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Sociology Final Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Religion

A

that institution in society that helps people adjust to those things that are both undesirable and inescapable

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2
Q

Durkheim’s definition of religion

A

a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things
-which unities into one single moral community called a church all those who adhere to them

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3
Q

Symbols

A

signs to which we attach generalized meaning

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4
Q

Binary opposition

A

Normal/Deviant

Good/Evil

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5
Q

Sacred

A

things set apart, forbidden, awe and reverence

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6
Q

Profane

A

all that isn’t sacred; the mundane, every day aspects of life

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7
Q

Ritual

A

required practices, forbidden acts

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8
Q

Shared beliefs

A

purpose and meaning of existence, commonly held moral code

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9
Q

Sociological Conceptions of Religion

A

Durkheim vs Marx vs Weber

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10
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of Bureaucracy

A

?????

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11
Q

Scientific Management- Frederick W. Taylor

A

attempt to apply principles of formal rationality to all industrial production

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12
Q

Hawthorne Studies

A

tested Taylorism (scientific management)

  • the lighting experiment
  • bank-wiring experiment

***Humans control the production process

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13
Q

Three Waves of Migration

A
  1. Classical (Rural to Urban)
  2. From Europe
  3. Classical part 2, Rural Black Farmers
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14
Q

Increased Pluralism added importance to:

A

race and ethnicity

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15
Q

Race

A

a social category based upon some inherited biological characteristic

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16
Q

Ethnicity

A

a social category based upon some cultural trait or characteristic

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17
Q

Increased pluralism contributes to:

A

stereotypes and discrimination

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18
Q

Stereotypes

A

simplified, rigid mental images of what members of certain groups are like

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19
Q

Discrimination

A

the unequal treatment of certain people on the basis of their race, ethnicity, religion, gender

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20
Q

Concentric Zones in Chicago

A
  1. Central Business District
  2. Zone in Transition
  3. Working Class Zone (single family tenements)
  4. Residential Zone (single family homes)
  5. Commuter Zone (suburbs)
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21
Q

Assimilation

A

a process of cooperation in which one ethnic group loses it’s identity

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22
Q

Temporality

A

establishing that x comes before y

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23
Q

Thorstein Sellin’s theory on Crime and Deviance

A

cultural conflict

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24
Q

Frederick Thrasher’s theory on Crime and Deviance

A

gang activity

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25
Daniel Bell's theory on Crime and Deviance
"Crime as an American Way of Life"
26
Cesarare Lombrose's theory on Crime and Deviance
inherited inferiorities or abnormalities
27
Inherited Inferiorities/Abnormalities thought to cause deviance
1. Physique- "Atavistic anomalies" 2. Phrenology- feeling bumps of people's skulls 3. XYY
28
Edwin Sutherland's theory on Crime and Deviance
differential association (depends on who you hang out with)
29
Things Criminals learn (3):
1. Definition of Situation 2. "Skills" 3. Rationalize
30
Gresham Sykes and David Matza's theories on Crime and Deviance
Techniques of neutralization
31
Robert Merton's theories on Crime and Deviance
- strain between cultural goals and legitimate access to goals - anomie
32
______ believes that crime and deviance are functional
Durkheim
33
Labeling Theory
Howard Becker and Edwin Lemert * **not the act, but the societal reaction * **no criminal act that is ALWAYS considered deviant
34
secondary deviance
?????
35
Deviance varies across:
Time, Situation, Culture
36
Negative label is know as a ______
stigma (Spoiled social identity)
37
Sex is a __________ fact
biological
38
Gender is a _____ fact
cultural and social-psychological
39
Sex:
biological characteristics that differentiate women and men
40
Gender:
the socially constructed patterning of masculinity and femininity and of relations between women and men
41
"Doing Gender"
the ongoing process through which people create gender for themselves and others by acting and appearing the way we "should" as men and women
42
Family
institution in society that arranges for: 1. Regulation of Sexual Relations 2. Household Composition 3. Child-rearing
43
Divorce rates
***SEE NOTES
44
Factors predicting success and failure of marriage:
- Education- 1/3 to 1/4 the rate of non grads - Age- nearly 1/2 under 18, 40% under 20, 24% over 25 - Religion- same as gen pop - Region- highest in South and Midwest - Cohabitation- higher risk if cohabiting before marriage
45
______% of custodial parents were mothers
85
46
Lineality vs Locality
know difference
47
Lineality
blood and property lines are traced
48
Locality
where his are raised
49
patrilineal
trace blood and property lines along father
50
Matrilocal and Patrilineal Society
dads name, mom raised
51
3 Great Revolutions
1. Scientific 3. Political 3. Industrial
52
Culture
inherited norms and values of a society
53
Social structure
repeated and predictable patterns of behavior
54
Values
broad general standards about how things ought to be done
55
Norms
rules for how things ought to be done
56
Sanctions
rewards for abiding by the norm/punishments for violating it
57
Status
a social position
58
Role
behavior expected of a person because of the social position they occupy
59
Ascribed vs Achieved Status
born with it vs earned
60
Role Sets
all the social positions a person occupies
61
Role Strain
roles expect contradicting things
62
Socialization
process by which people learn culture and social structure
63
Self emerges through a process of ____________. | Who said this?
symbolic interaction; George Herbert Mead
64
Mead's Theories of Socialization
1. Play Stage- experimenting with a role (imitating, not taking on role) 2. Game stage- purposeful acting out a role (taking on role, not just acting)
65
Freud's Theories of Socialization vs Mead
*****see notes
66
symbolic interaction
how we interact with symbols that carry meaning (language, waving, etc)
67
4 Major Institutions of Society
1. Economy 2. Government 3. Family 4. Religion
68
Economy
arranges for production and distribution of goods
69
Government
distributes power and control
70
Importance of Industrialization for Society?
**************
71
Social Differentiation
different Classes
72
Adam Smith's Specialization Theories
large middle class | **Stable
73
Marx's theories on Specialization
few wealthy, many poor, no middle class * *Unstable * **Alienation
74
Durkheim's theories on Specialization
cautiously optimistic - few wealthy, few poor, a lot of working class * **could produce anomie
75
Weber vs Marx on stratification
??????
76
Household Economy
orientation away from market, produced subsistence, barter/trade of items, ec
77
3 Essential Characteristics of Capitalism
1. The Market 2. Distinct Economic Institutions 3. Profit Orientation
78
Market
impersonal buying and selling of commodities
79
Profit Orientation
allows accumulation of wealth
80
Impact of Specialization on Stratification: | Marx vs Smith
``` Marx: 2 class society Smith: large middle class ```
81
Marx's view on religion
"Opiate of the Masses" - controls people - force used to keep people in line
82
Durkheim's view on religion
- way to produce solidarity | - used to serve functions, convey cultural norms and values, etc
83
Significance of Weber's work?
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
84
Ideal-typical bureaucracy
maximizes efficiency, no nepotism, maximizes productivity
85
Scientific Management vs Hawthorne Studies
1. Scientific Management doesn't account for fact that workers are human 2. People can change behavior in experiment

Sociology (3 decks)

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