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MCAT by TD :) > Sociology MCAT > Flashcards

Sociology MCAT Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Microsociology

A

How INDIVIDUALS navigate society

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2
Q

Macrosociology

A

LARGE-SCALE interactions, involving major social institutions

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3
Q

Achieved status

A

The status that we work to attain.
Ex: college student, physician,…

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4
Q

Ascribed status

A

The status that we have involuntarily (get assigned).
Ex: gender, race,…

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5
Q

Role strain

A

Difficulty handling multiple responsibilities associated with ONE role.
Ex: A researcher has to work at the lab bench, record data, and compose research papers

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6
Q

Role conflict

A

Difficulty handling multiple responsibilities from DIFFERENT ROLES.
Ex: A person tries to fulfill roles of physician, spouse and parent.

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7
Q

Role engulfment

A

When a role EXPANDS TO DOMINATE someone’s life (time and energy)
Ex: A nurse spends 16 hours a day working at the hospital.

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8
Q

Primary group

A

Long-lasting, deep bond among members
Ex: family

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9
Q

Secondary group

A

Short-lasting and superficial relationship
Ex: classmates, work colleagues

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10
Q

Peer group

A

People who are often similar in terms of age, status, background or interests; SELF-SELECTED
Ex: school clubs

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11
Q

Family group

A
  • People with GENETIC relationship, marriage, partnership, adoption; BORN INTO/ MARRY INTO.
  • More tight-knit than peer group
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12
Q

Reference group

A

The group that we COMPARE ourselves to

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13
Q

Formal organization

A
  • Has defined rules for entering and exiting
  • Will continue to exist even when all of its current members are long gone
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14
Q

Coercive organization

A

The one that you are FORCED to be in.
Ex: prison

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15
Q

Normative organization

A

The one that people join based on shared ideal or ethical goal

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16
Q

Utilitarian organization

A

Join to gain material reward (money,…)
Ex: workplace

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17
Q

Bureaucracy

A

Rational, well-organized, impersonal and large administrative system.
Ex: governments, hospitals, schools, corporations,…

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18
Q

Ideal bureaucracy (Max Weber)

A
  • Hierarchical structure
  • Specialization
  • Is run impersonally based on formal rules
  • Recruitment, employment and promotion are based on technical, merit qualifications.
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19
Q

Iron cage of bureaucracy

A

Stagnation in a bureaucratic system due to unchanging rules and procedures

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20
Q

Iron law of oligarchy

A

Any organization that starts off with democratic decision-making will wind up being dominated by a smaller group of decision-makers (oligarchy).

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21
Q

McDonaldization

A

An organizational approach that focuses on efficiency, calculability, uniformity, and technological control.

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22
Q

Functionalism (Emile Durkheim)

A

the ways in which interdependent elements of society work together to promote stability. Focus on FUNCTION of various structures and institutions.

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23
Q

3 important concepts of FUNCTIONALISM

A

Manifest function = intended function
Latent function = UNintended function
Latent dysfunction = UNintended NEGATIVE consequences

Ex: University provides education for student -> manifest
University also provides a credential for getting a job after college

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24
Q

Conflict theory

A

COMPETITION btw different groups for RESOURCES and POWER

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25
Symbolic interactionism
(microsociology) How people INTERACT using symbols which are sth we have a shared meaning. Ex: hand-shaking, Tet holiday
26
Social constructionism
How people in a society develop **CONSTRUCTED MEANING** of the world. Social constructs can be fluid because they change as society changes. Ex: gender roles, love, patriotism, the meaning of holidays
27
Symbolic interactionism vs. Social constructionism
Symbolic interactionism: focus on people **interacting** with each other in **symbolic activities** Social constructionism: focus on how we **build/ construct** those symbols
28
Rational choice theory
People choose to act based on their certain preferences and goals. Ex: Student choose to study during weekend to finish essay instead of hanging out with friends because she values her school performance more.
29
Social exchange theory
Self-interest and views social interactions as _involving interchanges with costs and rewards_ Ex: You invest time and energy into a friendship, and you receive benefits like companionship and support.
30
Rational choice theory vs Social exchange theory
- Rational choice theory is applied in social exchange theory - Rational choice: how people** make choices** - Social exchange: **actual interactions**
31
Feminist theory
Social **inequalities based on gender** including various phenomena (gender roles, inequalities btw men and women in social and occupational settings). This includes but is not limited to conflict btw men and women.
32
Hidden curriculum
What is not officially included in the curriculum (values, norms, and ways of interacting with others) Ex: toxic and judgemental attitudes towards patients based on socioeconomic status. ! Hidden curriculum does not have to be negative
33
Educational segregation
**Uneven distribution** of students in school based on _race, ethnicity or poverty_
34
# Define and give examples Educational stratification | (Hint: Stratification = arrange things in layers/ levels)
Layers of students based on **socioeconomic status** Ex: Rich family can access more educational resources for their children. Schools put high-achieving students on a track towards college while lower-achieving students on a track towards voactional options.
35
Expectancy theory | (Education)
(microsociology) Teachers' expectations of their students impact students' performance
36
On what is **kinship of descent** based on? | (family)
Based on shared ancestry
37
# Provide examples: Kinship of affinity | (family)
Marriage, adoption
38
Classify kinships based on degrees of closeness | (family)
Primary kin: very close bond (parent-child, marriage, sibblings) Secondary kin: primary kin of your primary kin (sibling's spouse) Tertiary kin: primary kin of your secondary kin, or secondary kin of primary kin (brother-in-law's parent, your sibling's sister-in-law)
39
Secularization | (religion)
A trend in which modernization decreases people's religiosity
40
Fundamentalism
uncompromising, extreme approach to religion that emphasize the **superiority of fundamentalist groups** over other faith communities
41
# Define Power of government
ability to **influence** behavior of others and even **compel** certain behaviors Ex: If you don't pay tax, you get fined.
42
Authority of government
**legitimacy and right** of government to structure citizens' lives Ex: People feel paying tax is the right thing to do to contribute to all the services that the government provides.
43
Monarchy | (Chế độ quân chủ)
Rulership or sovereignty is passed down in a defined succession, usually through family networks.
44
2 major types of monarchy
1. **Constitutional monarchy**: a consitution puts restrictions in place on a monarch's power. A monarch coexists with an elected government. Ex: United Kingdom 2. **Absolute monarchy**: the king or queen is the sole person in charge
45
Authoritarianism | (Chế độ độc tài)
Citizens have no input into the government, and are expected to obey whatever the government decides.
46
Soft authoritarian system vs. Totalitarianism | (Both belongs to authoritarianism)
**Soft authoritarian system**: there may be some elections with limited choice of candidates. **Totalitarianism**: Government regulates all aspects of citizens' lives. Any form of dissent can be brutally punished.
47
Democracy | (Chế độ dân chủ)
A system where people vote
48
Direct democracy
People vote for law _themselves_
49
Indirect democracy (Democratic republics/ Representative democracy)
People vote for _representatives_ who then make laws (Ex: federal government of the US)
50
Capitalism
* Usually democratic nations * Private ownership * Libertarianism: a movement that tries to minimize the role of gov
51
Socialism
- social ownership and workers' self-management - **collective **ownership and distribution - state regulation
52
Communism | (Chủ nghĩa cộng sản)
Utopian society, class-less, state-less and free of hierarchy
53
Medicalization
When a condition that was previously not considered as a medical disorder comes to be described as such and is treated by medical professionals. Ex: Depression used to be considered as being possessed by devils, but now is treated as medical condition.
54
Sick role
people with illness are exempt from certain responsibilities, but are also expected to follow doctors' medical instructions to get better.
55
# True/ False The framework of sick role works better for acute illness like flu than it does for chronic conditions.
True
56
# True/ False + Explain Dyad (group of 2) is more stable that triad (group of 3)
True. If conflict arises, dyad easily breaks up. In triad, a person can mediate the problem and keep the group.
57
Paternalism | (in healthcare)
Physicians make decisions on patients' behalf without giving them much input or information about their conditions. (Like how parents make decisions on their children's behalf)
58
4 principles of medical ethics
1. **Beneficence** = acting for patient's benefit/ best interest 2. **Nonmaleficence** = do no harm. Or the harm of treatment has to be balanced by its benefits 3. **Respect forpatient autonomy** = patients have the right to make their own decisions, even when those decisions contradict medical advice (Exceptions: children or people that cannot make their own decisions) 4. **Justice** = Doctor's obligation to provide care equally and fairly
59
illness experience
how people conceive of and experience becoming ill, decide whether or not to seek care and recover. Ex: some people may see cancer as battle while others consider it as punishment.
60
Epidemiology
study disease transmission and its causes in relation to other dimensions, such as age, sex, race, geography,...
61
Social epidemiology
Focuses on how social factors contribute to illness and health. - Low socioeconomic status is associated with poor health outcomes.
62
Construct validity
Whether or not measures actually assess the variables that they are intended to assess.
63
External validity
The extent to which we can generalize results onto different experimental settings or real life situations.
64
Major theoritical approaches to sociology
65
Religion and social change
66
Relisiosity (Religiousness)
The degree to which an individual internalizes and incorporates that religion into their lives, demonstrated by behaviors and beliefs.
67
Religious affiliation
An individual identifying with a specific religious group. _Not_ synonymous with living one’s life according to the principles, behaviors, customs of that religion. Ex: One may consider oneself to be Catholic but not attend church.
68
Power vs Authority

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