Soil sci chapter 1 Flashcards by Angel Sophia Daniela Dano

Components of the global ecosystems

atmosphere, biosphere, hydro, litho

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air surrounding the eart

atmosphere

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environment in which living organisms are found and with which they interact

biosphere

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total body of water that exists or close to the surface of the earth

Hydrosphere

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upper (oceanic and continental) layer of the solid earth

lithosphere

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interaction of litho hydro atmo and hydro

Earth system science

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envelop of the earth where soil occur and where soil-forming processes are active

pedosphere

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living, dynamic system which forms at the interface between atmosphere and lithosphere in response to forces exerted by climate and living organisms acting on parent material as conditioned bytopography/relief over the period of time

soil

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as a rule, particles as considered as “soil particles” if they pass the

2mm sieve

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upper top soil, lower top soil

A horizon 0-45cm

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lower subsoil layer

B horizon 45-90cm

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materials leached from above layer, lighter color- less accumulation of leached material

lower subsoil layer

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darker color due to organic carbon

upper top soil

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lighter color due to leeching and less organic matter

lower top soil

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soil scientist focus on the ___ that are within ___ from the surface

porous material, 2m

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dimensions involved in the study of soils

classic concept, modern concept

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soil is 3- dimensional body

classic concept

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what are in the classic concept

(3-dimensional body)
#length
#breadth
#depth

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Soil is a space-time structure

modern concept

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what is in modern concept

Soil is space time structure
#length
#breadth
Depth
time dimension

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3 soil boundaries

upper boundary
lateral boundary
lower limit

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generally considered as air-solid surface interface or free water-solid surface interface

upper boundary

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deep water or barren areas of rock, salt, ice, or shifting dessert sand dunes

lateral boundary

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difficult to define, but generally thought as the common rooting depth (shallow in the desserts, deep in tropical tropics) of the native perennial plant

lower limit

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sediments at depth greater than where emergent plants grow is not considered as

soil

Three-dimensional section of the Earth's surface with specific pattern of topography, rocks, soil, water, flora and fauna

landscape

an interacting system of biologic community and its non-living environment

ecosystem

5 functions of the soil

production function ecological regulator habitat and living space engineering function cultural heritage function

why we study soil

to understand how soil chemical and physical properties affect various uses of soils to learn how to conserve and utilize soil properly to understand how soil properties can be modified to improve their quality for practical use

2 concept in the study of soils

pedology edaphology

study of soil as a natural entity (origin classification and description)

Pedology

study of soil from the standpoint of plant growth

edaphology

starting 19th century ____ was already considered as a natural science that deals with a natural body of the soil

soil science

3 periods of development of soil science

ancient pre-soil science period early soil science period

ancient _____ years ago chines attempt to classify soil

4,000 years ago

greeks and romans started simple soil studies

2,000 years ago

who gave the soil name ____ and describes soil properties that affects growth

Theophrastus (371-286 BC) "edaphos"

developed a classifictaion system of arable soils and emphasized the suitability of soils for farming

Cato

5 components of soil formation

climate d living organisms parent material topography/relief time

- Established agricultural chemistry snd formulated the mineral theory of plant nutrition –The Law of Minimum

J. Von Liebig (1803-1873)

Developed the key law in Soil Physics (

Henri Darcy (1803-1929)

Law) that describes water flow in soils

Darcy’s Law

-Established first systematic long term field fertilizer experiment in the worldfamous Rothamsted Experimental Station

Joseph Henry Gilbert (1817-1901

In his book “Pedology or General and Special Soil Science” (1862), he argued for the recognition of Soil Science as an independent natural science -Founder of Soil Science

F. A Fallou (1794 – 1877)

In his book “Russian Chernozem” (1883), he discussed the factors of soil formation and he introduced the ABC horizon nomenclature system -Father of Modern Soil Science

V.V. Dokuchaev (1846-1903)

One of the first to apply soil science to solve problems in agriculture and is considered the “Father of American Soil Science”

- E.W. Hilgard (1833-1893)

-In 1941 published “Factors of Soil Formation” s

- H. Jenny (1899-1992

The global scientific organization of soil scientists and soil science practitioners

The International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS)

Divisions of Soil Science

1. Soil genesis 2. Soil survey & classification 3. Soil physics 4. Soil microbiology and biochemistry/ soil ecology 6. Soil fertility 7. Soil mineralogy and chemistry 8. Soil and water conservation

deals with the dynamic and complex topmost layer of the Earth’s crust which is the product of Earth’s surface processes

Soil science-

the science of the Earth from which soil science branched out in the

. Geology

* The most widely accepted hypothesis about the origin of the Earth is the

solar nebular hypothesis

Earth was formed from condensing gas and dust about

4.6 billion years ago.

caused the gas and dust particles to come together with heavier particles gravitating to the center and lighter ones collecting outside.

Gravitational forces

used to determine the age of rocks and other natural materials by means of their radioactive contents

. Radiometric dating

scientists have determined that the Earth consists of three layers

crust mantle core

the thinnest and rigid outermost layer

a) crust,

the middlelayer which is largely plastic;

; b) mantle,

center which is liquid on the outside but solid inside

c) core

The liquid portion of the outer core generates the earth’s

s magnetic field

The abrupt boundary between the crust and the mantle is called

Moho discontinuity.

There are two types of crus

: oceanic crust and continental crust

is about 6 km thick and basaltic in composition

. Oceanic crust

is typically about 35 km thick and granitic in composition

continental crust

. Water surface area comprises of ___ the Earth's total area which is ____ largely ocean.

70.8% (97%)

The hydrosphere is closely linked to the other spheres particularly the atmosphere through the

hydrologic cycle (or water cycle),

The two types of liquid water in the hydrosphere

seawater and river/freshwater

n. Seawater is mainly a _____ solution

Na+ and Cl

while river water is a ______ - solution

is a Ca+2 and HCO3 -

- is also called the zone of life

Biosphere-

About 95 percent of the biosphere is composed of six elements

C, H, O, N, P and S

These are the major constituents of the living tissue.

C, H, O, N, P and S

e term given for the rigid crust and the upper portion of the mantle of about 100 km thickness. T

D) Lithosphere

The crust is composed of various kinds of rocks which are grouped into three types: i

: igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary. Th

explains the mechanism by which the Earth’s continents andoceans are moving and rearranging themselves.

the theory of plate tectonics

a German meteorologist and geophysicist, who proposed in his book Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane (Theorigin of continents and oceans) of 1915 that continents are drifting.

Alfred Wegener

➢ Plate Tectonics states that the lithosphere is divided into a number of rigid plates that float and drift on the plastic

ASTHENOSPHERE

the largest and one of the most active plates. I

Pacific Plate

e occurrence of thousands of volcanoes around the Pacific Ocean known as

the Ring of Fire.

is the thin soil cover formed from the weathering of the rocks in the upper portion of the crust.

Pedosphere

pedosphere functions as ____ where biological processes interact with chemical processes at the interface of the lithosphere, biosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere

reactor

waves that travel through the earth

seismic wave

Soil sci chapter 1 Flashcards

(82 cards)