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Small animal (fourth year) > Soft tissue surgery (urogenital) > Flashcards

Soft tissue surgery (urogenital) Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the only accessory sex organ of male dogs?

A

prostate

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2
Q

what are the accessory sex organs of male cats?

A

prostate
bulbourethral gland

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3
Q

where is the prostate located pre puberty?

A

pelvic position

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4
Q

where is the prostate located after puberty?

A

partially pelvic and partially abdominal

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5
Q

what is the function of the prostate?

A

produce fluid facilitating motility and viability of spermatozoa

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6
Q

what are the clinical signs of prostatic disease?

A

anorexia, lethargy, weight loss, pyrexia
urinary - dysuria, haematuria, urethral discharge, urine retention
defaecatory - tenesmus, ribbon-like faeces, constipation

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7
Q

what are possible ways to investigate prostatic disease?

A

rectal palpation
abdominal palpation
urinalysis and urine bacteriology
radiograph/ultrasound
prostatic wash and biopsy

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8
Q

what are the main diseases of the prostate?

A

benign prostatic hyperplasia
prostatits
abscessation
cysts
neoplasia

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9
Q

what does is benign prostatic hyperplasia see in?

A

middle aged/old entire dogs

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10
Q

what is the main presenting sign of benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

dyschezia

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11
Q

how does benign prostatic hyperplasia feel on a rectal exam?

A

symmetrically enlarged and pain-free prostate with homogenous consistency

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12
Q

how is benign prostatic hyperplasia treated?

A

castration - resolves in days
antiandrogen injection

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13
Q

what causes prostatitis?

A

ascending infection via the urethra (E. coli most common)

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14
Q

what are the clinical signs of prostatitis (abscessation)?

A

dyschezia, dysuria, pelvic limb stiffness, anorexia, lethargy. pyrexia

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15
Q

how does prostatitis feel on rectal palpation?

A

painful asymmetrically enlarged prostate

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16
Q

how is prostatitis (abscessation) treated?

A

long course antimicrobials (4-6 weeks)
castration
ultrasound guided drainage (risk of relapse)
partial prostatectomy

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17
Q

what are the antibiotics used for prostatitis (abscessation)?

A

fluroquinolones
TMPS (trimethoprim)

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18
Q

what is the difference between a prostatic and paraprostatic cyst?

A

prostatic cyst develops inside the capsule of the prostate
paraprostatic cysts attach to the capsule of the prostate but don’t communicate with the parenchyma

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19
Q

how are prostatic/paraprostatic cysts treated?

A

ultrasound guided drainage
surgical resection and omentalisation
castration

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20
Q

what are the clinical signs of prostatic/paraprostatic cysts?

A

caudal abdominal mass, abdominal distention, urinary incontinence, dysuria, urine retention, dyschezia

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21
Q

what is the most common prostatic neoplasia?

A

adenocarcinoma

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22
Q

what are the clinical signs of prostatic neoplasia?

A

dysuria, haematuria, urinary retention, tenesmus, weight loss, lethargy, pain

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23
Q

how can prostatic neoplasia differ from other causes of prostatic enlargement when imaged?

A

mineralisation may be present with neoplasia

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24
Q

what are som possible treatments for prostatic neoplasia?

A

usually palliative care
cystotomy tube or urethral stent
analgesia - NSAIDs
radiation therapy
castration

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25
how often do prostatic neoplasms metastasise?
very common - lungs, lymph nodes, bones
26
what are the indications for castration?
population control behavioural benefits prevent androgen related disease testicular disease - neoplasia, trauma, abscess...
27
when are testes normally descended in dogs?
by 40 days after birth
28
how old should a dog be before diagnosing cryptorchidism?
at least 6 months old
29
how is a cryptorchid testicle found if it isnt palpable?
exploratory coeliotomy - retroflex bladder and identify ductus deferens, following this will lead to the testicle
30
what are the three types of testicular neoplasia?
interstitial cell (leydig) Sertoli cell tumours seminoma
31
what are the clinical signs of Sertoli cell tumours?
symmetrical alopecia, prostatic enlargment, pendulous prepuce, penile atrophy, gynecomastia, attraction for other males
32
which testicular neoplasia is rarely metastatic?
leydig cell tumours
33
what is phimosis?
inability to protrude the penis from the prepuce
34
what is a common complication of phimosis?
infection/irritation due to urine pooling in the prepuce
35
what can cause phimosis?
infectious, trauma, neoplasia congenital
36
what is paraphimosis?
inability to retract penis into prepuce
37
how can paraphimosis be treated medically?
lubricant, hyperosmolar solutions, cold packs
38
what can cause paraphimosis?
mating trauma neoplasia foreign body congenital
39
what can cause paraphimosis?
mating trauma neoplasia foreign body congenital
40
how can paraphimosis be treated surgically?
enlargement of preputial opening partial penile amputation phallopexy (fix penis in prepuce)
41
what are the indications for ovariohysterectomy?
eliminate unwanted pregnancy eliminate inconvineunce of oestrus decreased risk of mammary neoplasia treat/prevent - pyometra, metritis, neoplasia, prolapse...
42
what are the advantages of ovariohysterectomy before the first season?
reduce risk of mammary neoplasia less haemorrhage (smaller vessels) reduced inconvenience to owner
43
what are the disadvantages of ovariohysterectomy before the first season?
anaesthesia risk juvenile behaviour juvenile hypoplasitc vulva juvenile disease obesity
44
what are some contraindications for ovariohysterectomy before the first season?
juvenile vaginitis juvenile urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence
45
when is the best time to perform elective ovariohysterectomy?
between seasons (anaestrus) >6-8 weeks postpartum combined with C-section
46
why should you not perform ovariohysterectomy when a bitch is in season?
increase size of uterine vessels (haemorrhage) uterine turgidity (more fragile)
47
what phase of the oestrus cycle does cystic endometrial hyperplasia occur?
luteal
48
why is cystic endometrial hyperplasia and pyometra seen during the luteal phase?
progesterone stimulates growth/activity of endometrial glands, reduces myometrial activity and suppresses local immune response
49
what is the most common pathogen associated with pyometra?
E. coli (Pasteurella, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella...)
50
what are the clinical signs of pyometra?
PUPD, lethargy, inappetence, vomiting, pyrexia, dehydration, abdominal pain, vaginal discharge, gait abnormalities
51
what are some possible changes on haematology of a dog with pyometra?
anaemia left shift banded neutrophilia low platelet numbers
52
what is the first thing to do when presented with a pyometra?
stabilise and give antimicrobials
53
what is the only time medical management would be considered for pyometra treatment?
if bitch is of high breeding value (high risk of reoccurrence)
54
how can pyometra be managed medically?
uterine emptying - prostaglandins, progesterone receptor antagonists antimicrobials
55
what progesterone receptor antagonist can be used to treat pyometra medically?
aglepristone
56
what must be present for a uterine stump pyometra to occur?
progesterone source
57
what is the main clinical sign of ovarian remnant syndrome?
signs of recurrent oestrus
58
what are the risk factors that predispose to uterine stump granuloma?
poor aseptic technique use of non-absorbable suture material if excessive uterine body is left in situ
59
what is the main clinical sign of a fistulae associated with using inappropriate suture material for an ovariohysterectomy?
draining tracts on flank, inguinal region or medial thigh
60
what causes vaginal hyperplasia?
oedematous enlargement of vagina during proestrus/oestrus under the influence of oestrogen
61
where does oedema of vaginal hyperplasia usually arise from?
ventral floor of vagina
62
how is a vaginal prolapse treated?
prevent self trauma apply lubricant reduce and apply purse string suture
63
what is an episiotomy?
incision between vulva and anus
64
what are the indications of an episiotomy?
surgical exploration of vagina excise vaginal mass repair vaginal lacerations treat strictures/congenital defects facilitate manual foetal extraction
65
what should always be placed before performing an episiotomy?
urinary catheter (can visualise the urethral opening and stay away from it)
66
what is episioplasty?
reconstructive procedure to remove excess skin folds around the vulva
67
what are some possible ovarian neoplasms seen in dogs?
germ cell - teratoma, teratocarcinoma epithelial - adenoma, adenocarcinoma sex cord stromal - granulosa cell tumours
68
what are some possible uterine neoplasm seen in dogs?
leiomyomas leiomyosarcomas
69
what are the most common neoplasms seen in entire female dogs?
mammary tumours
70
how many pairs of mammary gland do dogs have?
5
71
which lymph nodes drain the mammary glands?
inguinal, sublumbar, axillary, prescapular, thoracic
72
what supplies blood to the mammary glands?
cranial/caudal epigastric
73
what are the possible surgical treatments for mammary neoplasia?
lumpectomy simple mastectomy regional mastectomy chain mastectomy
74
what is the surgical treatment used for mammary neoplasia in cats?
chain mastectomy (aggressive and metastatic in cats)
75
what nerve mainly controls the bladder filling/storage phase?
hypogastric
76
what receptors are triggered to cause the detrusor muscle to relax?
beta-adrenoreceptors
77
what receptors are triggered to cause the urethral smooth muscle and trigone to contract?
alpha-adrenoreceptors
78
what nerve allows for somatic (voluntary control) of the bladder filling/storage phase?
pudendal
79
what nerve controls the bladder emptying phase?
pelvic nerve (parasympathetic system)
80
what are typical findings of an abnormality associated with the bladder filling phase?
patients can urinate normally patients can empty bladder normally patients dribble urine between urinations patients have reduced bladder capacity
81
what are the differential diagnoses for abnormalities associated with the filling phase of the bladder?
ectopic ureter reduced pressure at the bladder neck involuntary contractions
82
what can cause reduced pressure at the neck of the bladder leading to urinary incontinence?
congenital/acquired urinary sphincter mechanism incontinence intrapelvic/hypoplastic bladder bladder neck mass
83
what can cause involuntary contractions of the bladder?
bacterial infection cystic calculus drugs FeLV bladder neck neoplasm
84
what are the typical signs of an abnormality associated with the emptying phase of the bladder?
distended bladder constant urine dribble no normal urination
85
what are some differentials for abnormalities of the bladder emptying phase?
partial/complete urethral obstruction chronic bladder distention dyssynergia (muscular disturbance)
86
when does incontinence usually occur with urethral sphincter mechanism incontinence?
when bitch is relaxed (sleeping...)
87
what are some causes of urethral sphincter mechanism incontinence?
low urethral tone spayed prior to first season (hormonal) obesity intrapelvic bladder
88
what animals is congenital urethral sphincter mechanism incontinence seen in?
juvenile bitches prior to their first season
89
how is congenital urethral sphincter mechanism incontinence treated?
wait until first season - most resolve after this
90
what can be done to medically treat urethral sphincter mechanism incontinence?
increase muscle tone - phenylprpanolamine, ephedrine, estriol reduce contributing factors - obesity, UTI
91
what are possible options for surgical treatment of urethral sphincter mechanism incontinence?
colposuspension (relocate bladder neck cranially) urethropexy artificial urethral sphincter submucosal urethral injections of blocking agents
92
what are ectopic ureters?
congentital abnormality when ureter bypasses the bladder to empty into urethra, vagina or rectum
93
how are surgical ureters treated?
treat associated UTI surgery before irreversible secondary changes occur

Small animal (fourth year) (26 decks)

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