Sociology Exam Review 1-2 Flashcards

Question

Roles

Answer 1

are the expected behaviors of people occupying particular social positions (ex; coach, head of the hiearchy, calls the shots)

Answer 2

The social honor or prestige that a particular group is accorded by other members of a society

Answer 3

the social identity of an individual has in a given group or society ( The position one has in society) EX; being a parent, student

Answer 4

preparation for the presentation of one's social role Going to a business meeting to wear a suit to impress hirers.

Answer 5

the study of how people make sense of what others say and do in the course of day to day social interaction ; its a way of digging deeper to see how we understand the rules of conversation and what happens when we break those rules

Answer 6

The deliberate breaking of the understood rules of conversation ( breaking the rules of ethnomethodology, breaking rules of interaction) Ex; ‘how are you’ - what do you mean with my classes or my day or what Not saying the basic universal responses -Internet “ trolls’’ will not pretend to understand certain assumptions of the conversational world for the specific purpose of being disruptive -Because internet users are often anonymous, its not always possible to know what the power dynamics are in interaction.

Answer 7

; almost involuntary exclamations individuals make when, for example, they are taken by surprise , drop something inadvertently, or want to express happiness Ex;basic human reactions that we don’t realize we do *See a puppy and you say ‘’aww’ *bump into someone ‘oops’ -universal responses- Example of controlled alertness Humans are expected to continually demonstrate to others our competence in the routines of daily life.

Answer 8

the physical space individuals maintain between themselves and others

Answer 9

*Intimate Distance (Family/lovers) *Personal Distance (Friends) *Social Distance (Formal) *Public Distance (performing to audience) - walking away from someone is one way to buy public space , putting on headphones shows others you don't want to talk to them. *Eye contact is another aspect of social interaction that illustrates important social norms and revelas ( and perpreturates) power differentials. *Powerful norm that strangers should not make eye contact ( to avoid indicating hostile incident) *Want to signal people we are there example elevator * different cultures may see eye contact as disrespectful

Answer 10

when and where events occur Dont have to be with people to communicate in that time and place , cellphones Ex; Social norms can differ at night , interactions with one another might be diff ( scary talking to people at night ) Physical locationn ( formal settings like work places change interactions, best behavior, professional)

Answer 11

:The division of social life into different regional settings or zone, Lecture; think of an house where you got living room, bed rooms, traditionally we would think of ours house as kitchen if for eating, bedroom for sleeping, distinct regions where things are supposed to happen but shifts like pandemi c changed this. Pandemic where were you doing school work during pandemic - bed. We are also sending out messages about how we want the world to see us. Junk room or place to throw junks you want people to see your living room really clean. Guest wont see junk room. You can use regionlization to do impression management. *With the rise of mobile technologies such as the smartphones , the organization of time and space has undergone a radical reorganization.

Answer 12

: people need to interact with others in their presence. Desire to be together people want to be face to face. You can see signifers face to face *Some researchers conclude that online communication seems to allow more room for misinterpretation, confusion, and abuse that more traditional forms of communication Ex; things can go wrong with online communication. Can't read signifers (tone of voice facial expression)

Answer 13

Time as measured by the clock in terms of hours ,minutes, and seconds Before clock time the world would pay attention to when sun sets/rise for when we need to work in the field, time to go home, time to go sleep, they used the world around them, How important is clock time in industralized society, hospitals operate 24/7, you have to have very precise times for surgeries. Imagine is hosptials didnt have clock times managing what happens . Clock times help manage our days *Before the invention of clocks, the sense of time was based on events in the natural world such as the rising and setting of the sun *In modern societies, the zoning of our activities is strongly influenced by clock time

Answer 14

In his more recent research, Anderson explains cosmopolitan canopies (2011) as “pluralistic spaces where people engage with one another in a spirit of civility, or even comity and goodwill.” malls - people come to buy , interact, engage in good will parks - engaging activities happening

Answer 15

This looks at the larger scare of sociology and interactions. Economy, government, how they impact social patterns and behaviors Ex; How much income one recieves from their government job can either limit or advance their interactions with friends and family. Ex of racial sterotypes; Would focus on how the school and teachers help or feed into the students feeling of being a diff race.

Answer 16

Focuses on smaller scale of sociology Personal realtionships, communication patterns, and social behaviors influence our dailuy lives. Ex; how friends interact with one another at coffee shop Ex of racial sterotypes; raciol sterotypes in macrosociology other example. how a person may feel going to a school filled with race they are not. May feel stigamitized. Microsociology examples this persons experiences in their social setting.

Answer 17

OCCURS THROUGH SOCIAL INTERACTION gave attention mainly to how children learn to use the concepts of “I’ and “me” HELPS DEVELOP SENSE OF IDENTITY Mead said infants and young children develop as social being by imitating the actions of those around them Self - awareness with the ability to distinguish the ‘’me’’ from the ‘’I’’ through a process of play “taking the role of the other” At 8/9 years old, children learn to play organized games which have rules that reflect the values of social life. shows them social norms and how to behave in a society

Answer 18

demonstrated the importance of other individuals for shaping a child's sense of self which states that a child develops their sense of self by observing how others perceive them, essentially "seeing themselves reflected" in the reactions of others during social interactions,

Answer 19

, the swiss student of child behavior , focused on cognition

Answer 20

BELIEVED IN PRESNENTATION OF SELF IN SOCIAL SETTINGS HE sheds light on larger questions - when do you shake someones hand, when do you look someones in the eye . these actions help with impression management FOCUSED ON MICRO SOCIOLOGY

Answer 21

studied how race, class and gender intersect in macro and micro fashion. Ex; studied a lot of race and young men, decent/street families, black communities have families that adhere to traditional middle class norms, trying to do right, hardworking, and some are street families that dont have those ideals/norms , the problem anderson identifies is that people don't make those distinctions. Especially when they see young black man. They assume there are all streets. They're all menacing. All dangerous. Think about these young men trying to manage everyday interactions. Some scholars say they have to signal to the world they are not dangerous.

Answer 22

found that in various settings, unwanted interactions occur to women frequently come off as offensive Ex; tells a women to smile, says hey beautiful -internet is another public space where sexism can play out

Answer 23

in public spaces boys were more visible and acted more dominant to girls on a sidewalk where as girls gained visibility and control online ( manage social interaction ) *Social media enabled ways to communicate at different distances and paces that steered teens either away from or toward meetings in person. *Some interactions were safer with social media, but traditionally gendered norms of interaction and roles also carried forward.

Answer 24

did was go out and violate the rules,norms of conversation , ‘’ how are you , its almost like hi, norms and traditions just tell you to say the basic response and move on TO OBSERVE HOW PEOPLE IN SOCIETY REACT WHEN NORMS ARE BROKEM

Answer 25

FRONT REGIONS: are social occasions or encounters in which individuals act our formal roles - these are ‘’on stage performances’’ ( when we are working ) BACK REGIONS: individuals assemble the props and prepare themselves for interaction in the more formals settings ( getting ready to work or interview)

Answer 26

NONUMANS INTERACTIONS: claimed non humans were just props we wouldnt interact with them. But then think about all the things you interact with in your everyday lives like they are people basically. (yell at the machine when frustrated, treat machine when it makes you happy) Through “projection” humans give non humans (pets/machines) human capacities, and interact with them in ways that evoke human empathy , feelings of companionship, and intimacy.

Answer 27

Internet doesnt allow us to see facial expressions , does zoom and facetime help with this gap Tend to spend more time during a phone conversation than face to face because we can not see facial cues or body language -distraction, boredom Which methods of communication are best for different situations What kinds of news are okay to share on the phone What norms and values ?

Answer 28

Individual and cultural factors influence what form facial movements take and the contexts which they approach ( during the study kids who cant hear had facial expressions that we normally would have) - gestures can vary per culture Some gestures can be creepy / weird when not in the norms

Answer 29

Ordinary routines give us structure and meaning humans beings are social beings social interactions have changed (laptops)

Answer 30

Loneliness is a serious problem linked to many health problems *someones idea of having good friends/family isn't met they feell lonely even if they have that network.

Answer 31

Mistreat and abuse of older adults may take many forms including physical, sexual, emotional, or financial abuse , neglect, or abdondonment ELder mistreat is very difficult to measure and document Worldwide it is estimated that 15.7% or older adults experience some form of abuse in a community setting Most mistreatment is inflicted by someone outside of the immediate family

Answer 32

When older adults become too ill or mentally impared to care for themselves they require help froma family member of paid caregivier However family sizes are shrinking : adult children may be unable to provide care Paid care workers are in shorot supply, especially since Covid 19 The work is dangerous the pay is low, and the jobs offer no options for advancement or upward mobility

Answer 33

Healthh insurance is essential for older adults 94% of older Americans are covered to some extent by Medicare The average cost of a semiprivate room in a nursing home was over $94,000 a year in 2021. Older adults in need of nursing home care, even those with financial resources, may find their lifetimes savings quickly depleted

Answer 34

The prevalence of chronic disabilities among older adults have declined in recent years. And most older people rate their health as reasonably good and free of major disabilites IN 2015 nearly one third of adults 65 years and older suffered from arthiritis 29% had heart diseas and 27% had diabetes

Answer 35

Young old : sociological term for persons between the ages of 65 and 74 Old : sociological term for persons between the ages of 75 and 84 Oldest old: sociological term for persons ages 85 and older

Answer 36

Midlife, the stage between young adulthood and old age, is generally believed to fall between the ages of 45 and 65 However this age range is not fixed as ones entry to midlife tends to be sigjnifed by the social roles ones adopts ( or relinquishes) There is a new emphasis on looking ahead

Answer 37

Scholars have observed a ‘’delayed transition to adulthood’’ among young people in the late 20th and early 21s centuries Five benchmarks considered critical to the adulthood transition : leaving the home of ones parents, finishing school , getting married, having a child, and being financially independent

Answer 38

The idea of the teenager didnt exist until the early 20th century In traditional cultures, children already work alongside adults IN western societies, teenagers often try to act like adults, but they are treated by law as children

Answer 39

The concept of childhood has developed over the past two or three centuries The ideas that children have rights and that child labor is morally wrong are recent devlopments Up to the 20th century, the U.S and most other western countries put children to work at a very early age, sometimes in physically demanding circumstances such as in sweat shops.

Sociology Exam Review 1-2 Flashcards

(63 cards)