sociology exam 2 Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
groups
A
people who identify and interact together
2
Q
aggregate
A
individuals sharing space but not identity
3
Q
category
A
classified people, objects, or events with similarities
4
Q
primary groups
A
small, intimate groups with long term relationships
5
Q
voluntary association
A
groups formed by mutual interests and voluntary membership
6
Q
iron law of oligarchy
A
tendencey for organizations to be dominated by the elites
7
Q
social networks
A
connections among individual or groups in society. the social ties radiating outward form the self that link people together
8
Q
secondary groups
A
larger more formal groups based on interests
9
Q
group think
A
a narrowing of thought by a group of people, leading to the perception that there is only one correct answer and that to even suggest alternatives is a sign of disloyalty
10
Q
deviance
A
violation of norms 9 or rules of expectations
11
Q
stigma
A
discrediting mark affecting identity perception
12
Q
crime
A
violation of norms codified into laws
13
Q
social order
A
a groups usual and social customary arrangements, on which it depend and on which they base their lives
14
Q
social order
A
customary arrangements that structure group life
15
Q
social control
A
means of enforcing norms within a group
16
Q
differential association theory
A
learning deviance through group associations
17
Q
control theory
A
the idea that two control systems- inner controls and outer controls- work against our tendencies to deviate
18
Q
labeling theory
A
the view that the labels people are given affect both how they perceive them, which channels their behavior toward either deviance or conformity
19
Q
technique of neutralization
A
rationalizations to deflect societal norms
20
Q
in group
A
a group toward which one feels loyalty
21
Q
out group
A
a group towards which one feels antagonism
22
Q
reference group
A
a group whose standers we refer to as we evaluate ourselves
23
Q
clique
A
a cluster of people within a larger group who choose to interact with one another
24
Q
bereaucracy
A
a formal organization with a hierarchy of authority and a clear division of labor; emphasis on inpersonality of positions and written rules, communications, and records
25
mcdonaldization of society
the process by which ordinary aspects of life are rationalized and efficiency comes to rule them, including such things as food prep
26
goal displacement/ replacement
an organization replacing old goals with new ones
27
alienation
marx terms for workers lack of connection to the product of their labor; caused by workers being assigned repetitive tasks on a small part of a product.- this leads to a sense of powelessness and normlessness; general sense of not feeling a part of something
28
self- fulfilling stereotype
ideas of what someone is like that lead to the person behaving in ways that match the stereotype
29
hidden corporate culture
stereotypes of the traits that make for high performing and underperforming worked, which end up producing both types of workers
30
diversity training
efforts to minimize conflict among people of different backgrouns and promote cooperation in reaching mutual goals
31
group dynamics
the ways in which individuals affect groups and the ways in which groups influence individuals
32
small group
a group small enough for everyone to interact directly with all the other members
33
dyad
the smallest possible group, consisting of two persons
34
triad
a group of three people
35
coalition
the alignment of some members of a group against others
36
leader
someone who influences other people
37
instrumental leader/ task-orientated leader
an individual who tries to keep the group moving toward its goals.
38
leadership styles
ways in which people express their leadership
38
expressive leader/socioemotional leader
an individual who increases harmony and minimized conflict in a group
39
authoritarian leader
an individual who leads by giving orders
40
democratic leader
an individual who leads by trying to reach a consensus
41
laissez- faire leader
an individual who leads by being highly permissive
42
negative sanction
an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as frown to a formal reaction such as getting fired or receiving a prison sentence
43
positive sanction
a reward or positive reaction for following a norm, ranging form a smile to material rewards
44
differential association
edwin sutherland's term to indicate that people who associate with some groups learn an "excess of definitions" of deviance, increasing the likelihood that they will become deviant
45
degradation ceremony
a term coined by Harold Garfinkel to a ritual whose goal is to remake someones self by stripping away that individuals self identity and stamping a new identity in its place
46
cultural goals
the objectives held out as legitimite or desirable for the members of a society to achieve
47
institutionalized means
approved wats of reaching cultural goals
48
strain theory
mertons term for the strain engendered when a society socializes large numbers of people to desire a cultural goal but witholds from some the approved means of reaching that goal
49
corporate crime
crimes committed by executives in order to benefit their corporation
50
illegitimate opportunity structure
opportunities for crimes that are woven into the texture of life
51
criminal justice system
the system of police, courts, and prisons set up to deal with people who are accused of having committed a crime
52
recidivism rate
the percentage of released convicts who are rearrested
53
medicalization of deviance
to make deviance a medical matter, a symptom of some underlying illness that needs to be treated by physicians
54
wealth
total value of everything someone owns, minus the debts
54
social class
according to weber, a large group of people who rank lose to one another in property, power, and prestige; according to Marx, one of two groups: capitalists who own the means of production or workers who sell their labor
55
property
material possession
56
income
money recieved, from job, business, or assets
57
power
ability to carry out your will, even over the resistance of others
58
power elite
wright Mills term for the top people in US corporations, military, and politics who make the nation's major decisions
59
prestige
respect or regard
60
status consistency
ranking high or low on all three dimensions of social class
61
status
the position that someone occupies in a social group
61
status inconsistency
ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others; also called status discrepancy
62
anomie
Durkheims term for a condition of society in which people become detached from the usual norms that guide their behavior
63
underclass
a group of people for whom poverty persists year after year and across generations
64
contradictory class locations
eriks wrights term for a position in the class structure that generates contradictory interests
65
intergenerational mobility
the change that family members make in social class from one generation to the next
66
upward social mobility
movement up the social class ladder
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downward social mobility
movement down the social class ladder
68
structural mobility
movement up or down the social class ladder that is due more to changes in the structure of society than to the actions of individuals
69
exchange mobility
a large number of people moving up the social class ladder, while a large number move down, exchanging places, social class system shows little change
69
poverty line
official measure of poverty, calculated to include incomes that are less than three times a low cost food budget
70
feminization of poverty
a condition of us poverty in which most poor families are headed by women
71
culture of poverty
the assumption that the values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different from other people, that these factors are largely responsible for their poverty, and that parents perpetuate poverty across generations by passing these characteristics to their child
72
deferred gratification
going without something in the present in the hope of achieve greater gains in the future
73
horatio alger myth
belief that due to limitless possibilities anyone can get ahead if they try hard enough
74
race
a group whose inherited physical characteristics distinguish it from other groups
75
genocide
the annihilation or attempted annihilation of a people because of their presumed race or ethnicity
76
ethnicity
having distinctive cultural characteristics
76
ethnic work
activities designed to discover, enhance, maintain, or transmit an ethnic or racial identity
77
minority groups
people who are singled out for unequal treatment and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination
77
dominant group
the group with the most power, greatest privileges, and highest social class
78
discrimination
an act of unfair treatment directed against an individual or a group
79
prejudice
an attitude or prejudging, usually in a negative way
79
racism
prejudice or discrimination on the basis of race
80
individual discrimination
person-to-person or face-to- face discrimination; the negative treatment of people by other individuals
81
institutional discrimination
negative treatment of a minority group that is built into a societys institutions; also called systemic discrimination
82
scapegoat
an individual or group unfairly blamed for someone elses trouble
83
authoritarian personality
adornos term for people who are prejudiced and rank high on scaled of conformity, intolerance, insecurity, respect for authority, and submissive to superiors
84
split labor market
workers split along racial, ethnic, gender, age, or any other lines; this split is exploited by owners to weaken the bargaining power of workers
85
reserve labor force
the unemployed, unemployed works are though of as being in reserve
86
population transfer
the forced transfer of a minority group
86
compartmentalize
to separate acts from feelings or attitudes
87
selective perception
seeing certain features of an object or situation, but remaining blind to others
88
internal colonialism
policy of exploiting minority groups for economic gain
88
ethnic cleansing
a policy of eliminating a pop, includes forcible expulsion and genocide
89
segregation
the policy of keeping racial ethnic groups apart
90
multiculturalism/ pluralism
a policy that permits or encourages ethnic differences
90
assimilation
process of being absorbed into the mainstream culture
91
white ethnics
white immigrants to the united states whose cultures differ from wasp culture
91
WASP
white anglo saxon protestant
92
rising expectations
the sense that better conditions are soon to follow, which, if unfulfilled increases frustration
