Sociology Test 2

Question 1

etiology

Answer 1

identification of the causes of disease patterns

Question 2

physical environment

Answer 2

potential for and impact of exposure to disease-inducing substances

Question 3

social environment

Answer 3

stressful vs. secure life; health implications

Question 4

differential susceptibility

Answer 4

individual opportunities for occupational success are influenced by their physical characteristics, such as appearance and height

Question 5

individual lifestyle

Answer 5

health habits and personal and social behaviors; impact of education

Question 6

differential access/response to health care services

Answer 6

institutionally-based and systematic differences in access to and propensity to use services

Question 7

reverse causality

Answer 7

health issues impact position in social structure as opposed to social structure influencing health status

Question 8

proximate risk factors

Answer 8

health-related individual behaviors (diet, exercise, use of tabacco and alcohol, control of stress, and other aspects of lifestyle)

Question 9

fundamental causes

Answer 9

underlying social conditions (socioeconomic status, social inequality, community, exposure to stressful events, presence or absence of supportive social networks, etc).

Question 10

The Human Genome Project (HGP)

Answer 10

generating the first sequence of the human genome - provided fundamental information about the human blueprint

Question 11

coronary heart disease (CHD)

Answer 11

due to buildup of plaque of cholesterol and other fatty substances or a blood clot, the blood flow is severely restricted and the heart may not receive enough blood to meet its needs.

Question 12

hypertension (high blood pressure)

Answer 12

an abnormally large amount of force is exerted against the arterial walls

Question 13

stroke

Answer 13

part of the brain does not receive the amount of blood it requires

Question 14

cancer

Answer 14

a group of diseases that are characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells

Question 15

benign tumors

Answer 15

not cancerous

Question 16

malignant tumors

Answer 16

cancerous

Question 17

localized

Answer 17

when cancer cells remain at the original site

Question 18

metastasized

Answer 18

when cancer cells spread

Question 19

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Answer 19

an infectious disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Question 20

alzheimer’s disease

Answer 20

a chronic, degenerative illness of the central nervous system

Question 21

stress

Answer 21

a state of imbalance within a person, elicited by an actual or perceived disparity between environmental demands and the person’s capacity to cope with these demands

Question 22

homeostasis

Answer 22

a state in which the body’s physiologic processes are in balance and are properly coordinated

Question 23

general adaptation syndrome

Answer 23

physiological reaction to events we experience

Question 24

macro perspective

Answer 24

social forces and social organization

Question 25

micro perspective

Answer 25

personal social environments in which people function on a day-to-day basis

Question 26

role overload

Answer 26

demands exceed our ability to meet them

Question 27

role overload

Answer 27

demands exceed our ability to meet them

Question 28

interrole conflict

Answer 28

demands of two or more roles are conflicting

Question 29

role captivity

Answer 29

individual is in an unwanted role

Question 30

role restructuring

Answer 30

long established patterns need restructuring

Question 31

the thomas theorem

Answer 31

if situations are defined as real, they are real in their consequences

Question 32

mediators of stress

Answer 32

factors that modify the stressor/stress outcome relationship

Question 33

coping

Answer 33

responses people make to prevent, avoid, or control stress

Question 34

exposure hypothesis

Answer 34

people in the lower social classes are exposed to more stressful life experiences

Question 35

vulnerability hypothesis

Answer 35

the lower class is more vulnerable to health problems because of inadequate financial resources and social support

Question 36

prescriptive

Answer 36

doing the right thing

Question 37

proscriptive

Answer 37

avoid doing the wrong thing

Question 38

agency

Answer 38

our actions as individuals, choices, decisions, etc.

Question 39

structure

Answer 39

resources that empower or constrain social action