SOCSCI 1 M33

Question 1

It is to think about something
(external to the individual)

Answer 1

Reflection

Question 2

It is to think about the
process of thinking itself

Answer 2

Reflexive (Reflexiveness or Reflexivity)

A kind of Metacognition

Question 3

Second level of symbolicity

Answer 3

Idiom or literary language, figurative language, etc.

Question 4

Refers to the view that the self is all that can
be known to exist. Even if something exists, it cannot be known, only its appearance.

Answer 4

Solipsism

Question 5

In psychology, it refers to self-centeredness, a sense of entitlement, a lack of empathy, need
for admiration as characteristic of a personality type

Also lacks second level of awareness

Self-centeredness and vain self-reflection

Answer 5

Narcissism

Question 6

In psychiatry, it refers to the inability to distinguish
self from external objects as characteristic of a mental disorder

Answer 6

Self-centeredness

Question 6

Who said “To be a questioner in reality is to locate oneself as part of the questionable and also the source of questions”

Answer 6

Natanson

Question 7

In the most general sense, ‘reflexive,’ ‘reflexiveness,’ and ‘reflexivity’ “describes the capacity of language and of thought — of any system of signification — “To turn or bend back upon itself, to become an object to itself, and to refer to itself”

Answer 7

Babcock

Question 8

When we think, then, we ourselves, as we are at that moment appear as a sign

Answer 8

Pierce

(Semiotics)

Question 9

They attain that status (of meaning) when they become a symbol

Answer 9

Signs (otherwise has no meaning)

Question 10

“As a paradox, ‘reflexivity’ refers to consciousness of self-consciousness in which the mind by its own operation attempts to say something about its operation”

Answer 10

Bateson

(Bateson, Steps to an Ecology of
the Mind, 1972; Colie (Paradoxia Epidemica, 1966).

Question 11

Who said performative utterances e.g. promises are reflexive acts

Answer 11

John Austin

Perry - follower of Austin

Question 12

In phenomenology, they conceived of reflexivity as an embodied institution tied to temporality and situation; the process of rendering experience meaningful —the inevitable and necessary ‘framing ’ that everyone engages in. Reflexivity is retrospective and context-bound.

Answer 12

Schutz and Merleau-Ponty

Schutz (Barber, “Alfred Schutz,” 2018) and Merleau-Ponty (The Self as Embodied Subjectivity, in Fusar-Poli and Stranghellini, 2009)

Question 13

“[It] is by means of reflexiveness that the whole social process is brought into the experience of the individuals involved in it.” “[R]eflexiveness, then, is the essential condition, within the social process, for the development of mind”

Answer 13

Reflexiveness as a whole social process

Question 14

Defined reflexiveness as “the turning back of experience of the individual upon himself.”

Answer 14

Mead

(Mind, Self and Society 1934, p. 134).

Question 15

History of Ideas — History is not only about events, people, and places; it is also about ideas

Answer 15

Fisher

(J. Fisher 1970).

Question 15

Archaeology of knowledge — ‘Doing’ a ‘history of ideas’ is doing what he calls ‘archeology of knowledge’

Answer 15

Michel Foucault

(Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in
the Age of Reason, 1961).

Question 15

Synonym for Merton’s interpersonal expectancy effect or “Matthew effect”

Answer 15

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 16

Popper introduced the Oedipus effect in this work

Answer 16

Poverty of Historicism

Question 17

Initiated ‘structurationism’ by postulating a dialectics between society and individual; that is, societies produce individuals and individuals produce society.

Answer 17

Berger and Luckmann

(The Social Construction of Reality, 1967)

Question 18

The following furthered the idea initiated upon by
Berger and Luckmann:

Answer 18

Bhaskar
Bourdieu
Dawe
Giddens
Sayer
Touraine

Bhaskar (The Possibility of Naturalism, 1979);
Bourdieu (Outline of a Theory of Practice, 1977);
Dawe (“Theories of Social Action,” 1979);
Giddens (1976, 1981);
Sayer (Marx’s Method: Ideology, Science and Critique in ‘Capital’ 1979);
Touraine (The Self Production of Society, 1977).

Question 18

Practical consciousness: Bourdieu called it – a semi-structure and Giddens – ‘institution’ (citing Radcliffe-Brown, “standardized modes of behavior”) and ‘system’ (principles, rules that govern the operations of something, e.g., social system), as situated ‘practices’ (located, placed, in context).

Answer 18

Habitus

Question 19

Production involves capable, conscious agents who aim not only to reconstitute structure but also transform it

Answer 19

Bhaskar — transformational model

Question 20

Giddens endorsed this on structuration theory — For Giddens, social systems are stretched across time and space. This dissolves the distinction
between:

Answer 20

Synchronic and Diachronic

Question 21

Introduced structuration theory

Answer 21

Giddens

Question 21

Concept referring to intentional activities whereby individuals seek to satisfy their needs and goals

Answer 21

Agency

Question 22

Refers to inability to distinguish between external object and self

Answer 22

Self-centeredness

Question 22

Structural properties of social systems are both the medium and outcome of practices that constitute those systems

Answer 22

Gidden's duality of structures

Question 23

Radical of reflection, reflexivity, or reflectiveness which also means to bend

Answer 23

To flex (they are derivatives of "Flex")

Question 24

'Reflexive’ has been used since 1837 to describe pronouns, verbs, and their significations that are “characterized by, or denote, a reflex action on the subject of the clause or sentence”

Answer 24

Grammar

Question 25

Whereby a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa, e.g., “All hands on deck”, meaning all (hands) sailors; “Nice wheels,” meaning “car”

Answer 25

Synecdoche

Question 26

A word or phrase that calls something to mind without mentioning it, an indirect reference, e.g., “Perched upon a bust of Pallas just above my chamber door —” (from The Raven, Edgar Allan Poe). “Allusion to Pallas to show the burst of wisdom, as Pallas is the Greek Goddess of Wisdom” (Pallas Athena); “I’m listening to the king” (Elvis Presley)

Answer 26

Allusion

Question 27

Whereby a concept is referred to by the name of something closely associated with that thing or concept, e.g., “Oval Office” for the US presidency, “Bollywood” for the Indian Film Industry, “wheels’ for car.

Answer 27

Metonymy

Question 28

The attribution of human nature, characteristics on nonhuman or the representation of an abstract quality in human form, e.g., (a) non-human: in Upper Bagobo folktale, Lakivot, a civet, taking a human partner, “sun-kissed mangoes,” “more birds joined the chorus”; (b) abstract idea: the Roman goddess Libertas, Marianne, the national personification of the French Republic and its values of Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité, or Liberty on USA coins.

Answer 28

Personification

Question 29

Compares 2 things using the words “like” or “as” to draw attention to the comparison

Answer 29

Simile

Question 30

Compares 2 things without using the words “like” or “as” to refer to refer to one thing by mentioning another, to provide clarity or identity between 2 different ideas

Answer 30

Metaphor

Question 31

Suffix of reflect meaning "outer"

Answer 31

— ect

Question 32

‘Reflect’ is formed by the prefix ‘re’ meaning

Answer 32

— Again and again

Question 33

In the past, reflection was used synonymously with reflexivity. They (three philosophers) used reflection to denote the knowledge that the mind has of itself and its operations, in contrast to mere “thinking” about matters external to the mind itself.

Answer 33

—Spinoza, Locke, Leibniz ## Footnote Locke (Uzgalis, “John Locke,” 2001), Spinoza (Nadler, “Baruch Spinoza,” 2001), Leibniz (Kulstad, “Leibniz’s Philosophy of Mind,” 1997), and others

Question 34

Who used to reflexively to denote the ability to raise oneself above oneself in contrast to vain self-reflection

Answer 34

Fichte

Question 35

Requisite to knowledge production

Answer 35

Depends on the approach towards knowledge or morality in the approach towards truth (Rationalism/Empiricism/Synthetic A Priori/Analytic A Priori)

Question 36

Give 3 important theorists whose texts were published by others

Answer 36

Marx De Saussure Gramsci ## Footnote Marx notes on stages of social development Engels used in Origin of the Family-Private property and the state 1884, De Saussure course on linguistics 1916, Gramsci prison notebooks (Concept of Hegemony) 1948

Question 37

5 steps of reflexive writing

Answer 37

preparation, incubation, intimation, illumination, verification

Question 38

Conceptualization, data gathering, and reflection

Answer 38

Preparation

Question 39

Distancing putting research projects aside to make sense of data gathered

Answer 39

Incubation

Question 40

Concepts begin to form and the outcome of the research project begins to emerge engaging in critique or evaluation

Answer 40

Intimation

Question 41

Integration of info including instantaneous insights exploring testing new ideas (Eureka moments)

Answer 41

Illumination

Question 42

Referring the ideas (solutions, answers back to research question) back to objectives or collecting feedback and refining solutions that may lead to breakthrough ideas

Answer 42

Verification

Question 43

In everyday life, we use words without clarifying their meanings. However, in academic activities, they are necessary and used for purposes of clarity

Answer 43

Distinctions

Question 44

Refers to mirror image

Answer 44

‘reflection’

Question 45

Means ‘deep thought

Answer 45

‘reflective’

Question 46

First appeared in English in 1588; used as early as 1640 to refer to the capacity of mental operations to be “turned or directed back upon the mind itself” (Babcock 1987). ’ Has been used since 1837 to describe pronouns, verbs, and their significations that are “characterized by, or denote, a reflex action on the subject of the clause or sentence”

Answer 46

‘reflexive’ (adj.)

Question 47

Who said: Reflect’ does not have the second level of symbolicity, the capacity to develop symbol systems about symbol systems

Answer 47

Burke ## Footnote (K. Burke, Language as Symbolic Action, 1966).

Question 48

Refers to “a word or phrase used in non-literal sense for rhetorical or vivid effect,” or “a word of phrase that possesses a different meaning from its literal definition. To say the least, it is the poetic, literary, language.

Answer 48

Figurative language

Question 49

Is confused with reflexivity. The former denotes awareness of self and the latter consciousness of it.

Answer 49

Self-consciousness

Question 50

In Western Philosophy, it is a given human quality. An individual does not only think but also thinks of herself as a thinker: “to be a questioner in reality, locate oneself as part of the questionable and also as the source of questions” (Natanson)

Answer 50

Reflexivity

Question 51

Reflexivity is understood as “a series of exchanges between subject and object, or between individual consciousness and social reality.”

Answer 51

Babcock (Babcock 1987)

Question 52

These definitions recall Socrates’ view of thought not only as _________________ but also the conception of the self as reciprocal, dialogical”

Answer 52

“internal dialogue" — Reflective/Reflexive (Babcock 1987).

Question 53

Following Pierce, other thinkers argue that all systems of signification are inherently and necessarily reflexive. “

Answer 53

(meaning-making)

Question 54

“Every enunciation involves a kind of lateral statement about language, about itself, and includes a kind of self–designation within its very structure”

Answer 54

(Jameson, The Prison House of Language, 1972, p. 202).

Question 55

Some in Social Science associate reflexivity with:

Answer 55

Giddens and Bordieu

Question 56

This shows that the idea occurs in such concepts as Thomas and Thomas’ the ‘Thomas Theorem,’ Merton’s ‘Self-fulfilling Prophesy’ and ‘Matthew Effect,’ Popper’s ‘The Oedipus Effect,’ and so forth.

Answer 56

History of reflexivity

Question 57

States that: “If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences” (p. 572).

Answer 57

Thomas in The Child in America (1928). The idea of Thomas and Thomas about the subjectivity of the situation has come to be known the Thomas Theorem,

Question 58

That is, facts do not have an existence independent from the individual who observes and interprets them (A Dictionary of Sociology, 3rd ed.).

Answer 58

Thomas Theorem

Question 59

also called the 'interpersonal expectancy effect’ describes a phenomenon whereby one’s expectation of how another person would behave brings about the expected result.

Answer 59

Self-fulfilling prophecy — In “Contested memory: Notes on Robert K. Merton's ‘Thomas Theorem and the Matthew Effect’” (1999), Smith states that Merton’s concept of ‘self-fulfilling prophecy’ is based on the ‘Thomas Theorem’.

Question 60

The so-called ‘effect’ is derived from the quote: “For whoever has will be given more, and they will have an abundance. Whoever does not have, even what they have will be taken from them.”

Answer 60

Matthew effect neologism — refers to “giving credit to [already] famous people” (Merton, “The Matthew Effect”, 1968, p. 2; On Social Structure and Science, 1996).

Question 61

The adage “The rich get richer and the poor poorer” is an articulation of the principle. The principle applies other fields, too, e.g., economics, literature, science and technology, etc.

Answer 61

Matthew 13: 11-12; Luke 8;18, 19:26; Mark 4:25).

Question 62

Reflexivity poses problems in the natural and social sciences. In science, if expectations can affect outcomes, then it is difficult to test a hypothesis. For Nagel, the problem is bigger in the social sciences than in the natural sciences

Answer 62

(The Oedipus Effect) — For Popper and also Nagel (The Structure of Science: Problems in the Logic of Scientific Explanation, 1961),

Question 63

In (The Poverty of Historicism, 1957) postulated the Oedipus effect, which tries to explain the effect of a prediction on the predicted event.

Answer 63

Karl Popper

Question 64

“In psychology and the social sciences, This is the effect of a prediction on the predicted event, the prediction either causing or preventing the event that it predicts, or more generally the influence of an item of information on the situation to which the information refers.”

Answer 64

Oedipus effect

Question 65

(a) it rejects structural-determinist and voluntarist approaches to the analysis of social life, and (2) it replaces both with a dialectical synthesis in which social structures are seen as produced by human agency and yet are the medium through which this production takes place (Giddens, duality of structure). Production involves capable, conscious agents who aim not only to reconstitute structure but also transform it (Bhaskar, transformational model).

Answer 65

The first component of structuration

Question 66

It is necessary to devise a set of concepts that which mediate between structure and agency, as follows: Bourdieu – a semi-structure called ‘habitus;’ and Giddens – ‘institution’ (citing Radcliffe-Brown, “standardized modes of behavior”) and ‘system’ (principles, rules that govern the operations of something, e.g., social system), as situated ‘practices’ (located, placed, in context).

Answer 66

Second component of structuration

Question 67

The study of action involves the analysis of practical consciousness – the tacit knowledge that the actor applies skillfully in acting but which the actor is not able to formulate discursively

Answer 67

Third component of structuration

Question 68

Time and space are central components in all social interaction that provide links with the social structure. Changing structural interrelationships produce the places where actions are temporarily and spatially occurred. For Giddens, social systems are stretched across time and space. This (a) dissolves the distinction between synchronic and diachronic explanation, and (b) simultaneously undermines functionalist analyses which concentrate upon the conditions necessary for social reproduction to be sustained. The former endorses ahistorical analysis which is lacking in historical perspective and context, and the latter underscores the subversive, revolutionary nature of agency (mine).

Answer 68

Fourth component of structuration

Question 69

This (a) dissolves the distinction between synchronic and diachronic explanation

Answer 69

The former endorses ahistorical analysis which is lacking in historical perspective and context

Question 70

(b) simultaneously undermines functionalist analyses which concentrate upon the conditions necessary for social reproduction to be sustained.

Answer 70

The latter underscores the subversive, revolutionary nature of agency (mine).