Sociology Final Flashcards
(158 cards)
1
Q
Ethnicity refers to?
A
Cultural practices and outlooks of a given community that have emerged historically and tend to set people apart
2
Q
For whites, the importance of ethnicity has declined in?
A
Recent years
3
Q
For whites, ethnicity is largely
A
Voluntary and symbolic
4
Q
Whites can now choose to be
A
Ethnic or not
5
Q
Given high rates of ethnic intermarriages, more and more whites can now?
A
Choose which ethnicity to be
6
Q
Unlike ethnicity for whites, being racially Asian is?
A
Not voluntary
7
Q
Race refers to the differences in?
A
Human physical characteristics used to categorize large numbers of individuals
8
Q
Race can be understood as a classification system that assigns?
A
Individuals and groups to categories that are ranked or hierarchical
9
Q
There are no clear-cut physical?
A
Differences between races
10
Q
The genetic diversity within races is greater than the
A
Genetic diversity between them
11
Q
Race is a social
A
Construct
12
Q
Developed a human classification system in 1735
A
Swedish botanist
13
Q
Linnaeus’s system is recognized as the first version of
A
A modern classification scheme of human populations
14
Q
Linnaeaus grouped human beings into four basic categories
A
—Europaeus, Americanus, Asiaticus, and Africanus
15
Q
Linnaeus assumed that each subgroup had qualities of
A
Behavior or temperament that were innate and could not be altered
16
Q
Linnaeus acquired much of his data from the
A
Writings, descriptions, commentaries, and beliefs of plantation owners, missionaries, slave traders, explorers, and travelers
17
Q
Linnaeus’s classification scheme reflected the
A
Prejudices of Europeans that were prevalent at that time
18
Q
From the fifteenth century onward, as Europeans came into increased contact with people from different regions of the world, they attempted to categorize these people based on their physical attributes. These categories became the basis of
A
Systems that shaped and constrained the people’s daily lives. This is an example of racialization
19
Q
Slavery in the former British colonies in the Americas is an
A
Examples racialized systems
20
Q
Apartheid in South Africa this is an example of
A
Racialized systems
21
Q
The American South in the early twentieth century, this is an example of
A
racialized systems
22
Q
The United States after the dismantling of state-sanctioned segregation during the civil rights era of the 1960s, this is an example of
A
Racialized systems
23
Q
Soo Young is a fashion model who has difficulty getting work in the international modeling industry because of an industry-wide bias against fashion models who appear to be of non-European ancestry and/or mixed race, this is an example of
A
Institutional racism
24
Q
Joan believes that most drug dealers are black. She continues to hold this belief even though she read in the newspaper that more whites sell drugs than blacks. This attitude is an example of
A
Prejudice
25
Although Scott, an African American, was more qualified than Bernardo, a Hispanic American, Bernardo was hired instead of Scott because the owner believed that Hispanic Americans are harder workers than African Americans. Denying Scott the job is an example of
Discrimination
26
Thinking in terms of fixed and inflexible categories such as believing that all Muslims are religious fundamentalists is known as
Stereotyping
27
Blaming immigrants for high unemployment rates is an example of
Scapegoating
28
The early wave of immigrants to the United States, from the 1820s to the 1880s, was mostly from
Northwestern Europe
29
Driven by a series of potato famines, 1.5 million people migrated to the United States from
Ireland in the nineteenth century and settled mostly in urban areas
30
A major new influx of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe arrived in the United States in the and 1890s.
1880s and 1890s
31
All immigrant groups were subjected to prejudice and discrimination by those who were?
Already established in the United States
32
Most immigrants admitted to the United States since 1965 have been from?
Latin America or Asia
33
Hispanic Americans are now the largest?
Minority group in the United States
34
Hispanics have the lowest?
High-school graduation rate
35
Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have the highest
Median household income
36
In American Apartheid (1993), Douglas Massey and Nancy A. Denton argue that
The history of racial segregation is responsible for the perpetuation of black poverty and the continued polarization of black and white people
37
William Julius Wilson argued that
Race has declined in its significance for blacks, especially with respect to economic disadvantages for the poorest segment of the community
38
Alisha learns from her parents the American norms of politeness. This learning is associated with the?
Primary socialization function of the family discussed by Talcott Parsons
39
According to functionalists, the husband in the “conventional family” is the
Breadwinner and plays the instrumental role; the wife cares for the home and children and plays the affective role
40
Feminists are critical of the idea that the best way to structure a family is to?
Have one parent responsible for the nurturing duties and another responsible for providing for the family economically
41
Women continue to bear the main?
Responsibility for domestic tasks
42
Wife battering, marital rape, incest, and the sexual abuse of children have all received more public attention as a result of?
Feminists’ writings
43
Women invest large amounts of?
Emotional labor in maintaining personal relationships
44
Jobs that involve caring, such as child-care worker, nanny, or elderly companion, are among the?
Lowest paid of all occupations
45
The American work week is longer than it was?
Fifty years ago
46
Americans are spending more time at?
Work and less time on vacation
47
While many Europeans are decreasing the number of hours spent at work, Americans are?
Increasing the time they spend working
48
In 2009, the average age of first marriage was?
28 for men and 26 for women
49
What accounts for the trend toward later marriages in the last several decades?
· increases in cohabitation
· increases in post-secondary school enrollment
· increased participation of women in the labor force
· a decrease in the numbers of marriageable men because of economic deterioration
50
Blacks are less likely to ever?
Marry than whites
51
Black families are more likely than white families to be?
Headed by a female
52
In 2010, the percent of white families that were headed by females was?
15 percent. 44 percent of black families were headed by females
53
Blacks have higher rates of?
Childbearing outside of marriage than whites
54
Blacks are less likely to marry after?
Having a nonmarital birth than whites
55
A higher proportion of female-headed black families have other relatives living with them than do?
White families headed by females
56
Katherine Edin and Maria Kefalas researched?
Low-income women and nonmarital childbirth
57
Many of the poor women they interviewed reported that having a child?
Saved their lives and brought order to an otherwise chaotic life
58
The poor women they interviewed:
· valued on marriage.
· tended to place an exceptionally high value on children.
· felt very confident about their ability to raise children.
· believed that if they married their current partners, they might end up divorced or in an unhappy marriage.
59
The divorce rate was highest in?
1980
60
About one-half of children born in 1980 became members?
A one-parent family at some stage in their lives
61
What percent of men and women who are divorced eventually remarry
Two-thirds of women and three-fourths of men
62
The remarriage figure for African Americans is lower than?
The national average
63
Just over 4 percent of children under age eighteen in the United States today are
Not living with either parent
64
Women who have the fewest resources—low levels of educational attainment or few economic resources—are increasingly following a?
Trajectory of early fertility and infrequent employment
65
Men’s incomes increase, and women’s incomes decrease after?
Divorce
66
Why did divorce rates increase so steeply in the 1960s and 1970s?
· Changes in the law made getting a divorce easier.
· As women became more economically independent, marriage was less of a necessary economic partnership.
· The stigma of divorce declined.
· Adults began to place a great value on personal satisfaction in marriage; few were willing to remain in a relationship that provided few emotional rewards.
67
Factors that Increase the likelihood that a person will get a divorce
· being married at a young age (under age 21)
· having less than a college degree
· having a child prior to marrying
· knowing a partner for a short time prior to marrying
· differences in social class background, age, and religion
68
Findings from the research of Judith Wallerstein and colleagues on children of divorced parents
· Almost all the children experienced intense emotional disturbance at the time of the divorce.
· At the time of the divorce, preschool-age children were confused and frightened and tended to blame themselves for the separation.
· At the time of the divorce, older children were better able to understand their parents’ motives for divorce but frequently worried about its effects on their future and expressed sharp feelings of anger.
· At the end of the five-year period, two-thirds were coping reasonably well with their home lives and their commitments outside.
69
According to Andrew Cherlin, the following statements are true with respect to divorce and children:
· Almost all boys and girls experience an initial period of intense emotional upset after their parents separate.
· Most resume normal development without serious problems within about two years after the separation.
· A minority of children experiences some long-term problems as a result of the breakup that may persist into adulthood.
· The experience of watching their parents divorce increases the chances of their marriages ending in divorce.
70
Cohabitation is the term used to describe?
Two people living together in a sexual relationship of some permanence, without being married to one another
71
Most young people come to live together by?
Drifting into it
72
In research by Bumpass et al., the following are reasons that couples gave for cohabitation
· They wanted to ensure compatibility before marriage.
· They wanted to share expenses.
· They wanted more independence.
· They wanted less commitment.
73
Trends related to cohabiting
· Increasing numbers of people are cohabiting. In 2002, 61 percent of women between ages 35 and 39 had ever cohabited.
· The number of cohabiters who eventually marry is decreasing.
· An increasing proportion of babies born out of wedlock are born to cohabiting couples.
· Young children are more likely than ever before to live with parents who are cohabiting but who are not legally married to each another.
· Cohabitation as an alternative to marriage is increasing in northern European countries.
74
Sovereignty is the term used to describe?
The undisputed political rule of a state over a given territorial area
75
Marie lives in Marseilles, France. She loves to watch the Olympics to see athletes compete and is especially pleased when French athletes win events and the French national anthem is played during medal award ceremonies. She feels pride in her country and in its heritage. What term would sociologists probably employ to explain her reactions
Nationalism
76
Jordi is a Spaniard who lives in Barcelona. Barcelona is the capital of Catalonia, a region of northeastern Spain. Jordi feels more loyalty to his region, Catalonia, than to his country, Spain. He prefers to speak the local language, Catalan, although he speaks Spanish equally well. Jordi’s feelings for Catalonia are an example of?
Local nationalism
77
The welfare state was firmly established in most Western societies in the?
Twentieth century
78
Svetlana is a Russian who lives in Moscow. She moved from a small town to the big city to look for a job after she finished a degree in computer science. Her great-grandfather, Anton, had been a Russian serf who was legally bound to the land on which he had lived decades ago. Svetlana’s ability to move about more freely than her great-grandfather demonstrates achievement of?
A civil right
79
Sybil lives in a country where she cannot always participate as fully as others. For example, only men can run for election to the local government council. So Sybil actively protests this restriction. Sybil is fighting for?
Political rights
80
Eduardo lives in Montevideo, Uruguay. Recently he has seen the pay that he receives for his work as a hotel clerk reduced significantly as a result of legislation that reduced the minimum monthly wage for workers. Eduardo and his colleagues have taken to the street to protest against this law. Eduardo and his colleagues are fighting for?
Social rights
81
One reason given in the text to help explain the quick spread of democracy around the world in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries?
Democracy tends to be associated with competitive capitalism in the economic system, and capitalism has shown itself to be superior to communism as a wealth-generating system`
82
Those who are in the highest positions in politics, the economy, and the military come from similar social backgrounds, have parallel interests, and often know one another on a personal basis.
C. Wright Mills in The Power Elite
83
Laura is a researcher who studies technological and economic change. Her work shows clearly how the nature of the work we do is being changed by forces of global economic competition. Sociologists use the term ________ to describe the process she studies.
Globalization
84
Max spends most of his time in the house taking care of his children and his sister’s children. He cooks for them, takes them to school, and keeps an eye on them when they get out of school in the afternoons and in the summertime. In exchange for this help, his sister lends his family an extra apartment she has in her multi-family home. Sociologists use to the term ______ _______ to refer to this kind of transaction.
Informal economy
85
Eugenia has worked in the same company for fifteen years repairing ice makers. She drives from town to town in a few counties in California and sees to the maintenance of the machines that her company has in different supermarkets, convenience stores, and gas stations. Although her company manufactures other machines, she only repairs the ice makers that they make. Sociologists use the term ______ __ _______ to describe the specialization of Eugenia’s work tasks.
Division of labor
86
Adam Smith’s most famous work, The Wealth of Nations, opens with a description of?
The division of labor in a pin factory
87
According to the theory of alienation, the division of labor alienates
Human beings from their work by giving workers little control over their jobs and no influence over how or to whom their products are sold
88
Rick is a sociologist who specializes in the study of labor issues. The following explanations explain the difficulties faced by labor unions since 1980
a. Older manufacturing industries have declined while the service sector has risen.
b. There has been a recession in world economic activity associated with high levels of unemployment.
c. The intensity of international competition has increased.
d. Trends toward more flexible production have begun.
e. Increased globalization has weakened workers’ bargaining power.
89
According to the text, labor unions developed to redress the imbalance of power between?
Workers and employers
90
According to the text, capitalism began to spread with the growth of the?century
Industrial Revolution in the nineteenth century
91
Tamara studies modern societies, which are defined by most researchers as capitalistic. She would probably assert that these capitalistic societies share all the following
a. private ownership of the means of production
b. profit as incentive
c. free competition for markets to sell goods, acquire cheap materials, and utilize cheap labor
d. expansion and investment to increase capital
92
According to the text, the combined sales of transnational corporations accounted for over half of the?
Value of goods and services produced by the entire world in 2007
93
Pat has worked in a transnational corporation for the last five years. According to the text, the transnational corporation for which Pat works is most likely not based in the?
United States or in Japan
94
In sociologist Richard Sennett’s study on the skill debate that was cited in the text, because automation had diminished their autonomy?
Workers were powerless to be helpful and make things work again
95
When Edna Bonacich and Richard Appelbaum write about a global “race to the bottom” in the retail-dominated production of clothing, they mean that retailers and manufacturers will go anywhere on earth to pay the lowest possible wages, which results in?
Dismal wages for workers—who are often mere children
96
Are more or less synonymous to sociologists
a. the postindustrial society
b. the information age
c. the “new” economy
d. the knowledge economy
97
Molly is a Keynesian economist, which means that she subscribes to the ideas of John Maynard Keynes. She recently began working as an economic advisor to the president. Just when she started her new job, the country spiraled into economic recession. Molly would probably recommend to her boss to invest in?
Public infrastructure to create jobs to fight the recession
98
Most countries largely abandoned Keynesian policies in the 1970s and 1980s because in the face of economic globalization, governments lost
The ability to control economic life as they once had
99
According to the text, that help to explain why levels of unemployment increased in Western societies in the 1970s and the 1980s
a. the rise of international competition in industries on which Western prosperity used to be founded
b. the worldwide economic recession of the 1980s, which has still not fully abated
c. the increasing use of microelectronics in industry
d. increasing numbers of women in the labor force
100
Sociologists know that the causes of eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia, and obesity reflect
Social factors more than physical or biological factors because they are very recent health problems
101
Elvira is a university professor who teaches and investigates the process by which humans control phenomena regarded as “natural,” such as reproduction. She is especially intrigued by the fact that phenomena that used to be “natural,” or given in nature, have now become social—they depend on our own social decisions. Sociologists use the term ________ of nature to refer to this process
Socialization
102
Mabel is a sociologist who thinks that society usually operates in a smooth and consensual manner. She probably belongs to the
Functionalist school of sociology
103
Talcott Parsons’s notion of the “sick role”
a. A sick person should not be personally blamed for being ill.
b. A sick person should consult a physician.
c. A sick person should not have to work or go to school.
d. A sick person should stay in bed
104
Some sociologists have criticized Talcott Parsons’s notion of the “sick role” because it cannot be?
Applied across all contexts, cultures, and historical periods
105
Miguel is a researcher who studies the ways people interpret the social world and the meanings they ascribe to it. He applies this approach to health and illness as a corrective to some of Talcott Parson’s work. He probably belongs to
Symbolic interactionist school of sociology
106
Mathilda is morbidly obese. She regularly has problems interacting with her family, friends, and strangers due to the stereotypes that abound regarding her illness. She even lost a job once because she could no longer accept the degrading comments made by her coworkers and boss regarding what they perceived as her moral failings for being so obese. Sociologists would use the term
Stigma to refer to her obesity since it is devalued and labeled by society as undesirable
107
Who would ask, How does illness shape individuals’ daily lives?
A symbolic interactionist
108
Most sociologists accept that most of what we now recognize as medicine is a consequence of developments in Western society over the past three centuries. Sociologists would include all of the following items among these developments
a. a trend toward seeing the origins and treatments of disease as physical and explicable in scientific terms
b. the acceptance of the hospital as the setting within which to treat serious illnesses
c. the development of the medical profession as a body with codes of ethics and significant social power
d. the requirement that medical training be systematic and long term
109
A chiropractor practices
Alternative medicine
110
The biomedical model of health refers to the set of principles underpinning Western medical systems and practices that defines diseases objectively, in accordance with the?
Presence of recognized symptoms, and holds that the healthy body can be restored through scientifically based medical treatment
111
When Sonia came to the United States, she was bewildered by the magnitude of healthcare choices available. Some people in her home village in the mountains of Peru seek health advice from local healers who have no formal training. Sonia had learned many of these techniques from a healer in Peru and decided to offer herbal remedies to cancer patients in the United States to combat the side effects of the chemotherapy treatments they were receiving from their doctors. Sociologists use to the term
Complementary medicine to describe what Sonia offers
112
Yu spends most of his time in the countryside picking herbs to use in his place of work. He dries the herbs and makes teas and elixirs for his customers, who are ill people who distrust doctors and Western medicine in general. His clients use his concoctions to treat their maladies instead of going to a doctor. Sociologists use the term
Alternative medicine to describe Yu’s practices
113
Gaia is interested in her health. She often consults health-related Web pages for advice about diet, disease prevention, and treatment. Her activities is an example of a
Trend that sees individuals increasingly becoming health consumers and adopting an active stance toward their own health and well-being
114
The twentieth century has witnessed all the following trends in industrialized societies
a. the virtual eradication of polio
b. a significant increase in life expectancy
c. a precipitous drop in infant mortality rates
d. a rise in standards of health and well-being
115
Brian quit high school before graduating and never returned to school. Joe has a university degree. Each man is equally likely to suffer from
A genetic disease
116
Differences in occupational status lead to inequalities in health and illness even when medical care is fairly evenly distributed because those who work in offices or in domestic settings have less
Risk of injury or exposure to hazardous materials than some manual workers
117
How do some sociologists explain the fact that although Hispanics in the United States have fewer socioeconomic resources than whites, studies have shown that their health—and especially the health of their infants—is just as good as if not better than that of whites?
Studies of the health of Hispanics in the United States focus on those who successfully migrated to the United States and who are believed to be in better health than those who remained in their native countries
118
Put forth by sociologists to explain the health and mortality disadvantage for blacks
a. Blacks as a group have less money than whites.
b. The murder rate for young black males is more than 7.5 times higher than for their white peers.
c. There is a higher prevalence of hypertension among blacks than whites, especially black men.
d. Black women also are far less likely than white women to exercise regularly
119
Some men are less likely to seek annual checkups because they are socialized to believe that
Men should be “traditionally masculine,” strong, and self-sufficient
120
April is a woman, and Jack is a man. Jack is more likely to
Live fewer years than April does
121
Tracy is an African American woman. Barbara is a white American woman. Tracy is significantly more likely to be
Infected with HIV or AIDS than Barbara
122
Clellan Ford and Frank Beach, using anthropological evidence from more than two hundred societies, found that
Striking variations existed among societies in what was regarded as “natural” sexual behavior and in norms of sexual attractiveness
123
Alfred Kinsey’s research, which was begun in the United States in the 1940s and 1950s, was surprising because it revealed a tremendous
Discrepancy between prevailing public expectations of sexual behavior and actual sexual conduct
124
According to the influential Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, homosexuality was considered
A personality disorder until 1980
125
The sociologist Peter Bearman asserted that since males with female twins are about twice as likely to report same-sex attractions than other males are, the parents of opposite-sex twins are more likely to give them unisex treatment, which leads to a
Less traditionally masculine influence on the males, and this demonstrates that social factors influence sexual orientation
126
a. Since the 1960s, the lives of lesbian and gay Americans have become quite normalized.
b. New York City, San Francisco, London, and other large metropolitan areas worldwide have thriving gay and lesbian communities.
c. Coming out is important not only for the individual, but also for others in the larger society because previously closeted lesbians and gays discover they are not alone.
d. Coming out is important not only for the individual, but also for others in the larger society because many heterosexuals recognize that people whom they admire and respect are homosexual
These are all results of
People “coming out”
127
Census Bureau is much more generous. They define a white person as
“a person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa.”
128
If we view race as a biological construct, we believe that racial categories and racial meanings are determined by
biology
129
According to Linnaeus, races were
subspecies of human beings
130
physician Charles White, writing in 1799, believed that Africans, Asians, Europeans and Native Americans were not subspecies of humans, rather, they were altogether
separate species
131
most non-Hispanic Americans still understand race as a
biological construct
132
What percent of Hispanics checked the some other race box and printed in their race.
36.7
133
If we view race as a social construct, we would believe that racial categories and racial meanings are
social creations
134
________ can be created and the rule of ________ can be applied to expand a racial category.
panethnicities, hypodescent
135
racial classification schemes vary from
society to society
136
in apartheid South Africa, the laws recognized a mixed race category called
Coloured
137
In Mexico, people of European, African, and North American ancestry are divided into at least six groups:
Negro (black), Indio (Native American), Hispano (white), mestizo (Native American and white), lobo (Native American and black), and mulatto (white and black)
138
In the United States, we tend to see five races
white, black, Hispanic, Asian, and Native American
139
During the early part of colonial times, the term white only applied to the
English settlers
140
With every new wave of immigration, the definition of whiteness was put into
question
141
In 2012, what percent of Californians were white.
73.7
142
Up until the end of the 17th century, African Americans had specific identities such as
Ibo, Yoruba, and Fulani
143
The anthropologist Marvin Harris refers to the one-drop rule as the rule of
hypo-descent
144
The rule of hypodescent states that a person with any known or recognized ancestry of the subordinate group is automatically classified as
Part of that group rather than the dominant group
145
In the 2000 U.S. Census, for the first time, people of mixed ancestry could indicate
More than one race
146
In the 2010 Census, a little more than _______ people checked off more than one race; that is ____ percent of the population.
9 million, 2.9
147
in Brazil, who gets to be seen as white is affected by
social class
148
only_____ percent of African American students graduate high school on time (compared to ____ percent for white students)
52 , 76
149
laissez faire racism is now the socially acceptable racism of
the post-Civil Rights era
150
Jim Crow refers to the policy of racial segregation that existed in the
south during that time—segregated schools, restaurants, busses, and so on
151
________ is the new kind of racism that has replaced Jim Crow racism
laissez faire racism
152
______ ______ ______ relies on the free-market to sustain the inequality created by hundreds of years of discrimination
laissez faire racism
153
the decline of cotton production made the
Jim Crow system less necessary
154
the success of the Civil Rights Movement was made possible by the decline of the
cotton economy which made Jim Crow less necessary and which led to the mass migration and subsequent sudden increase in the political power of blacks
155
Laissez faire racism also reflects the economic (structural) conditions of the
post-Civil Rights era.
156
According to Kathleen Bogle, hooking up has replaced
traditional dating in prevalence on college campuses.
157
In a survey conducted by David Popenoe and Barbara Whitehead of people in their twenties, they found that ___ percent of never-married singles agreed with the statement that “when you marry you want your spouse to be your soul mate, first and foremost.”
94
158
cohabitation was illegal in all 50 states prior to about
1970
