soft skills pdf

Question 1

What is pseudoscience?

Answer 1

A claim, belief, or practice presented as scientific but lacking adherence to valid scientific methods, supporting evidence, or scientific status.

Example: astrology

Question 2

Name the four classifications of science.

Answer 2

• Formal Science
• Empirical Science
• Cultural Science
• Humanities Science

Examples include: Mathematics (Formal), Geography (Empirical), Economics (Cultural), Music (Humanities)

Question 3

What is the purpose of hypothetical research?

Answer 3

To test specific hypotheses or research questions.

It starts with a clear hypothesis based on existing theories.

Question 4

What is the starting point of exploratory research?

Answer 4

Limited existing knowledge or theories on the topic.

It does not start with a hypothesis.

Question 5

What data collection methods are used in hypothetical research?

Answer 5

Focused on testing the hypothesis or answering the research question.

Methods include experiments and surveys.

Question 6

What is the goal of exploratory research?

Answer 6

To generate insights, identify patterns, and form initial hypotheses or research questions.

It aims for a broader understanding of a topic.

Question 7

True or False: Hypothetical research is also known as inductive research.

Answer 7

False

Hypothetical research is known as deductive research.

Question 8

What are the expected findings of hypothetical research?

Answer 8

Specific answers or insights into a particular phenomenon.

It aims to confirm or refute a hypothesis.

Question 9

Describe the structure of exploratory research.

Answer 9

Less structured and more flexible.

It allows for open-ended data collection methods.

Question 10

Fill in the blank: Exploratory research collects data in a specific area and looks for _______.

Answer 10

[patterns or relationships in the data]

Question 11

What is the difference between exploratory and hypothetical research in terms of their approach?

Answer 11

• Hypothetical research starts with a hypothesis
• Exploratory research does not start with a hypothesis

Hypothetical research tests existing theories while exploratory research seeks to discover new ideas.

Question 12

What is hypothetical research?

Answer 12

Hypothetical research, also known as deductive research, starts with a hypothesis or theory and tests it through empirical observation and experimentation.

Question 13

What is the goal of hypothetical research?

Answer 13

To confirm or refute a specific hypothesis or theory.

Question 14

What is exploratory research?

Answer 14

Exploratory research, also known as inductive research, does not start with a hypothesis but collects data to look for patterns or relationships.

Question 15

What is the goal of exploratory research?

Answer 15

To gain a better understanding of a topic or phenomenon.

Question 16

Define ‘axiom’ in philosophy.

Answer 16

An axiom is a seemingly self-evident truth that cannot actually be proved.

Question 17

What role do axioms play in formal sciences?

Answer 17

Axioms are starting points of a theory and are used to derive theorems by deduction.

Question 18

Who is associated with the operational definition of paradigms?

Answer 18

Thomas S. Kuhn.

Question 19

What is a paradigm in the context of science?

Answer 19

A commonly accepted set of beliefs, values, techniques, and methods that define a particular scientific discipline.

Question 20

What are the three meanings of the term ‘science’?

Answer 20

• Knowledge and understanding of the natural world
• An institution consisting of people and objects aimed at gaining knowledge
• The totality of knowledge in a certain field.

Question 21

What educational ideal did Wilhelm von Humboldt formulate regarding universities?

Answer 21

Unity of research and teaching.

Question 22

What was Humboldt’s view on the role of teachers and university professors?

Answer 22

They should be advocates for the education of young people.

Question 23

What did Humboldt believe was more important than strict vocational training?

Answer 23

The ability to think critically.

Question 24

What is the concept of falsification in philosophy of science?

Answer 24

The idea that a scientific theory or hypothesis can be tested and potentially disproven by empirical evidence.

Question 25

Who introduced the idea of falsifiability?

Answer 25

Karl Popper.

Question 26

What is the primary goal of testing a hypothesis according to Karl Popper?

Answer 26

To prove that it is false.

Question 27

Define deduction.

Answer 27

Conclusion from the general to the particular.

Question 28

Provide an example of deduction.

Answer 28

All mammals are warm-blooded. A dog is a mammal. Therefore, the dog is warm-blooded.

Question 29

Define induction.

Answer 29

Conclusion from the particular to the general.

Question 30

Provide an example of induction.

Answer 30

I have observed five apples, and all of them are red. Therefore, I conclude that all apples are red.

Question 31

Define abduction.

Answer 31

Reasoning based on the best possible explanation or inference.

Question 32

Provide an example of abduction.

Answer 32

The pavement is wet, so it may have rained.

Question 33

What is the deductive reasoning in the example provided?

Answer 33

All balls in the box are red; all balls on the table stem from the box; therefore, all balls on the table are red.

Question 34

What is the inductive reasoning in the example provided?

Answer 34

All balls on the table are red; all balls on the table stem from the box; therefore, all balls in the box are red.

Question 35

Diagram the following argument: (1) Everyone needs to understand how the structure of language can affect the way we think. (2) But since this is difficult to appreciate in the case of our native language (3) It is valuable to study a foreign language.

Answer 35

(2) It is difficult to appreciate how language structure affects thinking in the case of our native language. (1) However, everyone needs to understand how the structure of language can affect the way we think. (3) Therefore, it is valuable to study a foreign language.

Question 36

What argumentation pattern is exemplified by a student arguing that a score of 49% should be considered passing due to its closeness to 50%?

Answer 36

Sorites Paradox ## Footnote Emphasizes the 'infinitesimally' small difference.

Question 37

What reasoning pattern does the speaker use to justify purchasing a machine from an unknown producer?

Answer 37

Proleptic Reasoning ## Footnote Anticipates a counter-argument about the unknown producer and justifies the choice based on quality.

Question 38

What conclusion does the speaker draw from past economic crises to the Euro crisis?

Answer 38

Induction ## Footnote Argues that all economic crises have been solved sustainably after structural changes.

Question 39

What argumentation pattern is used when a company plans to increase its market share from 20% to 25%?

Answer 39

Program ## Footnote Analyzes the current situation and proposes measures to achieve the target.

Question 40

What statement does the speaker make regarding remote work?

Answer 40

Declaration ## Footnote Proposes remote work one day a week and provides supporting reasons.

Question 41

What logical fallacy is exemplified by the economist's statement about the Great Depression?

Answer 41

Confirmation Bias ## Footnote Confirmation of the conclusion without justification for a cause-effect relationship.

Question 42

What fallacy is present in Angela Merkel's statement about the eurozone bailout policy?

Answer 42

False Dilemma ## Footnote Presents a situation as having only two options when there may be others.

Question 43

What logical fallacy is involved when analyzing weak points of companies that entered the market three years ago?

Answer 43

Outcome Bias ## Footnote Evaluation based on information that was not available at the time of decision.

Question 44

What statistical fallacy is indicated by the statement regarding elderly people using personal computers?

Answer 44

Stage Migration ## Footnote 'Migrating' sample as younger individuals age.

Question 45

What emotional fallacy is associated with the suggestion to demolish Berlin's Olympic stadium?

Answer 45

Emotional and Actionist Distractions ## Footnote Reference to emotions related to its construction under the Nazi regime.

Question 46

What illusion of attribution is demonstrated by avoiding discussion on corporate strategy to avoid trouble?

Answer 46

Omission Bias ## Footnote Doing nothing also means doing something.

Question 47

What is a key strategy for making a good impression in a job interview related to communication?

Answer 47

Visualization of words ## Footnote Using vivid and descriptive language to engage the interviewer.

Question 48

What skill is highlighted by showcasing multiple options during a job interview?

Answer 48

Critical Thinking ## Footnote Demonstrates the ability to provide innovative solutions.

Question 49

What is an important aspect of active listening during a job interview?

Answer 49

Engagement ## Footnote Maintaining eye contact and asking clarifying questions.

Question 50

What is a critical non-verbal communication aspect during an interview?

Answer 50

Body Language ## Footnote Positive body language, including eye contact and good posture.

Question 51

What does para-verbal communication include that can impact interview perception?

Answer 51

Tone of voice ## Footnote Intonation, dialect, and sociolect also influence how responses are perceived.