Sociology Unit 2

Question 1

the knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society

Answer 1

Culture

Question 2

large social grouping that occupies the same geographic territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant culture expectations

Answer 2

Society

Question 3

Anything that is made in or used in that territorial area/society (car)

Answer 3

material aspect of culture

Question 4

beliefs of that society or how people think and what they do

Answer 4

Nonmaterial aspect of culture

Question 5

Something that is found widely across all cultures (sports)

Answer 5

cross cultural universal

Question 6

something that is found widely in a specific society (football, monogamy)

Answer 6

cultural universal

Question 7

subsections of the main culture; share the wider beliefs of society even though they do things their own way

Answer 7

subculture

Question 8

their beliefs directly counter the culture

Answer 8

Counter culture

Question 9

those people who believe that they shouldn’t pay taxes; everything should be their way; in direct opposition to the way things are done; believe they can overtake and correct things the way they want sometimes violently; tend not to be tolerated

Answer 9

Survivalists

Question 10

3 ways to introduce change into a social group

Answer 10

discovery, invention, diffusion

Question 11

coming up with a new way of perceiving something

Answer 11

discovery

Question 12

putting something together in a different way to come up with something new

Answer 12

invention

Question 13

to spread; when one cultural group meets another cultural group, you might bring back something from their culture and share it with others

Answer 13

diffusion

Question 14

our material and nonmaterial aspects are spread/diffused throughout the world

Answer 14

culture imperialism

Question 15

one element of the culture lagged behind the other; explains why groups in society struggle in adapting to change

Answer 15

cultural lag

Question 16

something that stands for something else

Answer 16

symbol

Question 17

the words that we use shape how we think about things

Answer 17

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Question 18

what your position is in regard to something

Answer 18

status

Question 19

something that is given to you at birth and you have no control over

Answer 19

ascribed status

Question 20

status you earn

Answer 20

Achieved status

Question 21

status that overrides the other; the primary status of which one gets their self an identity

Answer 21

master status

Question 22

how you’re expected to act in a society

Answer 22

roles

Question 23

how you’re supposed to act according to gender

Answer 23

gender roles

Question 24

when the role expectations are unclear

Answer 24

role ambiguity

Question 25

beliefs of society

Answer 25

values

Question 26

critical value that runs through the whole society

Answer 26

core values

Question 27

how you're supposed to act

Answer 27

norms

Question 28

general guidelines for behavior; more prevalent in society

Answer 28

folkways (weak norms)

Question 29

required behavior

Answer 29

Mores (strong norms)

Question 30

laws

Answer 30

codified mores

Question 31

something that is so hateful in society that you wouldn't even think about doing it

Answer 31

taboos

Question 32

official stamp that society gives to something ; grades

Answer 32

formal sanction

Question 33

non official; smile or frown

Answer 33

informal sanction

Question 34

most prevalent especially when one culture meets another culture; judging others from your own point of view; most pronounced for those who have travelled internationally

Answer 34

ethnocentrism

Question 35

when you judge the other person as better because they are different from you

Answer 35

Xenocentrism

Question 36

shock or confusion at what the other people are doing

Answer 36

cultural shock

Question 37

be relative in your judgement of other cultures; suspend your judgement and try to understand why people do what they do

Answer 37

cultural relativism

Question 38

learning how to act within a social group; the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society

Answer 38

socialization

Question 39

the systematic study of "social behavior from a biological perspective"

Answer 39

sociobiology

Question 40

loneliness, not around people

Answer 40

social isolation

Question 41

psychologist that explained how people act

Answer 41

Freud

Question 42

Freud's term for the conscience that consists of the moral and ethical aspects of personality

Answer 42

super ego

Question 43

Freud's term for the rational, reality-oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on the innate pleasure-seeking drives of the id.

Answer 43

ego

Question 44

Freud's term for the component of personality that includes all of the individual's basic biological drives and needs that demand immediate gratification

Answer 44

id

Question 45

psychologist who dealt with the stages of cognitive development; our mind develops at a certain pace along with our body

Answer 45

Jean Piaget

Question 46

"significant other"; refers to the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others

Answer 46

Looking-glass self

Question 47

"general other"; the process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person or group in order to understand the world from that person's or group's point of view

Answer 47

Role-taking

Question 48

The totality of our beliefs and feelings about ourselves

Answer 48

self-concept

Question 49

those persons who care, affection, and approval are especially desired and who are most important in the development of the self

Answer 49

significant others

Question 50

"general other"; Mead's term for the child's awareness of the demands and expectations of the society as a whole or of the child's subculture

Answer 50

generalized other

Question 51

the process of learning that begins at birth and occurs in the home and family

Answer 51

primary socialization

Question 52

the process of learning that takes place outside the home - in settings such as school, religious organizations, and the workplace - and helps individuals learn how to act in appropriate ways in various situations

Answer 52

secondary socialization

Question 53

change according to who you are around; constantly someone different depending on their "stage"

Answer 53

dramaturgical approach

Question 54

the process of learning that takes place when adult move into new settings where they must accept certain ideas or engage in specific behaviors that are appropriate to that specific setting

Answer 54

tertiary socialization

Question 55

we by our interpretation of events make our own reality

Answer 55

social construction of reality

Question 56

always managing our impressions so others will think better of us

Answer 56

managing face/impression management

Question 57

social blunder occurs; our mask falls for impressions

Answer 57

mask slippage

Question 58

when we are trying to fix mask slippage

Answer 58

face work

Question 59

when someone else is trying to hep us reassert our face

Answer 59

studied nonobservation

Question 60

when the person pretends not to see

Answer 60

passive nonobservation

Question 61

when the person notices and helps the person over up their blunder

Answer 61

active nonobservation

Question 62

persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society

Answer 62

agents of socialization

Question 63

what are the 4 main agents of socialization?

Answer 63

family, peers, school, and media

Question 64

others or the media have told us how to act when we move to a new stage of the live course; the process of which knowledge and skills are learned for future roles

Answer 64

anticipatory socialization

Question 65

the aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of being male or female in a specific group or society

Answer 65

gender socialization

Question 66

the aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of our racial or ethnic status as it relates to our identity, interpersonal relationships, and location in the social hierarchy

Answer 66

racial socialization

Question 67

a situation in which a person or group is considered to have less social value than other individuals or groups

Answer 67

social devaluation

Question 68

prejudice and discrimination against people on the basis of age

Answer 68

ageism

Question 69

the parent teaches the child but the child can also teach the parent

Answer 69

reverse socialization

Question 70

the process of learning a new and different set of attitudes, values, and behaviors from those in one's background and previous experience

Answer 70

resocialization

Question 71

Goffman's term for a place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and are under the control of the officials who run the institution ; some have control over your life 24/7

Answer 71

total institution

Question 72

someone who has been exposed to a total institution and has taken on the personality of it

Answer 72

institutional personality

Question 73

What are the 3 components of society?

Answer 73

Culture, geographical territory, shared political structure

Question 74

Things we believe we should be doing

Answer 74

ideal

Question 75

things we actually do

Answer 75

real

Question 76

when we are supposed to do one thing but do something else

Answer 76

value contradiction

Question 77

Fear things that are foreign

Answer 77

xenophobia

Question 78

should judge their culture from their vantage point

Answer 78

cultural relativism

Question 79

people try to manage their impressions so that others will think well of them

Answer 79

impression management