. DU BOIS.
9
Q
FUNCTIONALISM
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LOOK AT SOCIETY AS A SYSTEM OF INTERRELATED PARTS ACTING TOGETHER
10
Q
DRAMATURGY
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DEPICT HUMAN INTERACTION AS A THEATRICAL PERFORMANCE
11
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NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES THAT DISTRUPT SOCIETY
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DYSFUNCTION
12
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CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE
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AREA OF CONFLICT & POWER STRUGGLES
13
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POSITIVISM
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USING THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
14
Q
PROLETARIAT
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WORKING CLASS
15
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VERSTEHEN
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UNDERSTANDING BEHAVIOR BY PUTTING YOURSELF IN THE PLACE OF OTHERS
16
Q
BOURGEOISIE
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OWNERS
17
Q
FIRST DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
A
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
18
Q
Ability to see the connection between the larger world and our personal lives.
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Sociological imagination
19
Q
He believed the economy had the strongest influence on social structure.
A
Karl Marx
20
Q
He believed the ills of the capitalist system can only be resolved by violent revolutions.
A
KARL MARX
21
Q
Based his ideas about society on Charles Darwin’s biological model.
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Herbert Spencer
22
Q
He believed no steps should be taken to correct social ills.
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Herbert Spencer
23
Q
He saw society as a set of interdependent parts.
A
Emile Durkheim
24
Q
He developed the idea of the Sociological Imagination.
A
C. Wright Mills
25
He introduced the concept of Verstehen.
MAX WEBER
26
He had a theory of bureaucracy
MAX WEBER
27
manifest function
Intended consequence of an element of society.
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latent function
Unintended consequence of an element of society.
29
Common customs of everyday life. - Using the right fork, wearing the right clothes
folkways
30
Norms with great moral significance attached to them.
mores
31
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Language shapes the way people perceive the world.
32
Ethnocentrism
To view one's own culture as superior.
33
A subculture that represents values that are unacceptable to the dominant culture but are still legal
counterculture
34
A subculture that represents values that are unacceptable to the dominant culture and are generally considered illegal.
Deviant subculture
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Conscious effort to promote or prevent social change.
Social movement
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Spread of culture traits from one society to another.
Culture diffusion
37
Produces the greatest change in a society in the least amount of time.
Wars
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Cultural Lag
Some aspects of culture change slower than others.
39
Sanctions
Rewards or punishments to enforce conformity to norms. (slap on the wrist for misbehaving)
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Violation of norms
Deviance
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Durkheim found that high suicide rates can be due to either, extreme or inadequate _______.
social integration
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Durkheims research indicated that high suicide rates can result from ______.
excessive isolation
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personality develops fastest during _________
childhood
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Sigmund Freud's system.
Psychoanalysis
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The irrational part of the personality concerned with seeking pleasure. (Freud)
Id
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Part of the personality that is rational and deals with the word logically. (Freud)
Ego
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The moral part of a personality, the "conscience." (Freud)
SuperEgo
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The referee between the Id and the superego.
Ego
49
According to Locke we are born without a ______.
personality
50
John Locke believed he could shape newborns into ______.
anything he wanted
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Believed all children go through three levels of moral development.
Lawrence Kohlberg
52
Developed the idea of the " looking glass self."
Charles Cooley
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Developed the idea of role-taking.
George Herbert Mead
54
His perspective is symbolic Interactionist
George Herbert Mead
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Internalizing the values of society is taking the role of the ____
generalized other
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The unsocialized, spontaneous, self-interested component of our personality. (Two related parts of the "self.")
I
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The part of our identity that is aware of society's expectations. (Two related parts of the "self.")
Me
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Most important agent of socialization.
Family
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Three most common rewards on which stratification is based.
Wealth, Power, and Prestige
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Functionalists view stratification as
a necessary feature of the social structure
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Conflict theorists view stratification as
a result of class exploitation
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egalitarian system
Little opportunity to accumulate wealth and much social equality.
63
U.S. law forbids discrimination based on ____ characteristics
ascribed
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Difference between upper-upper class and lower-upper class
Upper-upper: "old money", inherited it -- Lower-upper: "new money", earned it
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Largest segment of American population _______ class
working class
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Difference between upper-middle class and lower-middle class
Upper-midde: high income professionals ---- Lower-middle: lower income "white collar" jobs
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Blue-collar and Pink-collar jobs (class)
working class
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Movement from one social class to another ________ mobility (type of social)
vertical mobility
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Movement within a social class ___________ mobility (type of social)
horizontal mobility
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The mobility that results from changes in society
structural mobility
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Likelihood of sharing the opportunities of society
life chances
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Individuals who share a common cultural background and sense of identity. ______ group
ethnic group
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Share physical characteristics or cultural practices that result in the group being denied equal treatment. _______ group
minority group
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The outgrowth of traditional patterns of discrimination. - Type of discrimination most resistant to change.
institutionalized discrimination
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de jure segregation
Segregation based on laws
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de facto segregation
Segregation based on informal norms.
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Active Bigot
Is prejudiced and openly discriminatory
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Timid Bigot
Is prejudiced but is afraid to discriminate.
79
Consists of one or both parents and their children
Nuclear Family
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Three or more generations of a family sharing the same residence.
Extended Family
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The family you were born into
family of orientation
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The family you create by having children
family of procreation
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Primary Sector
Deals with the extraction of raw materials from the environment.
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Secondary Sector
Uses raw materials to manufacture goods.
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Tertiary sector
Emphasis is on the provision of services.
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Authoritarianism
Power rests firmly with the state.
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Most extreme form of authoritarianism - Governmental leaders accept few limits on their authority
Totalitarianism
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Power-Elite Model
View that in the U.S. political power is exercised by and for the privileged few.
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Pluralist Model
View that the political process is controlled by interest groups that compete with one another for power; competition among groups prevents power from becoming concentrated.
90
In preindustrial societies education occurs mainly within the ______________
family
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Strain theory
people blocked from achievement find illegitimate means to succeed.
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Primary assimilation
cultural assimilation on the micro level (family)
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Secondary assimilation
cultural assimilation on the macro level (equal in terms of money, political representation, etc)
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when a rundown section of the city has been repaired and has become attractive to a middle-class population
Gentrification
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when several corporations, usually four or less, control an industry
oligopoly
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anomie (Durkheim)
being in a state of normlessness (without norms, without laws)
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a technically ordered, rigid, dehumanized society
Iron cage
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Cognitive dissonance
when one continues to believe in something in the face of contrary evidence
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Differential association
analyzes how one comes to learn deviant norms and values
100
Thomas Malthus was most influential in the study of
population
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gemeinschaft
the term Tonnies used to describe the small, intimate communities of the past.
102
gesellschaft
the term Tonnies used to describe modern, urban society.
103
assumes a forced encroachment of one group onto the territory of another.
invasion
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Acculturation
the process by which immigrants absorb the culture of their new society.
105
the school where functionalism was developed
Harvard
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school known for the study of criminology
New York University
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assumes immigrants will give up all of their "old-world" customs
Anglo-conformity
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Comte's theological stage (how every science develops)
scientists look toward the supernatural realm of ideas for an explanation of what they observe.
109
Comte's metaphysical stage (how every science develops)
scientists begin to look to the real world for an explanation of what they observe
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Comte's positive stage (how every science develops)
defined as the definitive stage of all knowledge; scientists search for general ideas or laws and use such knowledge to predict and thereby control mankind's destiny for a better future for all
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Tangible objects that are necessary or desired are referred to as
goods
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Assignment of students to specific courses and educational programs based on their test scores, previous grades, or both is
tracking
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The type of social arrangement in which people are able to gain higher positions based on their intellectual and educational credentials rather than through the influence of personal contacts is
a meritocracy
114
____________________ believe Positions that are most important for the survival of society must be filled by the most qualified people who are highly rewarded.
functionalists
115
The hierarchical arrangement of large social groups based on their control over basic resources is
social stratification
116
Karl Marx's term for government, schools, churches, and all other social institutions that produce and disseminate ideas that perpetuate the existing system of exploitation is society's
superstructure (According to Marx, the economy is the base upon which the superstructure of the other social institutions is erected)
117
Negotiations between employers and labor union leaders on behalf of workers are referred to as
collective bargaining
118
The study of the relationship between people and their physical environment is known as
human ecology
119
In Herbert Gans' typology of urban dwellers, those who live in tightly knit neighborhoods that resemble small towns are
ethnic villagers - some are recent immigrants who feel most comfortable living among people of their own group
120
A continuous concentration of two or more cities and their suburbs that have grown until they form an interconnected urban area is a
megalopolis.
121
According to Robert Merton's strain theory, what occurs when people accept society's goals but adopt disapproved means for achieving them?
innovation
122
________ is based on the idea that the punishment should fit the crime. More serious crimes should receive more serious sanctions.
retribution
123
An organized group that acts consciously to promote or resist change through collective action is
a social movement.
124
Movements seeking to bring about a total change in society are referred to as
revolutionary
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People who are satisfied with their present condition are LESS likely to seek social change, according to the theory of
relative deprivation
126
Voluntary, often spontaneous activity that is engaged in by a large number of people and that typically violates dominant group norms and values is
collective behavior
127
A relatively large number of people who are in one another's immediate vicinity is termed a
crowd
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a number of people who share an interest in a specific idea or issue but who are not in one another's immediate vicinity
mass
129
Traditions, beliefs, language and philosophies are all examples of _______ culture
nonmaterial culture
130
Shared monopoly
when four or fewer companies supply 50 percent or more of a particular market
131
interlocking corporate directorates
The situation in which members of the board of directors of one corporation also sit on the boards of other corporations
132
What is the term that sociologists use to describe the situation where charismatic authority is succeeded by a bureaucracy controlled by a rationally established authority or by a combination of traditional and bureaucratic authority?
Routinization of charisma
133
When cities developed circa 3500–3000 B.C.E., political power became centralized in
A city-state is a city whose power extends to adjacent areas.
134
the transmission of cultural values and attitudes, such as conformity and obedience to authority, through implied demands found in rules, routines, and regulations of schools
Hidden curriculum
135
The type of health-care system in which all citizens receive medical services paid for by tax revenues is
universal health care.
136
What is the term that Max Weber used to describe the extent to which persons within a particular layer of stratification have access to important scarce resources?
Life chances
137
the process of rationalization taken to extreme levels
McDonaldization
138
He coined the term McDonaldization
George Ritzer
139
People who are poor, seldom employed, and caught in long-term deprivation are members of the
underclass
140
Sociologist Max Weber did NOT view the concept of social class as a specific social category of "real people," but as a/an
ideal type
141
How do the views of Max Weber and Karl Marx differ concerning the concept of social class?
Marx believed that class is determined by property ownership. Weber expanded the definition of class to include other dimensions.
142
The shift from manufacturing to service occupations in the U.S. economy has contributed to
the loss of higher-paying positions.
143
Races are ____________ defined, not ___________ defined
races are socially defined, not biologically defined
144
The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a given year is the
crude death rate
145
Thomas Malthus stated that the human population, if left unchecked, would
exceed the available food supply (Malthus pointed out that human populations increase in a geometric (doubling) manner, whereas food supplies increase in an arithmetic (additive) manner.)
146
New urban fringes that have arisen beyond central cities and suburbs are referred to as
edge cities
147
________ is defined as one or more central cities and their surrounding suburbs that dominate the economic and cultural life of a region
Metropolis
148
Strain theorists suggest that deviant behavior is caused by
lack of access to legitimate means to achieve acceptable goals
149
being labeled as deviant increases the likelihood of engaging in further deviant acts, which is known as
secondary deviance
150
this occurs when the nonmaterial culture has not caught up with material development
cultural lag
151
Grassroots environmental movements are types of
reform movements
152
This approach to social movements assumes that a collective definition of appropriate and inappropriate behavior emerges during episodes of collective behavior
Emergent norm theory
153
ersons whose care, affection, and approval are especially desired and who are most important in the development of the self are referred to by sociologists as
significant others
154
_____refers to the ways in which an individual shows an awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention
civil inattention - one of the means that people use to help interactions with others proceed smoothly
155
What is Erving Goffman's term for the study of social interaction that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation?
Dramaturgical analysis
156
French sociologist Auguste Comte's belief that the world can best be understood through scientific inquiry is known as
positivism
157
Sociologist Jane Addams was active in poor urban areas as a leader of community centers referred to as
settlement houses - she established Hull House in Chicago
158
a __________ religion tends to be withdrawn from societal norms and extremely pietistic --- most likely to have split off from a larger religious group
sect
159
a secondary group is characterized by
impersonal relationships
160
a social group with intense intimacy
primary group
161
SMSA
Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (a geographical region with a relatively high population density at its core and close economic ties throughout the area. Such regions are not legally incorporated as a city or town would be, nor are they legal administrative divisions like counties or sovereign entities like states.)
162
Network full of holes where ties are weak
Cosmopolitan Network
163
Egoistic suicide
when a man becomes socially isolated or feels that he has no place in the society he destroys himself
164
Altruistic suicide
committed for the benefit of others (falling on a grenade)
165
Anomic suicide
takes place in a situation which has cropped up suddenly
166
Fatalistic suicide
the individual sees no possible way to improve his or her life
167
Demographic Transition Theory
how populations change - the change in the human condition from high mortality and high fertility to low mortality and low fertility. Death is now less capricious and most people live long lives. Women no longer average six or seven births but in most economically advanced countries less than two — insufficient to replenish national populations
168
aging is an inevitable, mutual withdrawal or disengagement, resulting in decreased interaction between the aging person and others in the social system he belongs to
disengagement theory
169
a form of power structure in which power effectively rests with a small number of people. These people could be distinguished by royalty, wealth, family ties, education, corporate, or military control.
Political oligarchy
170
the term is used to describe a situation in which several companies overwhelmingly control an industry
oligopoly
171
According to sociologist C. Wright Mills, the power elite is comprised of
business, government, and the military
172
Power is widely dispersed across many competing interest groups in what kind of political system?
pluralist
173
According to Emile Durkheim, the everyday, secular, or worldly aspects of life are
profane (vs sacred)
174
the pay gap between women and men is slightly less than ___ cents an hour
77
175
Middle adulthood refers to people between the ages of
40 - 65
176
The institutional approach focuses on the role of institutions or groups in
fostering mirgration
177
The movement of people out of a geographic area to take up residence elsewhere is referred to as
emigration (which is a TYPE of migration)
178
Structure refers to ___________ whereas agency refers to ____________.
Structure refers to institutions, whereas agency refers to human actors.
179
In his classic study of the "Saints" and the "Roughnecks," sociologist William Chambliss found that
gangs of high school boys were more likely to be labeled as delinquent if their members came from lower-income families rather than higher-income families.
180
The value-added model suggests that social movements develop in response to certain inciting incidents or dramatic events called
precipitating factors
181
the transmission of cultural items or social practices from one group or society to another through such means as immigration and exploration
Diffusion
182
Which member of the early twentieth-century Chicago School asserted that urbanization creates a disintegrating influence on social life by producing an increase in the crime rate and by exacerbating racial and class conflicts?
Robert Park
183
Which contemporary advocate of the functionalist perspective stressed that social institutions must meet social needs in order for society to survive?
Talcott Parsons
184
Which of the following terms was used by sociologist W.E.B. Du Bois to describe the identity of being both Black and an American?
Double-consciousness
185
According to functionalist theory, ____________are the beneficial consequences of people's actions
functions
