the knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society
Culture
large social grouping that occupies the same geographic territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant culture expectations
Society
Anything that is made in or used in that territorial area/society (car)
material aspect of culture
beliefs of that society or how people think and what they do
Nonmaterial aspect of culture
Something that is found widely across all cultures (sports)
cross cultural universal
something that is found widely in a specific society (football, monogamy)
cultural universal
subsections of the main culture; share the wider beliefs of society even though they do things their own way
subculture
their beliefs directly counter the culture
Counter culture
those people who believe that they shouldn’t pay taxes; everything should be their way; in direct opposition to the way things are done; believe they can overtake and correct things the way they want sometimes violently; tend not to be tolerated
Survivalists
3 ways to introduce change into a social group
discovery, invention, diffusion
coming up with a new way of perceiving something
discovery
putting something together in a different way to come up with something new
invention
to spread; when one cultural group meets another cultural group, you might bring back something from their culture and share it with others
diffusion
our material and nonmaterial aspects are spread/diffused throughout the world
culture imperialism
one element of the culture lagged behind the other; explains why groups in society struggle in adapting to change
cultural lag
something that stands for something else
symbol
the words that we use shape how we think about things
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
what your position is in regard to something
status
something that is given to you at birth and you have no control over
ascribed status
status you earn
Achieved status
status that overrides the other; the primary status of which one gets their self an identity
master status
how you’re expected to act in a society
roles
how you’re supposed to act according to gender
gender roles
when the role expectations are unclear
role ambiguity
beliefs of society
values
critical value that runs through the whole society
core values
how you’re supposed to act
norms
general guidelines for behavior; more prevalent in society
folkways (weak norms)
required behavior
Mores (strong norms)
laws
codified mores
something that is so hateful in society that you wouldn’t even think about doing it
taboos
official stamp that society gives to something ; grades
formal sanction
non official; smile or frown
informal sanction
most prevalent especially when one culture meets another culture; judging others from your own point of view; most pronounced for those who have travelled internationally
ethnocentrism
when you judge the other person as better because they are different from you
Xenocentrism
shock or confusion at what the other people are doing
cultural shock
be relative in your judgement of other cultures; suspend your judgement and try to understand why people do what they do
cultural relativism
learning how to act within a social group; the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society
socialization
the systematic study of “social behavior from a biological perspective”
sociobiology
loneliness, not around people
social isolation
psychologist that explained how people act
Freud
Freud’s term for the conscience that consists of the moral and ethical aspects of personality
super ego
Freud’s term for the rational, reality-oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on the innate pleasure-seeking drives of the id.
ego
Freud’s term for the component of personality that includes all of the individual’s basic biological drives and needs that demand immediate gratification
id
psychologist who dealt with the stages of cognitive development; our mind develops at a certain pace along with our body
Jean Piaget
“significant other”; refers to the way in which a person’s sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others
Looking-glass self
“general other”; the process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person or group in order to understand the world from that person’s or group’s point of view
Role-taking
The totality of our beliefs and feelings about ourselves
self-concept
those persons who care, affection, and approval are especially desired and who are most important in the development of the self
significant others
“general other”; Mead’s term for the child’s awareness of the demands and expectations of the society as a whole or of the child’s subculture
generalized other
the process of learning that begins at birth and occurs in the home and family
primary socialization
the process of learning that takes place outside the home - in settings such as school, religious organizations, and the workplace - and helps individuals learn how to act in appropriate ways in various situations
secondary socialization
change according to who you are around; constantly someone different depending on their “stage”
dramaturgical approach
the process of learning that takes place when adult move into new settings where they must accept certain ideas or engage in specific behaviors that are appropriate to that specific setting
tertiary socialization
we by our interpretation of events make our own reality
social construction of reality
always managing our impressions so others will think better of us
managing face/impression management
social blunder occurs; our mask falls for impressions
mask slippage
when we are trying to fix mask slippage
face work
when someone else is trying to hep us reassert our face
studied nonobservation
when the person pretends not to see
passive nonobservation
when the person notices and helps the person over up their blunder
active nonobservation
persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society
agents of socialization
what are the 4 main agents of socialization?
family, peers, school, and media
others or the media have told us how to act when we move to a new stage of the live course; the process of which knowledge and skills are learned for future roles
anticipatory socialization
the aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of being male or female in a specific group or society
gender socialization
the aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of our racial or ethnic status as it relates to our identity, interpersonal relationships, and location in the social hierarchy
racial socialization
a situation in which a person or group is considered to have less social value than other individuals or groups
social devaluation
prejudice and discrimination against people on the basis of age
ageism
the parent teaches the child but the child can also teach the parent
reverse socialization
the process of learning a new and different set of attitudes, values, and behaviors from those in one’s background and previous experience
resocialization
Goffman’s term for a place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and are under the control of the officials who run the institution ; some have control over your life 24/7
total institution
someone who has been exposed to a total institution and has taken on the personality of it
institutional personality
What are the 3 components of society?
Culture, geographical territory, shared political structure
Things we believe we should be doing
ideal
things we actually do
real
when we are supposed to do one thing but do something else
value contradiction
Fear things that are foreign
xenophobia
should judge their culture from their vantage point
cultural relativism
people try to manage their impressions so that others will think well of them
impression management