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NTDT401 > Sodium, Potassium, Chloride > Flashcards

Sodium, Potassium, Chloride Flashcards

1
Q

What type of compounds are sodium, potassium, and chloride

A

electrolytes

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2
Q

Define electrolytes

A

electrically charged minerals dissolved in body fluids

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3
Q

What are the functions of electrolytes

A
  1. Maintain fluid balance
  2. Transmit nerve
    impulses
  3. Muscle contraction
  4. Transport nutrients
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4
Q

Which electrolyte(s) is within the cell

A

potassium

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5
Q

Which electrolyte(s) are primarily outside of the cell

A

sodium and chloride

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6
Q

What do electrolytes attract

A

water

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7
Q

Sodium’s 3 Biological forms

A

monovalent cation (na+)
base-forming ion
extracellular electrolyte

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8
Q

___% of sodium is absorbed

A

95%

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9
Q

Sodium: 3 basic absorption pathways

A
  1. Na/glucose co-transport
  2. electroneutral Na and Cl co-transport
  3. electrogenic NA absorption (in colon w/water)
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10
Q

What is the sodium-potassium exchange for action potential

A

3 Na+ ions out of cell in exchange for 2 K+ ions

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11
Q

How is Na levels controlled

A

renal regulation

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12
Q

What is aldosterone

A

hormone released from adrenal cortex; triggers Na reabsorption and excretion of K

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13
Q

Majority (60%) of total body Na is in ____ fluids?

A

extracellular

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14
Q

The remaining (40%) sodium is associated with

A

bone reserve or storage

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15
Q

Sodium function: EFC volume

A

exerts osmotic pressure to maintain the extracellular fluid compartment volume

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16
Q

Sodium function: acid/base

A

maintains body acid/base balance

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17
Q

Sodium Function: nerve

A

maintains electrochemical gradient of nerve membranes responsible for electrical impulse transmission (action potential)

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18
Q

Sodium Function: glucose absorption

A

participates in membrane transport of several nutrients

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19
Q

What is hyponatremia (deficiency)

A

result of severe loss of body fluids via D/V/sweating

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20
Q

What is hyponatremia not caused by

A

low dietary intakes

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21
Q

Biochemical Indicators of sodium

A

blood levels of Na (decreased)
hematocrit (high)

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22
Q

Blood pressure rises with sodium intake of _____mg/day

A

2,300 mg/day

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23
Q

What defines high blood pressure

A

> 130/80mmHg

24
Q

3 stages of hypernatremia

A
  1. excess Na (acute)
    –>alkalosis
  2. severe acute excess–>
    death
  3. excess Na (chronic)–>
    hypertension, kidney
    stones
25
Q

What does CDRR mean

A

chronic disease risk reduction intake

26
Q

What is NA CDRR

A

2,300 mg/d

27
Q

Sodium DRI

A

1,500mg/day

28
Q

Potassium forms

A
  1. monovalent cation
    (K+)
  2. base forming ion
  3. intracellular electrolyte
29
Q

Describe K absorption

A

rapidly and almost completely absorbed from intestine by passive diffusion

30
Q

How is K controlled

A

renal regulation (aldosterone)

31
Q

Do the kidneys control K or Na better

A

Na

32
Q

How much of total body K is within the cells

A

> 90%

33
Q

K functions: IFC

A

osmotic pressure for maintaining intracellular fluid compartment

34
Q

K functions: acid/base

A

maintains blood acid/base balance

35
Q

K functions: co-factor

A

enzymatic co-factor for reactions involved in energy release, glycogen synthesis, protein synthesis

36
Q

Functions of extracellular K+

A
  1. normal nerve excitation and/or conduction
  2. muscle contractility
  3. normal blood pressure
37
Q

What
causes hypokalemia (deficiency)

A

result from impaired absorption + loss of GI fluids, also excess urinary losses following use of diuretics

38
Q

Potassium AI

A

Males: 3,400mg/day
Females: 2,600 mg/day

39
Q

How does potassium toxicity occur

A

supplement misuse

39
Q

Food sources of Potassium

A

wide range (grains, dairy, beans, nuts, protein); especially in fruits and vegetables

40
Q

Symptoms of potassium toxicity

A

low heart rate, abnormal rhythm, impaired nerve conduction, failure of muscular contraction, cardiac arrest

41
Q

What are OTC potassium supplements limited to

A

100 milligrams

42
Q

What are symptoms of hyperkalemia (toxicity)

A

impaired nerve impulses, failure of muscluar contraction, cardiac arrest

43
Q

Symptoms of hyperkalemia

A

fatigue, weakness, tingling, paralysis, palpitations, difficulty breathing

44
Q

Causes of hyperkalemia

A

kidney issues, too much acid in blood, potassium supplements, trauma (crash injuries/burns), certain medicatiosn

45
Q

Chlorine Biological Forms

A
  1. monovalent anion (Cl-)
  2. acid-forming ion
  3. extracellular electrolyte
46
Q

Are both dietary and secreted Cl completely absorbed in the stomach?

A

yes

47
Q

How is Cl excreted

A

kidneys (accompanies Na/K)

48
Q

Function of extracellular Cl

A

electrical neutrality
osmotic control
acid/base balance
GI secretions (HCl)

49
Q

Explain Chloride Shift

A

exchange anion in the RBC for HCO3- with help of transporter on membrane —> allows RBC transport CO2

50
Q

What is the deficiency conditionof Chloride

A

hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis

51
Q

Signs of hyperchloremic metabolic alkalosis

A

alkalosis, hypovolemia, in infants delayed growth & death

52
Q

Biochemical indicators of Cl

A

serum Cl & pH measurements

53
Q

Chloride AI

A

2300 mg/day

54
Q

Chlorine UL

A

3600 mg

NTDT401 (20 decks)

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