Sociology Mid-Term Flashcards
(48 cards)
What is social construction?
An idea or practice that a group of people agree exists and is maintained over time because people take its existence for granted.
What is social order?
The result of norms internalized through socialization.
Who focused on social facts and believed sociology should study them scientifically?
Émile Durkheim
What is organic solidarity?
Cohesion that results from the various parts of society functioning as an integrated whole.
What is social constraint according to Durkheim?
The conditioning influence on behavior by groups and societies.
What did Karl Marx see as the main dynamic of modern development?
The expansion of capitalism.
What did Max Weber emphasize in his sociological thinking?
The rationalization of social and economic life and the importance of cultural ideas and values on social change.
Define primary socialization.
The socialization process that occurs from infancy to early childhood.
Define secondary socialization.
The socialization process that continues from early childhood through adult life.
Who introduced the concepts of significant other and generalized other?
George Herbert Mead
What is the generalized other?
An individual understands general values of a group/society during the socialization process.
List the agents of socialization.
- Families
- Schools
- Peer relationships
- Mass media
- Work
What constitutes the social self?
The basis of consciousness in human individuals, consisting of ‘I’ (reflexive) and ‘Me’ (social self).
What is the relationship between individual and society?
Individuals always exist in relation to others, and this relationship has a structure specific to their society.
What is social structure?
Provides rules and resources that people must navigate, including statuses, roles, groups, networks, and institutions.
What does agency refer to in sociology?
Acting on one’s own will, shaped by structural rules and available resources.
What is the looking-glass self?
Developed from our interpretations of how others see us, according to Charles Horton Cooley.
What is collective consciousness?
The totality of beliefs and sentiments common to average citizens of the same society.
What is collective effervescence?
When individuals transcend normal, everyday experiences.
True or False: Sociologists believe all behavior is governed by instinct.
False
What is labeling theory?
The theory that people become ‘deviant’ because certain labels are attached to their behavior.
Define primary deviation.
Actions that cause others to label one as deviant.
Define secondary deviation.
Occurs when an individual accepts the label of deviant and acts accordingly.
What are folkways?
Norms about customs and etiquette.
