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Adv. World History I SOL Review > SOL Review > Flashcards

SOL Review Flashcards

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1
Q

tibeYu the Great established the __ Dynasty

A

Xia

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2
Q

Explain the importance of the Shang Dynasty in Chinese history.

A

The Shang Dynasty, which lasted from 1700 to 1027 BCE, is important as it was the first dynasty to leave written records

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3
Q

Define the Zhou Dynasty and its characteristics.

A

The Zhou Dynasty, lasting from 1027 to 256 BCE, is characterized by the establishment of feudalism, where nobles controlled lands, and it is known as the longest-lasting dynasty in Chinese history, enduring for 790 years.

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4
Q

How does the Dynastic Cycle function in ancient China?

A

The Dynastic Cycle functions by the belief that royal authority comes from heaven, known as ‘The Mandate of Heaven.’ Bad events like floods or poor crops are seen as signs that the ruling dynasty has lost this mandate, leading to its overthrow.

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5
Q

Explain the Warring States Period and its impact on Chinese philosophy.

A

The Warring States Period, from 475 to 221 BCE, was a long period of warfare that led philosophers to develop solutions aimed at restoring values of harmony, social order, and respect for authority.

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6
Q

Describe the characteristics of a new dynasty in ancient China.

-bringing _______

-protecting _______

-_______ infrastructure

-_______ land

A

-bringing PEACE

-protecting PEOPLE

-REBUILDS infrastructure

-DISTRIBUTES land

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7
Q

What are the traits of an old dynasty in ancient China?

A

-high taxes

-not protecting people

-infrastructure decays

-people treated unfairly

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8
Q

Identify the problems that could lead to the fall of a dynasty in ancient China.

A

-earthquakes and floods,

-peasant revolts,

-invasions from outside forces

-rebellions led by warlords.

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9
Q

Describe the main focus of Confucianism.

A

-social order,

-good government

-harmony,

-highlights the importance of filial piety, which is respect for parents and elders.

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10
Q

Explain the concept of filial piety in Confucianism.

A

respect for parents and elders

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11
Q

List the five key relationships in Confucianism.

A

-Ruler; people,

-Father; Son,

-Husband; Wife,

-Older Brother; Younger Brother,

-Friend; Friend.

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12
Q

Define Daoism (Taoism) and its founder.

-founded by _______ Tzu

-emphasized living in harmony with _______

-following “the _______”

-Important concepts included _______ wei (effortless action) as well as _______ and yang

A

-founded by LAO Tzu

-emphasized living in harmony with NATURE

-following “the WAY”

-Important concepts included WU wei (effortless action) as well as YIN and yang

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13
Q

How does Daoism suggest one should live in relation to nature?

A

Daoism suggests that one should live simply and in harmony with nature, following ‘the way’ or Dao.

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14
Q

Explain the concept of wu wei in Daoism.

A

Wu wei is a key concept in Daoism that means ‘effortless action’ or ‘non-action,’ encouraging individuals to align with the natural flow of life.

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15
Q

What is the significance of yin and yang in Daoism?

A

Yin and yang represent the duality and balance of opposites in the universe, emphasizing the interconnectedness of all things.

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16
Q

Describe the main idea behind Legalism.

A

Legalism is based on the belief that people are inherently selfish and immoral, and that a powerful government is required to restore order in society

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17
Q

How does Legalism propose to maintain order in society?

A

Legalism proposes to maintain order through strict laws and harsh punishments to control the society

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18
Q

What is a Dynasty?

A

a ruling family

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19
Q

What is the Warring States Period?

A

-The Zhou dynasty lost power during the Spring and Autumn period

-this period of conflict lasted from 475-221 BCE

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20
Q

Describe the Qin Dynasty and its leader.

-following the fall of ________ in 221 BC, China was unified under the rule of Qin

-Qin leader was Ying Zheng who declared himself “__________________”

-sought to ________ the other states

-founded the ________ dynasty

-Ying Zheng was the first emperor of Qin and ruler of a ________ China

A

-following the fall of QI in 221 BC, China was unified under the rule of Qin

-Qin leader was Ying Zheng who declared himself “QIN SHI HUANG”

-sought to CONQUER the other states

-founded the QIN dynasty

-Ying Zheng was the first emperor of Qin and ruler of a UNITED China

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21
Q

Following the fall of Qi in 221 BCE, what rule was China unified under?

A

the rule of Qin

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22
Q

Who founded the Qin Dynasty?

A

Ying Zheng aka Qin Shi Huang

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23
Q

Who was the first ruler of a United China?

A

Ying Zheng aka Qin Shi Huang

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24
Q

What was China like under the Qin Dynasty?

-Qin Shi Huang established an ___________

-Moved nobles to the capital ___________

-used ___________ policies

-set ___________for law, currency, and weights, as well as built canals, expanded trade, and ___________China

A

-Qin Shi Huang established an AUTOCRACY

-Moved nobles to the capital XIANYANG

-used LEGALIST policies

-set STADNARDS for law, currency, and weights, as well as built canals, expanded trade, and UNIFIED China

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25
Under the Qin Dynasty, Qin Shi Huang set standards for ___, ________, and _______, as well as built ______, expanded _____, and unified _____
Under the Qin Dynasty, Qin Shi Huang set standards for LAW, CURRENCY, and WEIGHTS, as well as built CANALS, expanded TRADE, and unified CHINA
26
What is an autocracy?
-a government with unlimited power
27
What was the capital of the Qin dynasty?
Xianyang
28
What happened to critics of the Qin Dynasty's legalist policies?
jailed, killed, or sent to work on the great wall
29
What did Qin Shi Huang do to Confucian thinkers during the Qin Dynasty?
-burned Confucian books -buried Confucian scholars alive
30
What are some characteristics of the Great Wall of China?
-designed to keep out northern invaders -a symbol of strength for China -workers worked to close gaps and extend the wall to cover nearly the entire northern border -forced labor and high taxes necessary for the wall's construction made Shi Huang very unpopular
31
How did the Qin Dynasty End? -Qin Shi Huang __________ in 210 BCE and his son Qin Er Shi became the new emperor -his son was not an __________ ruler and was overthrown -the harsh rule of the Qin dynasty was replaced by the __________ dynasty
-Qin Shi Huang DIED in 210 BCE and his son Qin Er Shi became the new emperor -his son was not an ADEPT ruler and was overthrown -the harsh rule of the Qin dynasty was replaced by the HAN dynasty
32
Which dynasty replaced the Qin dynasty?
The Han dynasty
33
What are some details about the Han Dynasty and its ruler? -rebel leader Liu Band forced the ___________ of the last Qin ruler -United ___________ states after a civil war -took the title ___________ Gaozu of Han -Reduced ___________ and forced ___________ -Promoted policies of based on ___________ rather than harsh legalism of the Qin
-rebel leader Liu Band forced the SURRENDUR of the last Qin ruler -United CHINESE states after a civil war -took the title EMPEROR Gaozu of Han -Reduced TAXES and forced LABOR -Promoted policies of based on CONFUCIANISM rather than the harsh legalism of the Qin
34
Rebel leader ___ ____ took the title of _____ of ___ when he forced the surrender of the last Qin ruler
Rebel leader LIU BAND took the title of GAOZU of HAN when he forced the surrender of the last Qin ruler
35
What were some characteristics of Emperor Wu of Han and what did he do? -7th emperor of the _____________ dynasty was Emperor Wu -one of the most _____________ Chinese emperors -led China towards a _____________ Age -Expanded China through war to its _____________ extent
-7th emperor of the HAN dynasty was Emper Wu -one of the most INFLUENTIAL Chinese emperors -led China towards a GOLDEN Age -Expanded China through war to its GREATEST extent
36
Who was the 7th emperor of the Han Dynasty?
Emperor Wu
37
Which emperor led China towards a golden age?
Emperor Wu
38
What were the civil service exams of Ancient China set up based on?
Confucian ideas
39
How were officials expected to win positions in Ancient China?
based on merit rather than family connections
40
Who were scholar officials?
well-educated Confucian philosophers to run the bureaucracy
41
In the Han Society, ___________ was the most important profession, but _____ also thrived
agriculture, trade
42
What were four technological advancements in the Han Society?
-paper -the plow -iron tools -water power used to grind grain
43
What is the Silk Road?
a trade route that went to as far as Europe
44
What were some characteristics of the Maurya Empire? -ruler was ______________ Maurya -created a ______________ -divided the empire into four ______________ -hired district officials who ______________ taxes and ______________ laws within these provinces -______________ citizens heavily to raise an army of 630,000 men and 9,000 elephants
-ruler was CHANDRAGUPTA Maurya -created a BUREAUCRACY divided the empire into four PROVINCES hired district officials who ASSESSED taxes and IMPOSED laws within these provinces TAXED citizen heavily to raise an army of 630,000 men and 9,000 elephants
45
what is a bureaucracy?
a system of departments and agencies that carry out the work of the government
46
who was the ruler of the Maurya Empire?
Chandragupta Maurya
47
How many provinces did Chandragupta divide the Maurya Empire into?
4
48
what did Chandragupta hire district officials to do?
-assess taxes -impose laws
49
What did Chandragupta rely on Kautilya for?
writing guidelines for rulers called Arthasastra
50
What did the Arthasastra do?
-outlined strict policies designed to hold together the vast territory -suggested the use of spies, assassinations, secret police, and an elaborate bureaucray
51
What did the secret police do in the Maurya Empire?
-reported corruption and dissent within the empire -brutal but efficient -fought crime throughout the empire
52
What three things did Chandragupta do becasue he was fearful of his enemies?
-hired women warriors to protect the palace -had servants taste the food for poison -built secret passages in his palace to escape
53
What are some characteristics of Ashoka's rule in the Maurya Empire? -Ashoka was ________________'s grandson -Acquired the Deccan Region of Kalinga though ________________ conquest -the ________________ was bloody and resulted in over 100,000 deaths -Ashoka converted to ________________ -After seeing the death and destruction of war, he returned to a religion that promoted ________________
-Ashoka was CHANDRAGUPTA'S grandson -Acquired the Deccan Region of Kalinga though MILITARY conquest -the CONQUEST was bloody and resulted in over 100,000 deaths -Ashoka converted to BUDDHISM -After seeing the death and destruction of war, he returned to a religion that promoted PEACE
54
Who was Chandragupta's grandson?
Ashoka
55
How did Ashoka acquire the Deccan Region of Kalinga?
through military conquest
56
What religion did Ashoka convert to and why?
Buddhism because after seeing the death and destruction of war, he turned to a religion that promoted peace
57
What were some characteristics of Ashoka and Buddhism? -ruled by ___________'s teaching "peace to all beings" -had huge stone pillars inscribed with new policies - rock ___________ -treated subjects humanely and ___________ -encouraged ___________ toleration -had extensive ___________ system built -constructed ___________
-ruled by BUDDHA'S teaching "peace to all beings" -had huge stone pillars inscribed with new policies - rock EDICTS -treated subjects humanely and FAIRLY -encouraged RELIGIOUS toleration -had extensive ROAD system built -constructed HOSPITALS
58
What 2 things did Ashoka have built after he converted to Buddhism?
an extensive road system and hospitals
59
True or False: Ashoka encouraged religious toleration
true
60
What were some of Ashoka's Buddhist policies? -_____________ lifestyle -limited Hindu _____________ sacrifices -sent _____________ to China and Sri Lanka -paved a way for Buddhism to _____________
-VEGETARIAN lifestyle -limited Hindu ANIMAL sacrifices -sent MISSIONARIES to China and Sri Lanka -paved a way for Buddhism to ASIA
61
What happened to the Empire after Ashoka's Death?
the empire crumbled due to the lack of unification
62
Why was there peace and prosperity in India? -Chandra Gupta 1 (no relation) oversaw a great __________ of the Indian Civilization -organized a strong __________ __________ and ensured peace and prosperity -power was left in the hands of __________ leaders and city __________ officials -trade and farming __________
-Chandra Gupta 1 (no relation) oversaw a great FLOWERING of the Indian Civilization -organized a strong CENTRAL GOVERNMENT and ensured peace and prosperity -power was left in the hands of INDIVIDUAL leaders and city GOVERNMENT officials trade and farming FLOURISHED
63
Who oversaw a "great flowering" in Ancient India?
Chandra Gupta
64
What type of government did Chandra Gupta establish?
a strong central government
65
What two things flourished when Chandra Gupta was the leader of India?
Trade and farming
66
What were some achievements of the Indian Culture?
-astronomy, mathematics, and medicine -created a calendar based on the sun and proved the earth was round -7 day week divided into hours -performed surgery -created modern numerals, the concept of zero, the decimal system and pi (3.14) -found the vaccine for smallpox
67
What led to the Decline of the Gupta Empire? -____________ wars -weak ________ -outside ____________ -fractures back into the many kingdoms that existed before ____________
-CIVIL wars -weak RULERS -outside INVADERS -fractures back into the many kingdoms that existed before UNIFICATION
68
After the decline of the Gupta empire, how many years did it take for a new empire to appear in India?
1000 years
69
Which Dynasty reunites China?
Sui Dynasty
70
Who established the Sui Dynasty?
Emperor Wen
71
What five things did Emperor Wen do during the Sui Dynasty? -constructed the _________ Canal -expanded _________ -forced _________ -_________ taxes -war in Korea led to _________
-constructed the GRAND Canal -expanded TRADE -forced LABOR -HIGH taxes -war in Korea led to REVOLT
72
When the Tang Dynasty emerged, who led a revolt?
General Ki Yuan and his 16 year old son Li Shimin
73
Who established the Tang Dynasty?
General Ki Yuan and his 16 year old son Li Shimin
74
When Li Shimin takes power in 626, he assumes what name?
Tang Taizong
75
When the Tang Dynesty emerged, a ______ ___ begins in Chinese history because of Ki Yuan and his son Li Shimin
golden age
76
What were some characteristics of the Tang Empire? -Tang _________ created a powerful empire -allied with Silla to defeat Goguryeo in Korea, _________ the Three Kingdoms of Korea -defeated the Eastern Turks and _________ into Central Asia
-Tang RULERS created a powerful empire -allied with Silla to defeat Goguryeo in Korea, ENDING the Three Kingdoms of Korea -defeated the Eastern Turks and EXPANDED into Central Asia
77
Who did the Tang empire ally with the defeat Goguryeo in Korea?
Silla
78
After the Tang Empire defeated the Eastern Turks, where did they expand to?
Central Asia
79
What were some facts about Empress Wu Zetian?
-the only woman in China to assume the title of emperor -expanded the empire further and strengthened government
80
What are some characteristics of the Civil Service Bureaucracy in the Tang Empire? -Tang rulers receive ___________ service examination system -theoretically, exams are open to all ___________ -practically, only the ___________ can afford the education to take an exam -Growth of Scholar officials cut the ___________ of nobles
-Tang rulers receive CIVIL service examination system -theoretically, exams are open to all MEN -practically, only the RICH can afford the education to take an exam -Growth of Scholar officials cut the POWER of nobles
81
What 7 things led to Tang China's Decline?
-Tang emperors lost territory in Central Asia -corruption -taxes -drought -famine -rebellions -a warlord overthrew the dynasty
82
What is the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period?
a period of division
83
Which dynasty restores China after the fall of the Tang Dynasty?
Song Dynasty
84
Who reunited China and established the Song Dynasty?
Taizu
85
What complication did Taizu first face when he established the Song Dynasty?
constant threats from invaders
86
What 2 things improved in the Song dynasty, and what did they lead to.
Rice farming and food surpluses led to the population doubling to over 90 million
87
What were 5 innovations of Song China? -true paper ____________ -first Chinese government to establish a standing ____________ with junks -first known use of ____________ -first discernment of true north using a ____________ -Song period known for brilliant ____________ paintings
-true paper MONEY -first Chinese government to establish a standing NAVY with junks -first known use of GUNPOWDER -first discernment of true north using a COMPASS -Song period known for brilliant SILK paintings
88
What were three things that experienced a Golden Age in Song China
-science -art -poetry
89
What professions were Su Song and Shen Quo?
mathematicians and scientists
90
Li Bo and Du Fu were two great _____
poets
91
What was life like in Song China? -______________ spread through trade -philosophers developed a new doctrine of neo-______________ -literature and knowledge enhanced by woodblock printing and the invention of the ______________ -type
-BUDDHISM spread through trade -philosophers developed a new doctrine of neo-CONFUCIANISM -literature and knowledge enhanced by woodblock printing and the invention of the MOVEABLE-type
92
literature and knowledge enhanced by woodblock printing and the invention of the ____________
movable-type
93
In Song China, what religion spread through trade?
Buddhism
94
In Song China, philosophers developed a new doctrine of what?
Neo-Confucianism
95
What led to the decline of the Song Dynasty? -________-________ wars were a series of internal conflicts that divided China -the ________ conquered the Jin and Song -Kublai Khan proclaimed himself Emperor of China and established the ________ Dynasty.
-JIN-SONG wars were a series of internal conflicts that divided China -the MONGOLS conquered the Jin and Song -Kublai Khan proclaimed himself Emperor of China and established the YUAN Dynasty.
96
Which wars were a series of internal conflicts that divided China?
the Jin-Song Wars
97
The _______ conquered the Jin and Song
mongols
98
Kublai Khan proclaimed himself Emperor of China and established which dynasty?
Yuan Dynasty
99
What trait brings trade?
Stability
100
What type of civilizations develop stability?
Classical
101
Governments in which three places provide order and safety?
-China -India -Mediterranean
102
What did stability allow traders and travelers to do?
move safely through regions.
103
When trade routes develop in China, what were several of the connected networks known as?
The silk road
104
Where and during which Dynasty did the Silk Road start?
eastern China during the Han Dynasty
105
The Silk Road reached the markets of ____ and ______, which were over 4,000 miles away
Rome, Greece
106
Why was silk so valuable and coveted?
- luxurious fabric spun from cocoons of mulberry tree-eating worms - process for making silk was a closely guarded Chinese secret
107
The Chinese began trading silk for ______ with Central Asian nomads
horses
108
What were three duties of women that pertain to the production of silk?
weaving, reeling, and spinning silk
109
What were three goods from the east that went west to Europe on the Silk Road?
-spices -jade -porcelain goods
110
What were five goods from the west that went to China on the Silk Road?
-olive oil -wine -cloth -horses -foods
111
What were four goods that crossed many routes on the Silk Road?
-precious metals -ivory -timber -tortoise shells
112
Who played essential roles in trading items from station to station as middlemen and carriers?
Central Asians
113
When traveling the Silk Road, what were three characteristics?
-merchants often traded along small portions -deserts, mountains, weather, and bandits made routes very dangerous -Camels were the preferred method of transportation
114
Why did merchants often trade in small portions on the Silk Road?
they were scared of bandits and weather
115
What animal was the preferred method of transportation along the Silk Road
Camels
116
What were formed to provide food, safety, and a rest stop along the Silk Road?
caravanserais
117
What do caravanserais grow into?
new settlements and wealthy villages
118
Early professional _________ develop as caravanserais grow
merchants
119
When rulers profit from the Silk road trade, what two things do they create?
currencies and credit
120
What three things were spread as merchants interacted?
-cultural traits -religious beliefs -ideas
121
What were three contributions from India?
-Buddhism spread through Asia -the concept of 0 and the decimal system -Hinduism spread through India
122
What were four contrbutions from the Middle East?
-advanced medicine -advanced surgery -advanced scholars -the ancient religion of Zoroastrianism spread east into Asia
123
What were three Chinese inventions/contributions?
-paper -compass -gunpowder
124
What were four contributions from the Byzantine Empire?
-Christianity -arts and relics traded and spread -law concepts from Justinian's Code -Scholars who fled the city keep Greek and Roman learning alive
125
What was the impact of the Silk Road?
-millions of lives changed by ideas and new goods -Science, religion, and culture spread -the bubonic plague would later spread from it to Europe
126
The _______ plague spread throughout the Silk Road and went to Europe
bubonic
127
What are some characteristics of Japanese geography o   Japan is an _____________, or chain or islands o   Over 7,000 _____________ o   Many formed by _____________ o   Japan is extremely _____________ o   Very little _____________ land o   _____________ farming developed to grow rice on steep slopes
o   Japan is an ARCHIPELAGO, or chain or islands o   Over 7,000 ISLANDS o   Many formed by VOLCANOES o   Japan is extremely MOUNTAINOUS o   Very little ARABLE land o   TERRACE farming developed to grow rice on steep slopes
128
What were the historical Eras in Japan?
o   Yamato Period: 250-710 CE o   Nara Period: 710-794 o   Heian Period: 794-1185 o   Kamakura Period: 1192-1333 o   Muromachi Period: 1336-1573
129
What are some characteristics of the Heian Society? o   Strong ____________ government o   The Fujiwara clan dominated ____________ o   Peak of the ____________ imperial court o   Flourishing culture, ______, poetry, and ____________
o   Strong CENTRAL government o   The Fujiwara clan dominated POLITICS o   Peak of the JAPANESE imperial court o   Flourishing culture, ART, poetry, and LITERATURE
130
What are some characteristics of the Shinto Religion? o   Shinto means “the _______ of the gods” o   An indigenous _______ religion o   No founder, no sacred _______ o   No “_______ ” or “_______ ” in Shinto o   All humans are considered _______ and wrongs are caused by evil spirits o   Kami- Spirits that _______ all things
o   Shinto means “the WATCH of the gods” o   An indigenous POLYTHEISTIC religion o   No founder, no sacred TEXTS o   No “RIGHT” or “WRONG” in Shinto o   All humans are considered GOOD and wrongs are caused by evil spirits o   Kami- Spirits that INHABIT all things
131
What was the impact of Buddhism in Japan? o   Brought to Japan by __________ travelers in the 6th century o   Buddhism and Shinto merged to form _______ Buddhism o   Emphasis on individual meditation to reach __________ o   __________ are the center for study and prayer
o   Brought to Japan by KOREAN travelers in the 6th century o   Buddhism and Shinto merged to form ZEN Buddhism o   Emphasis on individual meditation to reach ENLIGHTENMENT o   TEMPLES are the center for study and prayer
132
What was the art and architecture like in Japan? o   Architecture traditionally emphasized _______ o   Gardens promote _______ philosophical ideas o   Painting and prints sought to highlight _______'s beauty o   Other art forms include calligraphy, _______ ceremonies, flower _______, and porcelain carvings
o   Architecture traditionally emphasized NATURE o   Gardens promote ZEN philosophical ideas o   Painting and prints sought to highlight NATURE'S beauty o   Other art forms include calligraphy, TEA ceremonies, flower ARRANGING and porcelain carvings
133
What were the four classes in Japanese society?
-Samurai (10 % of population) -peasants -craftsmen and artisans -merchants(lowest status)
134
What is Bushido?
o   Samurai moral and ethical code o   Developed between 11th and 14th centuries o   Stressed sincerity, courage, loyalty, generosity, and honor until death -Often compared to the Code of Chivalry in medieval Europe
135
What are six characteristics of Bushido?
o   Developed to guide warriors o   Developed as part of society over time o   Coexisted as part of society over time o   Could only be practiced by samurai, which was hereditary o   Swordwork was considered an art form with its own spirit o   Dishonor was punished through Seppuku(ritual suicide)
136
What are four characteristics of Chivalry?
o   Developed to guide warriors created by the Catholic Church o   Open to anyone willing to train as a warrior o   Emphasized honor, justice, loyalty, courage, faith, humility, and nobility -Dishonor resulted in expulsion from being a warrior and sometimes society
137
What were early Mongols like? o   Small __________ tribes who live in portable tents called yurts o   Skillful __________ of sheep, horses, and camels in Central Asia o   Very __________ to their enemies o   __________ organized into tribes and clans
o   Small NOMADIC tribes who live in portable tents called yurts o   Skillful HERDERS of sheep, horses, and camels in Central Asia o   Very AGGRESSIVE to their enemies o   LOOSELY organized into tribes and clans
138
What were some war strategies and tactics used by Genghis Khan and the Mongols? o   Used bows, arrows, and swords but also __________– a new technology o   Skilled attacking on __________ o   Often faked a __________ to lure enemies into a trap o   Genghis Khan created an elite group of 10,000 young __________ from all tribes loyal to him o   Based __________ positions on merit, not your family o   They showed no mercy to those who opposed but __________ all who wanted to join
o   Used bows, arrows, and swords but also CANNONS– a new technology o   Skilled attacking on HORSEBACK o   Often faked a RETREAT to lure enemies into a trap o   Genghis Khan created an elite group of 10,000 young WARRIORS from all tribes loyal to him o   Based MILITARY positions on merit, not your family o   They showed no mercy to those who opposed but WELCOMED all who wanted to join
139
What three places did Genghis Khan conquer in 1279?
-China -Tibet -Vietnam
140
Kublai Khan founded the ____ Dynasty.
Yuan
141
What were some details about the Pax Mongolia?
o   After Mongol conquest, 100 years of peace o   Mongols policed the roads and made travel safe and Silk road trade increased o   Harsh punishment for criminals helped to deter crime o   Unified parts of China, India, Central Asia, Muslim Middle East and Russia- transmitting all acquired culture and technologies
142
What were some economic and social reforms that were made under the rule of Genghis Khan? o   Forcibly ________ many artisans and merchants to central Asia o   Created a written ________ language o   Practiced ________ toleration – spread Buddhism, Islam, and Daoism
o   Forcibly RELOCATED many artisans and merchants to central Asia o   Created a written MONGOL language o   Practiced RELIGIOUS toleration – spread Buddhism, Islam, and Daoism
143
What four things led to the decline of the Mongol Empire? -Empire divided into ________ -New ________ not as strong as Genghis or Kublai Khan -Resentment against Mongol rule grows in ________and ________ -Empire becomes too ________and ________to manage
-Empire divided into KHANATES -New LEADERS not as strong as Genghis or Kublai Khan -Resentment against Mongol rule grows in RUSSIA and CHINA -Empire becomes too BIG and DIVERSE to manage
144
What were three legacies left behind by the Mongol Empire? o   Kublai Khan established the _________ dynasty in China and welcomed Marco Polo, the Venetian explorer o   _________ and _________ invented in China and used by the Mongols o   The _________ Death- the plague began in Asia but decimated Europe in 1347 killing 1/3 of the population
o   Kublai Khan established the YUAN dynasty in China and welcomed Marco Polo, the Venetian explorer o   GUNPOWDER and CANNONS invented in China and used by the Mongols o   The BLACK Death- the plague began in Asia but decimated Europe in 1347 killing 1/3 of the population
145
The five relationships in Confucianism are ______ and son, _______ and wife, older _______ and younger _______, friend and ______, and _____ and people
The five relationships in Confucianism are FATHER and son, HUSBAND and wife, older BROTHER and younger BROTHER, friend and FRIEND, and RULER and people
146
The five key relationships in ____________ are father and son, husband and wife, older brother and younger brother, friend and friend, and ruler and people
Confucianism
147
What is Prehistory?
things that happened before history was "formally" recorded
148
Prehistory was also known as the _____ Age becuase the first _____ tools were made
Stone, stone
149
What were the three periods within the Stone Age?
Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic
150
In the Stone Age, the order of the periods was ___________, __________, and finally, _________.
paleolithic, mesolithic, neolithic
151
What does BCE stand for? ______ ______ Era
Before Common
152
What are the four things that archaeologists always ask? -____ is it? -___ used it? -____ was it used for? -___ old is it?
-WHAT is it? -WHO used it? -WHAT was it used for? -HOW old is it?
153
What do archaeologists study?
the remains of past people and cultures.
154
What do anthropologists study?
the customs and characteristics of people within societies
155
The earliest modern human was the ___________.
neanderthal
156
The neanderthal first appeared in ______, 100,000 to 400,000 years ago
Africa
157
The early Neanderthal migrated to ______, ________, and the ________
Europe, Australia, Americas
158
What is the next human species after Neanderthals?
homo-sapiens/cromagnons
159
Homo-sapiens/Cromagnons are ______ and more __________ than neanderthals
taller, intelligent
160
______ were prehistoric people who lived in clans and hunted/gathered their food.
Nomads
161
What was the main aspect of nomadic life?
following their food sources
162
Nomands were hunter/gatherers who -Invented simple _____, ____, and _______. -lived in _____ -developed oral ________ and ____ art
-Invented simple TOOLS, FIRE, and WEAPONS. -Lived in CLANS -developed oral LANGUAGE and CAVE art.
163
During Prehistory, the concept of trade developed and led to ____________
civilizations
164
What is a civilization?
a complex society with cities, written language, and division of labor
165
Neanderthals vs. Cromagnons Neanderthals -used ______ tools and weapons. -Their clothes were from ___ ___. -They invented ____ Cromagnons -more ________ weapons -____hooks -sewing ___________
-used STONE tools and weapons. -Their clothes were from ANIMAL FUR. -They invented FIRE Cromagnons -more EFFICIENT weapons -FISH hooks -sewing NEEDLES
166
What was the Agricultural Revolution?
when humans learned to farm, it led to a transition from food gathering to food producing. Humans also domesticated animals.
167
The ___________ __________ meant that there was no need for nomadic life anymore.
Agricultural Revolution
168
Agriculture was the begninng of ___ settlements
permanent
169
Archaeologists use _______ ______ to see how old something is
carbon dating
170
___ and ___ were two early cities the developed in the Fertile Crescent
Aleppo, Jericho
171
______________ was a Neolithic settlement that is currently being excavated in Anatolia, Turkey.
Catalhoyuk
172
What is Stonehenge?
an archaeological site in England that was started in the Neolithic Age and was completed in the Bronze Age.
173
______________ cover most of Greece's mainland
Mountains
174
The mountains in Greece _________ and __________ cities and limit ________ between people
protect, isolate, contact
175
Who lived on the island of Crete and traded in the Mediterranean region?
Minoans
176
_______ show scenes of Minoan life and religion
Frescoes
177
The Mycenaeans were ___________ from Central Asia
Indo-Europeans
178
The Mycenaeans adopted ____ customs
Minoan
179
The ___ move to Greece from the north
Dorians
180
The Dorian period was known as the "____ Age"
Dark
181
Dorians were also known as the ___
Hellenes
182
Who founded the Persian Empire?
Cyrus the Great
183
Who build the largest empire in ancient history?
Cyrus the Great (Persian Empire)
184
Who seized the throne after Cyrus the Great?
Darius I
185
The ___ Empire was predominantly Zoroastrian, but practiced religious tolerance
Persian
186
____ was located in southeastern Peloponnese
Sparta
187
Spartans had what type of society?
Militaristic
188
Who was the leader of the Peloponnesian League?
Sparta
189
Who in the Peloponnesian War had a democratic form of government?
Athens
190
Who in the Peloponnesian war had few rights for women?
Athens
191
Who was the leader of Delian League?
Athens
192
_______ Greeks rebelled against Persia to gain independence.
Ionian
193
Who sent aid to help the Ionian Greeks?
Athens
194
Who defeated Persia in the Battle of Marathon?
Athens
195
When Darius I died, who took over in Persia?
Xerxes
196
Xerxes assembled what was supposedly the largest _________ in history.
army
197
During the second Persian invasion, Persia's massive army crossed ____________ into Europe and Asia
Hellespont
198
An alliance of what formed to defend Athens during the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars?
city-states
199
Athens build a massive __________ during the second Persian invasion.
navy
200
Who was involved in the Battle of Salamis.
Athens and Persia
201
Who engaged the Persian navy at sea during the Battle of Salamis?
Athens
202
Who wins the Battle of Salamis? A) Sparta B) Athens C) Persia D) Greece
B) Athens
203
During the Battle of Plataea, Athenian and Spartan _________ defeat the Persian army.
hoplites
204
Who won the Battle of Plataea? A) Sparta and Athens B) Athens and Greece C) Persia and Athens D) Greece and Sparta
A) Sparta and Athens
205
What were some effects of the Persian War?
-Sparta was weakened -Athens is the most powerful city-state -Athens creates the Delian League -Athens experiences a golden age
206
After the Persian war, ________ was weakened.
Sparta
207
After the Persian war, ____________ becomes the most powerful city state.
Athens
208
After the Persian war, ___________ rebuilds and experiences a Golden Age.
Athens
209
Tension builds between which two places that eventually leads to the Peloponnesian War?
Athens and Sparta
210
War breaks out between which two leagues during the Peloponnesian war?
The Delian League (Athens) and the Peloponnesian League (Sparta).
211
A _________ struck Athens during the Peloponnesian war, which weakened it.
plague
212
Who won the Peloponnesian war? A) Persia B) Athens C) Sparta D) Greece
C) Sparta
213
Who took over the Athenian Empire after the Peloponnesian war?
Sparta
214
After the Peloponnesian war, Athens was ruled by the " ______ _______" and democracy was suspended.
Thirty Tyrants
215
After the Peloponnesian War, Philip II of Macedon conquered all of Greece except __________.
Sparta
216
Who lost the Persian War?
Persia
217
Who rules Athens after the Persian war and extended democracy to all adult males?
Pericles
218
__________ rebuilt Athens after the Persian war.
Pericles
219
Which goddess was the Parthenon dedicated to?
Athena
220
What was the Parthenon used for?
a treasury and a temple
221
What was the classical order that was used in buildings and columns during the Athenian Golden Age? Doric - _________ Ionic - _________ Corinthian-_________
Doric - simple Ionic - use of scrolls Corinthian - ornate and fancy
222
Who was Phidias (hint: had something to do with ancient Greece)
greatest sculptor of all of Ancient Greece
223
Phidias created a sculpture of Zeus, which was one of the _________ _________ of the Ancient World
Seven Wonders
224
Herodotus is considered the father of __________ becuase he wrote about the Persian Wars.
History
225
Thucydides, a figure in ancient Athens, wrote _________ histories.
accurate
226
Which war did Thucydides write about?
Peloponnesian
227
Who was a prominent Poet from ancient Athens that wrote the Illad and The Odyessy?
Homer
228
Aeschylus was the "Father of __________"
Tragedy
229
Sophocles was a ____________ in Athens.
playwright
230
Archimedes was a _________ and an inventor, who invended the screw and heat ray.
mathematician
231
Hippocrates was a _________ and namesake of the Hippocratic Oath.
doctor
232
Euclid is the "Father of _______"
Geometry
233
Who created the Pythagorean theorem about right triangles?
Pythagorus
234
Socrates was a popular philosopher who was convicted of what?
corruping the youth
235
Plato was which philosopher's student?
Socrates
236
Aristotle was ___________'s student and the well-paid tutor of Alexander the Great.
Plato
237
Who was Alexander the Great's tutor?
Aristotle
238
What is philosophy?
the study of life, knowledge, problems, reality, and reason
239
Philosophers = "lovers of _________"
wisdom
240
What was the main job of a sophist?
applying and teaching the knowledge and wisdom from philosophers.
241
Sophists were professional _________ who traveled Greek city-states.
teachers
242
Who was a critic of Sophists but was popular with Athens' youth.
Socrates
243
What were some characteristics of the Socratic Method? -Socrates' ___________ method -Continuous _____________ -Designed to foster deep ________________ -Encourages _____________ thinking
-Socrates' TEACHING method -Continuous QUESTIONS -Designed to foster deep UNDERSTANDING -Encourages CRITICAL thinking
244
Who was the author of the Republic? A) Socrates B) Plato C) Aristotle D) Thucydides
B) Plato
245
Who founded a school called The Academy that was located in Athens? A) Plato B) Socrates C) Aristotle D) Thucydides
A) Plato
246
What were some characteristics of Aristotle? -Student at _______'s Academy -Developed __________ as a field of study -Tutored _____________ the Great -Opened the Lyceum, which was a ____________ -had influential ideas on ______________ and science
-Student at PLATO's Academy -Developed LOGIC as a field of study -Tutored ALEXANDER the Great -Opened the Lyceum, which was a SCHOOL -had influential ideas on GOVERNMENT and science
247
These three things were part of the legacy of Greek Philosophers. -Encouraged ______ thought -The _________Method and tests on ideas -Critical thinking about _____________ and rule.
-Encouraged DEEP thought -The SCIENTIFIC Method and tests on ideas -Critical thinking about GOVERNMENT and rule.
248
____________ was the kingdom north of Greece.
Macedonia
249
Who ruled over Macedonia?
Phillip II
250
What were 3 characteristics of Alexander the Great's rise to power? -________ Bucephalus - an untamable horse -Phillip II was _________ -Inherits a stong _________ and an experienced army
-TAMES Bucephalus - an untamable horse -Phillip II was ASSASSINATED -Inherits a stong KINGDOM and an experienced army
251
How does Alexander become "the Great?" - _________ all rivals -uses force and ____________ to put down revolts across Greece -Intended to conquer __________ and defeat Emperor Darius.
- ELIMINATES all rivals -uses force and DIPLOMACY to put down revolts across Greece -Intended to conquer PERSIA and defeat Emperor Darius.
252
How does Alexander become "the Great?" -Conquers _______ and _______ -wins the _________ of Gaugamela, which led to the fall of the Persian Empire -Invades ________, but his troops demand to stop.
-Conquers SYRIA and EGYPT -wins the BATTLE of Gaugamela, which led to the fall of the Persian Empire -Invades INDIA, but his troops demand to stop.
253
What were three characteristics of Alexander the Great's legacy? -Blending of the _____ and ______, (Hellenistic culture) -___________ in Egypt became a major city and contains the world's largest library -New status and opportunity for ___________ in society
-Blending of the EAST and WEST, (Hellenistic culture) -ALEXANDRIA in Egypt became a major city and contains the world's largest library -New status and opportunity for WOMEN in society
254
What is the main difference between Hellenic and Hellenistic?
Hellenic means "Greek" and Helenistic means "like the Greek"
255
Hellenic -People are all mostly __________ -People stay in _________ -_________ stay at home
-People are all mostly GREEK -People stay in POLIS -WOMEN stay at home
256
Hellenistic -____________, and included the cultures of Persia, India, Greece, and Egypt. -People _________ and live in different places in the Empire -____________ were given a larger role in society
-MULTI-CULTURAL, and included the cultures of Persia, India, Greece, and Egypt. -People TRAVELED and lived in different place in the Empire -WOMEN were given a larger role in society
257
What is the definition of a city-state?
a city including the surrounding territory that forms an independent state.
258
What is the definition of a civilization?
a complex society with cities, oral language, and division of labor
259
What is the definition of Cuneiform writing?
Characters used in the ancient writing systems of Mesopotamia
260
What is the definition of a Pharoah
a ruler in ancient Egypt
261
What is the definition of polytheism?
the worship/belief of more than one god.
262
What is the definition of monotheism?
belief that there is only one god
263
What is the definition of a ziggurat?
a stepped tower by a temple in ancient Mesopotamia
264
Narmer was the _________ of Egypt
unifier
265
Ramses II helped secure the borders of ______ from foregin pirates and invaders.
Egypt
266
Hatsheput was Egypt's most successful female __________.
Pharoah
267
Sargon of ________ was an early empire builder who conquered all of Southern Mesopotamia as well as Syria, Egypt, and Anatolia.
Akkad
268
Nebuchadnezzar was the king of the ___________ Dynasty of Babylonia.
Chaldean
269
Hammurabi is known for making a surviving set of ______, which were inscribed in Babyon's temple of Marduk.
laws
270
What was the purpose of the pyramids?
religious purposes
271
What's the difference between a tomb and a shrine?
A tomb is focused on the afterlife and the deceased, while shrines were dedicated to worshipping gods.
272
What does the word Mesopotamia mean?
"between the rivers"
273
The Fertile Crescent was the land around the ______ and _________Rivers
Tigris and Euphrates
274
Regular flooding in Ancient Mesopotamia provided silt for __________, but was unpredictable
farmland
275
What did farmers in ancient Mesopotamia build to control seasonal floods?
Dams and channels
276
What system was used in ancient Mesopotamia to to bring water to the fields? A) aquaducts B) channels C) dams D) irrigation
D) irrigation
277
___________ was the first major civilization in Mesopotamia A) Constantinople B) Troy C) Sumer D) Greece
C) Sumer
278
What was the order of the social structure in ancient Mesopotamia? A) people with money, peasants, slaves, rulers B) slaves, people with money, rulers, peasants C) peasants, rulers, people with money, slaves D) rulers, people with money, peasants, slaves.
D) rulers, people with money, peasants, slaves.
279
What were some cultural achievements of ancient Mesopotamia? -Made fine ______ and sculptures -Music using flutes and _________ -The Epic of Gilgamesh, which is a long _____about a king who travels the world.
-Made fine JEWELRY and sculptures -Music using flutes and STRINGS -The Epic of Gilgamesh, which is a long POEM about a king who travels the world.
280
True or False: Ancient Mesopotamia had monotheistic beliefs.
False: they were polytheistic
281
What is Theocracy? A) when religious leaders also lead the government B) where the government has absolute power over the all aspects of life C) when there are multiple leaders in charge of the government D) when there is a separation between the church and government
A) when religious leaders also lead the government
282
Describe Cuneiform. A) block shaped letters B) detailedblock-shaped images that depicted what they meant C) pictographic, wedge-shaped letters D) symbols that are written that represent individual speech sounds
C) pictographic, wedge-shaped letters
283
Mesopotamians used basic math and geometry based on what number? A) 0 B) 30 C) 60 D) 100
C) 60 (60 minute hour, 360 degree circle)
284
Who were the first to use wheeled carts for transportation? A) Spartans B) Athenians C) Greeks D) Mesopotamians
D) Mesopotamians
285
Who overtook the Sumerians? A) Athenians B) Assyrians C) Akkadians D) Persians
C) Akkadians
286
Who took over Mesopotamia after the Akkadians? A) Assyrians B) Babylonians C) Sumerians D) Persians
A) Assyrians
287
Hammurabi was the _____________ king from 1792 BC to 1750 BC.
Babylonian
288
Hammurabi controlled all of _________________. A) Syria B) Greece C) France D) Mesopotamia
D) Mesopotamia
289
What is Hammurabi known for writing?
Hammurabi's Code, the first written code of laws.
290
Who overtook Mesopotamia from the Akkadians? A) Athenians B) Babylonians C) Persians D) Assyrians
B) Babylonians
291
The ____________ Empire rises again before the Neo-Babylonian or Chaldean Empire comes to power. A) Athenian B) Greek C) Persian D) Assyrian
D) Assyrians
292
King _____________ has the great Hanging Gardens of Babylon built. A) Hammurabi B) Nebuchadnezzar C) Narmer D) Ramses II
B) Nebuchadnezzar
293
Cyrus the Great founded which Empire? A) Persian B) Babylonian C) Mesopotamain D) Mayan
A) Persian
294
The early conquerors of Mesopotamia were ______________ leaders. A) powerful B) military C) absolute D) religious
D) religious
295
After more wars in Mesopotamia, ___________ leaders come into power. A) powerful B) military C) absolute D) religious
B) military
296
Sargon of Akkad took power of where? A) Persia B) Babylon C) Sumer D) Athens
C) Sumer
297
Amorites moved the capital of Mesopotamia from __________ to _________. A) Persia to Sumer B) Babylon to Sumer C) Sumer to Athens D) Ur to Babylon
D) Ur to Babylon
298
Amorites eventually became known as the _____________ Empire, but kept Sumerian practices.
Babylonian
299
The Babylonian Empire reached its height under which ruler? A) Narmer B) Nebuchadnezzar C) Hammurabi D) Ramses II
C) Hammurabi
300
What two things were Hammurabi's code based off of. A) earlier codes and revenge B) government and law C) peace and prosperity D) power and military
A) earlier codes and revenge
301
Hammurabi's code was different for which two groups? A) mentally ill and mentally sane B) rich and poor C) healthy and sick D) happy and sad
B) rich and poor
302
True or False: Religion was changed under Hammurabi.
True
303
The Babylonian Empire fell due to weak leadership after the death of who? A) Hammurabi B) Nebuchadnezzar C) Narmer D) Ramses II
A) Hammurabi
304
The Babylonian Empire fell due to a powerfull opponent attacking, who was it? A) Spartans B) Amorites C) Babylonians D) Hittites
D) Hittites
305
The Hittites -used _________ for attacks -group had iron _________ and weapons -adopted ___________ beliefs
-used CHARIOTS for attacks -group had iron TOOLS and weapons -adopted SUMERIAN beliefs
306
Hittites was the first group to smelt iron, which led to the beginning of which age? A) Golden Age B) New Age C) Iron Age D) Bronze Age
C) Iron Age
307
The Hittites fell to which group? A) Assyrians B) Greeks C) Persians D) Athenians
A) Assyrians
308
The Assyrians were ____________ people. A) powerful B) peaceful C) warlike D) weak
C) warlike
309
What were some military advancements of the Assyrian Empire? A) ladders, cannons, guns, shields. B) cannons, swords, horses, and copper weapons. C) fireworks, shields, ladders, and silver weapons D) archers. ladders, weapons, and tactics
D) archers. ladders, weapons, and tactics
310
What was the main reason for the fall of the Assyrian Empire?
they were attacked by groups that they had defeated in the past.
311
Who was responsible for the defeat of the Assyrian Empire? A) Persians B) Chaldeans C) Sumerians D) Athenians
B) Chaldeans
312
Who led the Chaldeans and ultimately led to the fall of the Assyrian Empire? A) Nebuchadnezzar B) Darius I C) Cyrus D) Cambyses
A) Nebuchadnezzar
313
Which empire, which was led by Cyrus, Darius I, and Cambyses, took over the Chaldeans?
Persian
314
The Harappan culture existed along which river? A) Euphrates B) Nile C) Tigris D) Indus
D) Indus
315
The Harappan culture, located in the Indus Valley, contained numerous natural resources, including ___________ water, _________, precious _________, and marine ____________.
The Harappan culture, located in the Indus Valley, contained numerous natural resources, including FRESH water, TIMBER, precious STONES, and marine RESOURCES.
316
What were two things not present in the remains of Monhenjo-Daro and Harappa? A) palaces and military equipment B) wells and farming tools C) clay bricks and burials D) spears and arrowheads
A) palaces and military equipment
317
Describe the Harrapan language. A) block-shaped letters B) detailed images that depicted what they meant C) symbols that are written that represent individual speech sounds D) pictographic script with iconographic motifs
D) pictographic script with iconographic motifs
318
The Harappan civilization was mainly ________ and _______________.
The Harappan civilization was mainly URBAN and MERCANTILE.
319
What led to the decline of the Harappan civilization? A) ecological factors such as floods, weather, etc. B) No one knows for sure C) Aryan invasion D) Both A and C
B) No one knows for sure (The other options are theories)
320
Along which river did civilization begin to grow in Ancient China?
Huang He/Yellow River
321
What made the Huang He river yellow?
fine soil called loess
322
China was surrounded by natural barriers, such as mountains, so what did that lead them to believe?
that they were the sole source of civilization
323
Early China had little contact with ________ and ___________, due to the natural barriers.
traders and invaders
324
What is the concept of Yin and Yang?
that there is a balance and harmony of two forces
325
What was the earliest type of writing found in ancient China?
pictographic and ideographic characters that later developed into calligraphy.
326
What was the social structure of ancient China like?
the nobles and royal family control society, artisans and merchants are middle class, peasant farmers made up most of the population.
327
What was China's main export?
silk
328
What is the definition of Hinduism in Ancient India? A) the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, or its beliefs and practices B) A way to liberate its followers from illusions and mistakes of everyday life C) the belief in and worship of a superhuman power or powers, especially a God or gods D) a widespread religion or philosophy, founded by Siddartha Gautama in northeastern India
B) A way to liberate its followers from illusions and mistakes of everyday life
329
What are the Vedas in Ancient India? A) books of prayer, songs, and stories B) stones with prayers carved into them C) scriptures that outline rules D) the secrets to reaching the highest form a person can reach
A) books of prayer, songs, and stories
330
The caste system in India included two concepts, Varna and Jati. There were only four Varnas but hundreds of Jatis. What were the four Varnas?
Brahmin - study/teach Kshatriya - power/protect Vaisya - earn/give Sudra - serve
331
What was the caste system in Ancient India?
a social hierarchy that included formalized laws
332
What is the main goal in Hinduism?
to reach moksha, "the perfect understanding of all things"
333
What is the definition of Dharma?
duty
334
What is the same thing as the concept of Samsura in Hinduism?
reincarnation until one reaches moksha
335
What were the four largest early river valley civilizations?
Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus River Valley, and China
336
Where was the Mayan Empire located? A) central American rainforest B) Andes Mountains in South America C) the Himalayan Mountains D) arid valley in central Mexico
A) central American rainforest
337
The Mayan civilization was made up of independent ________-_________ that were run by kings
city-states
338
True or False: The Mayan Empire had a monotheistic religion.
False; they were polytheistic
339
What was a concept that the Mayans believed in? A) the afterlife B) burials C) reincarnation D) angels
A) the afterlife
340
What purpose did the Mayans build temples for?
sacrifices and bloodletting
341
Mayan economy was built on ________ and _________.
agriculture and trade
342
The Mayans were excellent _________ and created accurate __________
The Mayans were excellent ASTRONOMERS and created accurate CALENDARS
343
What was the game that the Mayans created called? A) Bok-A-Tok B) Pick-A-Ball C) Tik-A-Pok D) Pok-A-Tok
D) Pok-A-Tok
344
What led to the demise of the Mayan Empire? A) Possible soil exhaustion and drought B) Outside invasions C) No one knows for sure D) Both A and B
C) No one knows for sure (A and B are theories)
345
Where were the Aztecs located? A) central American rainforest B) Andes Mountains in South America C) the Himalayan Mountains D) arid valley in central Mexico
D) arid valley in central Mexico
346
What was the major city for the Aztecs?
Tenochtitlan
347
The Aztec empire unified the neighboring ________-_______ into an empire.
city-states
348
True or False: The Aztec empire had a polytheistic religion with an emphasis on peace
False; they were polytheistic with an emphasis on warfare
349
What function did temples serve in the Aztec Empire?
used for human sacrifices
350
What two things were the Aztec economy based on?
agriculture and conquest
351
What led to the demise of the Aztecs? -Emperor Montezuma was taken hostage by the ____________ -neighboring ________ join the Herman Cortes and the invading Spanish -Most Aztecs were killed by _______ or __________
-Emperor Montezuma was taken hostage by the SPANISH -neighboring TRIBES join the Herman Cortes and the invading Spanish -Most Aztecs were killed by DISEASE or WARFARE
352
Where was then Inca civilization located? A) central American rainforest B) Andes Mountains in South America C) the Himalayan Mountains D) arid valley in central Mexico
B) Andes Mountains in South America
353
True or False: The Inca empire had a polytheistic religion
True
354
What were two religious actions that the Inca's took?
human as well as animal sacrifices and cranial deformation
355
What are four characteristics of the Inca society? -developed the _______ plant -used _______ and herbal _______ -developed a complex _______ system -recorded stories in _______ , Andean stringed knots
-developed the COCA plant -used SURGERY and herbal MEDICINES -developed a complex ROAD system -recorded stories in QUIPUS, Andean stringed knots
356
What led to the demise of the Inca Empire? -_________pox killed many Inca -__________between Inca ruler Atahualpa and his ________weakened the empire -___________by Francisco Pizarro in 1532
-SMALLpox killed many Inca -WAR between Inca ruler Atahualpa and his BROTHER weakened the empire -CONQUERED by Francisco Pizarro in 1532
357
Who established the first culture in Mexico? A) Olmecs B) Incas C) Aztecs D) Mayans
A) Olmecs
358
What are the Olmecs known for?
enormous heads
359
What were the Zapotecs good at?
building
360
Who conquered the Zapotecs?
Aztecs
361
What was Axum? (Also spelled Aksum)
a powerful East African Empire that converted to Christianity, then to Islam
362
What were some characteristics of Axum? (Also spelled Aksum) -controlled trade among ________, India, and the ________ -used sailing ships called ________to expand trade into the ________ Sea and ________Ocean -Traded ________, tortoise shells, ________, emeralds, silk, and ________
-controlled trade among AFRICA, India, and the MEDITERRANEAN -used sailing ships called DHOWS to expand trade into the RED Sea and INDIAN Ocean -Traded IVORY, tortoise shells, GOLD, emeralds, silk, and SPICES
363
In Ghana, Islam was introduced by whom?
Muslim merchants
364
In Ghana, the king collected taxes from controlling which trade?
the Gold-Salt trade
365
Where is Zimbabwe located? A) central American rainforest B) Andes Mountains in South America C) Southern Africa D) arid valley in central Mexico
C) Southern Africa
366
Zimbabwe's society was based on what two things?
farming and trading gold & ivory
367
Where was the seat of power and home to the monarch? A) Mali B) Songhai C) Zimbabwe D) Ghana
C) Zimbabwe
368
Who took control of the Trans-Saharan trade routes? A) Mali B) Songhai C) Zimbabwe D) Ghana
A) Mali
369
Mansa Musa led which civilization? A) Songhai B) Zimbabwe C) Mali D) Ghana
C) Mali
370
Who led a massive pilgrimage to Mecca and gave away gold along the way, which severely impacted the economy?
Mansa Musa
371
Who conquered the Mali Empire? A) Songhai B) Zimbabwe C) Mali D) Ghana
A) Songhai
372
Mali's city of _____________ becomes a center for trade and learning.
Timbuktu
373
After Ghana, which civilization continues the Gold-Salt trade?
Songhai
374
Songhai makes ____________ their capital, but Timbuktu remains a learning center.
Gao
375
During the Neolithic Era, which change first resulted in the creation of settled communities? A) invention of written language B) development of agriculture C) Specialization of labor D) Use of pottery
B) development of agriculture
376
Which factor had the greatest effect on the movements of early nomadic societies? A) Mineral deposits B) Religious beliefs C) Survival needs D) Tribal Treaties
C) Survival needs
377
The defining characteristic of polytheistic religions is the idea that- A) there is an eternal struggle between good and evil B) beings undergo many cycles of rebirth C) past actions control the destiny of each person D) there are many gods and goddesses in existence
D) there are many gods and goddesses in existence
378
Which of these best completes this diagram? ______________ -Hebrews -Standards of Religious Conduct -Moral Code A) Vedas B) Upanishads C) Twelve Tablets D) Ten Commandments
D) Ten Commandments
379
Which empire Is associated with the Indus river system? A) Gupta Empire B) Chinese Empire C) Indian Empire D) Babylonian Empire
A) Gupta Empire
380
The Vedas and the Upanishads are sacred writings of- A) Hinduism B) Judaism C) Zoroastrianism D) Buddhism
A) Hinduism
381
According to the Mandate of Heaven, a Chinese emperor could remain in power as long as he- A) obeyed the priests B) controlled the army C) governed as a just ruler D) conquered new territories
C) governed as a just ruler
382
"You only lose what you cling to" - Siddhartha Gautama This quotation best represents the religious views of- A) Hindus B) Zoroastrians C) Buddhists D) Jews
C) Buddhists
383
Living in harmony with nature is an important part of Chinese culture primarily because of- A) Hinduism B) Taoism C) Buddhism D) Confucianism
B) Taoism
384
"We are called a democracy, for the administration is in the hands of the many and not the few" This is a quotation from - A) Pericles B) Homer C) Pythagoras D) Hippocrates
A) Pericles
385
Emperor Constantine influenced the traditions of Western civilization by - A) sending Roman soldiers to the Middle East B) legalizing Christianity within the Roman Empire C) codifying Roman law in the Middle East D) unifying Europe by founding the Holy Roman Empire
B) legalizing Christianity within the Roman Empire
386
Which city was an obstacle to early Rome's control of the Mediterranean region? A) Athens B) Carthage C) Alexandria D) Corinth
B) Carthage
387
How did Rome's military conquests affect the economic and social structures of the Roman Republic? A) Slavery became important to Rome's agricultural production. B) Soldiers deserted to join enemy armies attacking Rome. C) Trade routes fell into disuse throughout the Republic. D) The Republic adopted a monotheistic religion.
A) Slavery became important to Rome's agricultural production.
388
The cause of the split in Islam after Muhammad's death was a difference of opinion concerning - A) expansion B) leaders C) prayer D) pilgrimages
B) leaders
389
Which characteristic describes the earliest followers of Islam? A) Nomads in West Africa B) Migrated from Central Asia C) Lived on the Arabian Peninsula D) Sea traders from South Asia
C) Lived on the Arabian Peninsula
390
Which belief is associated with Shintoism? A) The gods interfere in human lives. B) People will experience an afterlife. C) Reincarnation depends on karma. D) People must respect nature spirits
D) People must respect nature spirits
391
During the Renaissance, authors were most often studied by - A) bankers B) humanists C) feudal lords D) parish priests
B) humanists
392
The movable-type printing press helped the Renaissance by- A) supporting the teachings of the Catholic Church B) increasing the use of new accounting practices C) motivating the analysis of Egyptian society D) expanding the distribution of new ideas
D) expanding the distribution of new ideas
393
Emperor Constantine chose the location for a new capital partly for its distance from- A) trade routes B) feudal kingdoms C) Germanic invaders D) Mongol hordes
C) Germanic invaders
394
Which primary factor encouraged Greek city-states to develop different identities? A) language B) religion C) economy D) geography
D) geography
395
Which regions were connected by the Silk Roads? A) East Asia and the Mediterranean basin B) Western Europe and East Africa C) East Africa and Southeast Asia D) Northern Europe and the Mediterranean basin
A) East Asia and the Mediterranean basin
396
The early river valley civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia developed governments that were ruled by - A) religious authorities B) elected officials C) representative assemblies D) tribal councils
A) religious authorities
397
Ancient Athens was responsible for developing which concept in government? A) civil services B) elected legislatures C) direct democracy D) written laws
C) direct democracy
398
The Dome of the Rock is an example of which civilization’s achievements in art and architecture? A) Chinese B) Greek C) Islamic D) Roman
C) Islamic
399
The Limpopo and Zambezi Rivers were boundaries for the empire of — A) Kush B) Nubia C) Ghana D) Zimbabwe
D) Zimbabwe
400
Which movement had the greatest influence on the Renaissance? A) Utopianism B) Feudalism C) Humanism D) Romanticism
C) Humanism
401
What was the capital of the Byzantine Empire?
Constantinople
402
What were four characteristics Constanitnople?
- excellent geography - easily protected - good harbors - trade crossroads
403
Who was the main emperor of the Byzantine Empire?
Justinian
404
What was Justinian's main goal?
to revive the glory of Rome
405
Justinian held absolute power over _________ and _________
church and state
406
What is Justinian's Code?
a body of civil laws and a reference guide that had a huge influence on European law
407
What is the Codification of laws?
collected, revised, and organized all of Rome's laws
408
What is a Digest?
summaries from Rome's greatest thinkers on law
409
What is the Institute?
a textbook for law students
410
Who was Justinian's wife?
Empress Theodora
411
Empress Theodora was the most _________ woman in Byzantine history.
powerful
412
What things were associated with the Golden Age of the Byzantine Empire?
- Constantinople was heavily fortified - public works were built such as aquaducts, baths, courts, schools, and hospitals - the Hagia Sophia was built
413
What was the Great Schism?
a permanent split of the church that occured in 1054
414
During the Great Schism, the differences in church involved what things?
-the church leader -location, -language, -the lifestyle of priests, -the use of icons
415
Which two churches were created as a result of the Great Schism?
Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches
416
In the Byzantine Empire, those in the ________ supported icons and those in the _______ did not.
In the Byzantine Empire, those in the WEST supported icons and those in the EAST did not.
417
What three things led to the Byzantine decline? - ____________ invasions from the north - Arab _________ invasion from the south - The __________ to retake the Holy Lands
- BARBARIAN invasions from the north - Arab MUSLIM invasion from the south - The CRUSADES to retake the Holy Lands
418
Which empire took the city of Constantinople?
Ottoman Empire
419
What was Constantinople renamed after it was taken over?
Istanbul
420
What is the geography of Russia like? A) mountainous terrain in the north and swamps in the south B) hilly grasslands in the north and beaches in the south C) hilly grasslands in the south and dense forests/swamps in the north D) torpical rainforests in the south and snowy mountains in the north
C) hilly grasslands in the south and dense forests/swamps in the north
421
In early Russia, a group of _________ settled among Eastern Slavic tribes. A) pirates B) vikings C) Christians D) Mongols
B) vikings
422
The Varangians and Eastern Slavis tribes were also known as A) Rus B) Bos C) Kov D) Rik
A) Rus
423
Oleg was a relative of Rurik and left Novgorod to conquer lands south along the ___________ River A) Yaroslav B) Kiev C) Nile D) Dniper
D) Dniper
424
Oleg conquered Kiev and named it the capital of his newly created state called _____________.
Kievan Rus
425
Kiev became an imporant trade route between the ________ Sea and the _______ Sea A) Baltic Sea and Red Sea B) Red Sea and Mediterranian Sea C) Black Sea and Mediterranian Sea D) Baltic Sea and Black Sea
D) Baltic and Black Seas
426
Kiev was influenced by the ________, __________ people, and __________ Empire.
Vikings, Slavic people, and the Byzantine Empire
427
Princess Olga of Kiev converts to Christianity after visiting ___________
Constantinople
428
Vladimir sent teams to observe and report on which 3 religions?
Islam, Judaism, and Christianity
429
After deciding that his people should become Christian, Vladimir has all Kiev citizens ____________ in the Dniper River.
baptized
430
Vladimir's son, Yaroslav the ________ took power after in-fighting and led Kiev to its ___________ height.
Vladimir's son, Yaroslav the WISE took power after in-fighting and led Kiev to its CULTURAL height.
431
Yaroslav divided Rus between his _________ sons, which caused a civil war.
two
432
How do the Crusades affect trade?
they further disrupt trade
433
Who threatened Rus from the East?
Mongols
434
Kiev falls to Genghis Khan's grandson, _____________.
Batu Khan.
435
The mongols demended obedience and ________ payments from conquered cities.
tribute
436
The Mongol rule __________ Russia from the rest of Europe.
isolated
437
Which city came to power after the Rus?
Moscow
438
What are some similarities between the Roman Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox churches? -they base their faith on the __________ -they use sacrements such as ___________ -their religious leader are __________ and bishops
-they base their faith on the BIBLE -they use sacrements such as BAPTISM -their religious leader are PRIESTS and bishops
439
What were some characteristics of the Roman Catholic church? -services conducted in __________ -the _____ has authority over all bishops -the pope claims authority over all ________ and _________ -Priests may not ________ -__________ is not permitted
-services conducted in LATIN -the POPE has authority over all bishops -the pope claims authority over all KINGS and EMPERORS -Priests may not MARRY -DIVORCE is not permitted
440
What were some characteristics of the Eastern Orthodox Church? -services are conducted in _______ -the ___________ and other bishops head the church as a group -the ___________ claims authority over the patriarch and other bishops -Priests are allowed to __________ -___________ is allowed under certain conditions
-services are conducted in GREEK -the PATRIARCH and other bishops head the church as a group -the EMPEROR claims authority over teh patriarch and other bishops -Priests are allowed to MARRY -DIVORCE is allowed under certain conditions
441
Mesopotamia was along the _________ and _______ Rivers.
Tigris and Euphrates
442
Egypt was along the _________River
Nile
443
India was along the _________ and __________ Rivers
Indus and Ganges
444
China was along the ____________ and ___________ Rivers
Huang He and Yantze
445
What river and sea were the Hebrews near?
Jordan river and Mediterranean Sea
446
The Phoenicians were near the ____________ and part of the ________ _________
Mediterranean, Fertile Crescent
447
Nubia was near the southern part of the _____________ river in Africa.
Nile
448
Hebrews practiced ___________theism
monotheism
449
Early Islamic civilization had achievements in __________ and the __________
Science and the Arts
450
What type of rulers were common in early civilizations?
Hereditary rulers such as kings or pharaohs
451
What social structure was prevalent in early civilizations?
Rigid class systems that used slavery
452
What political structures developed in early civilizations?
First city-states developed, later kingdoms and empires
453
What was a key feature of early governmental systems?
Centralized government based on religion
454
What are examples of early written law codes?
* 10 Commandments * Hammurabi’s Code
455
What was the predominant belief system in most early civilizations?
Polytheism (belief in many gods)
456
Which civilization practiced monotheism?
Hebrews
457
What technological advancements were present in early economies?
* Use of metal tools and weapons * Better agricultural tools * Increased trade along rivers
458
Who is considered the father of the Hebrews?
Abraham
459
What significant religious text was brought by Moses?
The 10 Commandments
460
What is the Jewish holy book called?
Torah
461
What city is considered the most sacred site for Judaism?
Jerusalem
462
What were the 4 earliest forms of writing?
* Pictograms * Hieroglyphics * Cuneiform * Alphabet
463
Which civilization developed the first alphabet?
Phoenicians
464
What empire created the largest land empire in the world at its time?
Persian Empire
465
What was a notable characteristic of the Persian Empire regarding conquered people?
Had tolerance for conquered people
466
What religion developed in the Persian Empire?
Zoroastrianism
467
What were the two opposing forces in Zoroastrianism?
Constant conflict between good and evil
468
Where did the Indus Civilization begin?
Near the Indus River in India
469
What geographic features protected the Indus Civilization?
* Indian Ocean * Himalayas * Hindu Kush mountains
470
What were the first city-states of the Indus Civilization?
* Harappa * Mohenjo-daro
471
What system did the Aryans bring to India?
Caste system
472
What was the first unified political empire in India after the Indus Civilization?
Mauryan Empire
473
What were the main contributions of the Mauryan Empire?
* Spreading Buddhism * Creating free hospitals * Vet clinics * Advanced roads
474
What empire is known for experiencing the 'Golden Age of India'?
Gupta Empire
475
What significant developments occurred during the Gupta Empire?
* Concept of zero * Medical advances like setting bones * Astronomy belief of a round earth * New textiles * Literature
476
What are the main beliefs of Hinduism?
* Many forms of one God * Reincarnation * Karma * Vedas and Upanishads as sacred writings
477
Who founded Buddhism?
Siddhartha Gautama
478
What guidelines do Buddhists follow?
* Four Noble Truths * Eightfold Path
479
What river was central to classical Chinese civilization?
Huang He (Yellow) River
480
What system of leadership was used in ancient China?
Dynasty chosen by the Mandate of Heaven
481
What was the main trading route in ancient China?
Silk Road
482
What luxury items were produced in ancient China?
* Paper * Porcelain * Silk
483
What philosophy became a main religion in China?
Confucianism
484
What does Confucianism emphasize?
* Respecting elders * Code of politeness * Education * Ancestor worship
485
What is the main belief of Taoism?
Humility, simple life and inner peace, and harmony with nature
486
What symbol is used in Taoism to represent opposites?
Yin and yang
487
What percentage of Greece is covered by mountains?
¾ of Greece ## Footnote Mountains divide land into regions and play a role in the development of Greek political life.
488
How did the mountainous terrain affect the development of Greek city-states?
Helped and hurt development ## Footnote Lack of irrigation prevented Greece from supporting a large population.
489
What forced the Greeks to trade with neighbors and colonize?
Lack of irrigation ## Footnote This led to the spread of Hellenistic culture.
490
What role did the physical geography of the Aegean Basin play in Greek civilization?
Shaped economic, social, and political development ## Footnote Expansion of Greek civilization from trade and colonization spread Hellenic culture.
491
What type of economy did the Greeks transition to due to their trade practices?
Money economy using coins ## Footnote This change was influenced by civic and commercial development.
492
What was the basis of Greek mythology?
Polytheistic beliefs ## Footnote Myths explained religion and many Western symbols and metaphors originate from ancient mythology.
493
What was significant about Athens in Ancient Greece?
Developed the first democratic system of government ## Footnote Athens became the foundation of modern democracies.
494
What type of government did Athens begin as?
Monarchy ## Footnote Only the king ruled before transitioning to an aristocracy.
495
Who wrote Greece's first legal code?
Draco ## Footnote The code covered property ownership, debt slavery, and contracts but included harsh punishments.
496
What reforms did Solon implement when he became head of government in Athens?
Reformed economics and legal system ## Footnote He was appointed in 594 BCE.
497
What was the direct democracy established by Cleisthenes in Athens?
All citizens vote directly on each issue ## Footnote This differs from the representative democracy of the USA.
498
Who had political rights in Ancient Greece?
Free adult males ## Footnote Women, foreigners, and slaves had no political rights.
499
How did Sparta's geography influence its culture?
Isolated mountainous terrain led to a militaristic society ## Footnote Sparta developed a rigid social structure.
500
What is an oligarchy?
Government run by a small group of powerful leaders ## Footnote Sparta eventually adopted this form of government.
501
What were the two main series of wars for Ancient Greece?
* Persian Wars (499 - 449 BCE) * Peloponnesian Wars (431 – 404 BCE) ## Footnote The Persian Wars began with Persia's invasion of Greek colonies.
502
What was the result of the Battle of Marathon and the Battle of Salamis?
Defeat of the Persians ## Footnote This preserved Greek political independence and established Athens as a powerful city.
503
What led to the collapse of the Delian League?
Tensions between Athens and member city-states ## Footnote This led to the formation of the Peloponnesian League.
504
What characterized the Golden Age of Pericles?
Peak of Athenian culture and development ## Footnote This period was marked by rebuilding efforts and the extension of democracy.
505
What caused the Peloponnesian Wars?
Competition between Athens and Sparta ## Footnote The rivalry increased after the formation of the Delian and Peloponnesian Leagues.
506
Who was King Philip II of Macedonia, and what did a want to achieve?
A conqueror who sought to unify Greece ## Footnote He aimed to reclaim land and took advantage of Greece's weakened state post-wars.
507
Who completed the conquest of Greece after Philip II's death?
Alexander the Great ## Footnote He established a vast Greek empire and spread Greek culture.
508
What is the Hellenistic Age?
Period where Greek culture blended with oriental elements ## Footnote This era saw rapid spread of Greek culture throughout the region.
509
Who is known as the 'Father of Medicine'?
Hippocrates ## Footnote He created the Hippocratic Oath, which is still used by doctors today.
510
What is Euclid known for?
Father of geometry ## Footnote His work laid the foundation for modern geometry.
511
What significant literary works did Homer write?
* Iliad * Odyssey ## Footnote These epic poems are foundational texts of ancient Greek literature.
512
What did Socrates encourage people to do?
Question what was correct ## Footnote He is considered one of the greatest thinkers in philosophy.
513
What method did Aristotle create?
Syllogism ## Footnote This method involves three logically related statements.
514
Which playwrights are known for writing tragedies?
* Aeschylus * Sophocles ## Footnote They contributed significantly to ancient Greek theater.
515
Where is Rome located?
Center of the Italian peninsula, protected by the Alps in the north and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, east, and south.
516
What geographical features contributed to Rome's growth?
* Good harbors * Fertile fields * River valleys * Mild climate
517
What type of beliefs is Roman mythology based on?
Polytheistic beliefs.
518
How did Romans use mythology?
To explain natural phenomena, human qualities, and life events.
519
Name one influence of Roman mythology on modern society.
Many symbols, metaphors, and words in Western civilization.
520
What is the Roman equivalent of Ares?
Mars.
521
Which group did Rome drive out in order to create a Republic?
Romans drove out the Etruscans and created a Republic.
522
Define a Republic.
A government structure where some officials are chosen by the people.
523
What was the social structure of the Roman Republic?
* Patricians: Landed elite, powerful nobility * Plebeians: Farmers, artisans, merchants * Slaves: Lowest social class
524
Who could gain citizenship in the Roman Republic?
Only patrician and plebeian men; some foreigners could gain citizenship.
525
What were the responsibilities of Roman citizens?
* Pay taxes * Military service
526
What was the significance of the 12 Tables?
First written Roman law that clarified laws in Rome for all classes.
527
What is the Forum?
A public meeting place in Rome.
528
What was the most powerful body of the Roman Republic?
The Senate.
529
How many members were in the Roman Senate?
About 300 members.
530
Who were the consuls in the Roman Republic?
Chief executives responsible for commanding armies and directing the government.
531
What were Tribunes?
Representatives elected by Plebeians.
532
What was the main cause of the Punic Wars?
Competition for trade between Rome and Carthage.
533
What was the outcome of the 1st Punic War?
Rome defeated Carthage and gained control of Sicily and Sardinia.
534
Who was Hannibal?
General from Carthage who led an attack against Rome during the 2nd Punic War.
535
What was a significant tactic used by Hannibal?
Used elephants in his army.
536
What happened in the 3rd Punic War?
Rome attacked and completely destroyed Carthage.
537
What is Imperialism?
Domination over foreign lands and people.
538
What led to the decline of the Roman Republic?
* Use of slavery in agriculture * Migration of farmers to cities * Inflation and weak economy * Civil war over power
539
What major change did Julius Caesar bring to the Roman government?
Named dictator for life after the Triumvirate.
540
What happened to Julius Caesar on the Ides of March?
He was assassinated by a group of senators.
541
Who became the first Roman Emperor?
Augustus Caesar.
542
What reforms did Augustus Caesar implement?
* Civil service system * Uniform rule of law * Guaranteed safe travel/trade on Roman roads * Created common coinage
543
What is the Pax Romana?
A 200-year period of Roman peace starting from Augustus' reign.
544
What are the main beliefs of Christianity?
* Monotheism * Jesus as the Son of God * Life after death * New Testament teachings
545
Who were the Apostles?
Followers of Jesus who spread his message throughout the Roman Empire.
546
What did Emperor Constantine do for Christianity?
Legalized Christianity with the Edict of Milan in 313 CE.
547
What led to the decline of the Western Roman Empire?
* Weak leaders * Economic issues * Military corruption * Invasions
548
What were Diocletian's reforms?
Divided the Empire into East and West portions.
549
What contributions did ancient Romans make to Western civilization?
* Art and architecture (e.g., Pantheon, Colosseum) * Technology (e.g., roads, aqueducts) * Law (e.g., 'Innocent until proven guilty') * Language (e.g., Latin) * Literature (e.g., The Aeneid) * Public health initiatives
550
Which river did Rome grow along?
Tiber
551
Rome influenced all of which Basin because of its location?
Mediterranean
552
Describe Etruscans.
a group from northern Italy that briefly controlled the Peninsula
553
When Rome drove out the Etruscans, they created a __________.
Republic
554
What is a republic?
a government structure where some officials were chosen by people; prevented individuals from gaining too much power. (basically a representative democracy)
555
What are Patricians?
elite, powerful, nobility, held the most power, 5-10% of the population
556
What are Plebeians?
-farmers, artisans, merchants -majority of the population; very little power
557
What is a forum?
a public meeting place
558
What did the 12 tables do?
clarified laws in Rome for all classes
559
What were some characteristics of the Senate in Rome? - Most powerful body of the ___________ - about ___________ members - served for ________ term and made laws - only ___________ could be senators
- Most powerful body of the REPUBLIC - about 300 members - served for LIFE term and made laws - only PATRICIANS could be senators
560
Plebians eventually gained the right to elect their own representatives. What were they called?
Tribunes
561
Where did Tribunes work? (hint: it wasn't the Senate)
the Assembly
562
Did Plebians ever gain an equal status to the Senate?
Yes
563
Which two places fought in the Punic Wars?
Rome and Carthage
564
Why were the Punic Wars fought?
they both wanted access to the same territories and trading routes.
565
What was a result of the Punic Wars that relates to Roman influence?
Roman influence was spread throughout the Mediterranean Basin leading to the diffusion of Roman culture
566
Why was the first Punic War fought?
Romans wanted to expand trade markets
567
Who won the first Punic War?
Rome defeated Carthage and won control of Sicily and Sardinia
568
Why was the second Punic War fought?
Carthage wanted revenge from the first war
569
Who is the general from Spain that creates and army and leads an attack for Carthage during the Second Punic War?
Hannibal
570
Who wins the Second Punic War?
Rome
571
What did Carthage have to give up after the Second Punic War?
they gave up all territories except those in North Africa.
572
Who attacked who in the Third Punic War?
Rome attacked Carthage and completely destroys it.
573
Describe after the Punic War. - for the next 100 years, _______ dominates the Mediterranean Basin and spreads ___________ to Africa, Asia, and Western Europe - The Romans expand __________ and wealth because of their victory over _____________
- for the next 100 years, ROME dominates the Mediterranean Basin and spreads CULTURE to Africa, Asia, and Western Europe - The Romans expand TRADE and wealth because of their victory over CARTHAGE
574
Due to the changing social and economic conditions, the Roman ________ succumbed to civil war and was replaced by the Roman ___________.
Due to the changing social and economic conditions, the Roman REPUBLIC succumbed to civil war and was replaced by the Roman EMPIRE
575
Define Imperialism. A) the separation of church and state B) where an emperor rules over all provinces C) a system of government where the people have a say D) domination over foreign lands and people
D) domination over foreign lands and people
576
What is a Triumvirate?
a group of three that rules
577
After two of the Triumvirate die, who is left in control and named himself dictator for life?
Julius Caesar
578
Describe the events leading to the death of and the death of Julius Caesar. - 60 __________ plot to kill him - stabbed to death on the _______ of March in the Senate - power passes to a new _____________
- 60 SENATORS plot to kill him - stabbed to death on the IDES of March in the Senate - power passes to a new TRIUMVIRATE
579
Octavian Augustus, Marc Antony, and Marcus Lepidus were all part of the new _________ after the death of Julius Caesar.
triumvirate
580
When Augustus became the only leader left in the new triumvirate, and after he gained total control, he became Rome's first __________.
emperor
581
What did Octavian Augustus change his name to after he became emperor?
Augustus Caesar
582
What were some reforms that Augustus Caesar made after he became emperor? - __________ service exam - uniform rule of __________ - guaranteed safe __________/__________ on Roman roads - created common __________ - promoted prosperity and __________ - created the __________ Guard
- CIVIL service exam - uniform rule of LAW - guaranteed safe TRADE/TRAVEL on Roman roads - created common COINAGE - promoted prosperity and STABILTIY - created the PREATORIAN Guard
583
Augustus' reign started a 200 year period known as the Pax Romana, or ___________ __________.
Roman Peace
584
What was the only instability during the Pax Romana?
the transfer of power between emperors.
585
Christianity originally had it's roots in which other religion? A) Judaism B) Buddhism C) Hinduism D) Shintoism
A) Judaism
586
When Christianity arises, a Jewish man named Jesus taught it. Who did this information come from?
gospels
587
What does Gospels also mean?
good news
588
What are the main beliefs of Christianity? - ______theistic faith based in Judaism - Belief that Jesus was the ________ and incarnation of God - Belief in life after ____________ - Belief in the New ____________, which were accounts of the life and teaching of Jesus
- MONOtheistic faith based in Judaism - Belief that Jesus was the SON and incarnation of God - Belief in life after DEATH - Belief in the New TESTAMENT, which were accounts of the life and teaching of Jesus
589
What is a martyr?
a person who suffers/dies for beliefs
590
As the Roman Empire declined, which religion became more accepted?
Christianity
591
When Emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan, what did that do?
legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire
592
When the Roman Empire started to decline, which institute served as the main source of power?
the church
593
Weak leaders = Weak __________
empire
594
Describe the causes for the decline of the Roman Empire. - ___________ Size-hard to defend and control because it got too extensive - ___________-cost too much - ___________-army began to include non-loyal, non-Romans - ___________ Decay-people lost faith in the empire - ___________ Problems-civil war broke out - ___________-threatened and attacked on all borders
- GEOGRAPHIC Size-hard to defend and control because it got too extensive - ECONOMY -cost too much - MILITARY-army began to include non-loyal, non-Romans - MORAL Decay-people lost faith in the empire - POLITICAL Problems-civil war broke out - INVASION-threatened and attacked on all borders
595
Which empire formed out of the Eastern portion of the Roman Empire after the Roman Empire fell?
Byzantine Empire
596
What was the capital of the Byzantine Empire?
Constantinople
597
The location of the capital of the Byzantine Empire provided _____________, _____________, and _____________ advantages.
The location of the capital of the Byzantine Empire provided POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, and MILITARY advantages.
598
The Byzantine Empire reaches its height in culture and wealth under which emperor?
Emperor Justinian
599
What do the words Hagia Sophia mean?
Holy Wisdom
600
Justinian cultural influence lead to the development of the ___________ __________, which was a branch of Christianity later in Byzantine history.
Greek Orthodox
601
Byzantine Emperor Leo III ends the use of what figure in church?
icons
602
What were the followers of Byzantine Emperor Leo III known as?
iconoclasts
603
What did the Pope do to Leo III after he found out that he banned the use of icons?
The pope had Leo III excommunicated (kicked out of the church)
604
What was the main reason that the Pope wanted the use of icons, even when Leo III didn't?
many in the west were illiterate, so pictures helped the service.
605
Who refused to recognize the Pope because he saw Emperor Leo as Christ's representative on Earth?
Patriarch of Contsantinople
606
Who does the Pope crown the "Holy Roman Emperor?"
Charlemagne
607
The Byzantine influence led to the adoption of the Greek alphabet for ___________ languages by St. Cyril (Cyrillic alphabet)
Slavic
608
Islam provided the foundation for which empire?
Arab Empire
609
Islam began with _____________ (the Prophet) who had revalations from _______ (Islamic God)
Islam began with MUHAMMAD (the Prophet) who had revalations from ALLAH (Islamic God)
610
What were the two most sacred cities in terms of Islam faith?
Mecca and Medina
611
Where did Muhammad first go to spread Islam?
Mecca
611
When Muhammad began preaching his revalations, he was an outcast and traveled to _________ for safety.
Medina
612
What are the characteristics of Islam? - _________theistic - worship _________-arabic word for God - originated with the teaching of _________ - followers known as _________ - Islam accepts _________-_________ prophets (Moses and Jesus); however, Muhammad is the final prophet - follow the _________-holy book/word of God and the 5 Pillars of Faith
- MONOtheistic - worship ALLAH-arabic word for God - originated with the teaching of MUHAMMAD - followers known as MUSLIMS - Islam accepts JUDEO-CHRISTIAN prophets (Moses and Jesus); however, Muhammad is the final prophet - follow the QUR'AN (KORAN)-holy book/word of God and the 5 Pillars of Faith
613
In Islam, what were the Five Pillars of Faith?
- confession of faith to Allah and Muhammad - pray facing Mecca 5 times a day - Charity (alms) to poor - fasting during Ramadan - all Muslims should go on Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime)
614
What three things lead to the rapid spread of Islam? - weakness of ___________ and ___________Empires - Political unity of ___________ - Use of ___________ by all Muslims
- weakness of PERSAIN and BYZANTINE - Political unity of MUSLIMS - Use of ARABIC by all Muslims
615
What are Moors in relation to the Golden Age of Islam?
Muslim Arabs from North Africa intermarried with local Berbers.
616
What was the significance of the Battle of Tours?
the Franks, led by Charles the Hammer Martel, defeat Muslim forces and stop Islamic expansion.
617
The Islamic Empire fell due to divisions within the ____________
religion
618
What were Sunni and Shi'ite?
The two divisions of the Islamic Empire
619
The two branches of the Islamic Empire disagreed on who should rule the Muslims. What did the Sunni believe?
they should follow any legitimate caliph
620
The two branches of the Islamic Empire disagreed on who should rule the Muslims. What did the Shi'ites believe?
that caliph could only come from descendant of Muhammad
621
Early Medieval society were strongly influenced by Ancient ___________ and the ___________ ____________ Church.
Early Medieval society were strongly influenced by Ancient ROME and the ROMAN CATHOLIC Church.
622
The foundations of the Medieval Period were rooted in __________ beliefs, customs of __________ tribes, and the heritage of __________.
The foundations of the Medieval Period were rooted in CHRISTIAN beliefs, customes of GERMANIC tribes, and the heritage of ROME.
623
As the Roman Emprie declined, the ___________ _________ Church grew in importance.
Roman Catholic
624
As the Roman Empire declined, the _________ became like a government system.
church
625
During the decline of the Roman Empire, the _________'s importance became a main source of authority.
Pope's importance
626
__________ authority declined while the Church's authority grew while the Roman Empire was declining.
Secular
627
What does secular mean?
without religion or church involved
628
What did the Church establish as its power grew?
a heiarchy of officials within the Roman Catholic Church that were based on Roman government.
629
What is feudalism?
a political and military system that was used during the Medieval Period.
630
What is the difference between feudalism and the manor system?
Feudalism is the political and military side of the system while the manor system revolves around the manor, including the relationships between lords and serfs.
631
Who were the four groups in the feudal system?
The king, lords, knights, and serfs
632
Charles the Hammer Martel (Frankish King) started to give soldiers what as a reward for their services?
fiefs (land)
633
Was there a central form of government in Medieval Europe?
No
634
Describe the relationship between lords and vassals. - rigid class structure based on ________ and ________ - ties between the king and nobles made official by "act of ________ " - nobles consisted of lords and vassals who all reported to the ________ - ________ were given to vassals by lords
- rigid class structure based on LOYALTY and SERVICE - ties between the king and nobles made official by "act of HOMAGE" - nobles consisted of lords and vassals who all reported to the KING - FIEFS were given to vassals by lords
635
There were two groups of peasant workers on the manor, what were they?
freemen and serfs
636
What was the difference between freemen and serfs in the Manorial System?
freemen were skilled workers who could leave when they wanted and paid rent while serfs were workers who were bound to the land
637
Charles the Hammer Martel was one of the "_________ of the _________"
"Mayors of the Palace"
638
Which group of people did Charles Martel lead?
the Franks
639
Charles Martel won the Battle of Tours and ensured the survival of which religion?
Christianity
640
Who was the son of Pepin the Short?
Charlemagne
641
Charlemagne was the greatest __________ _________
Frankish King
642
Because of Charlemagne, the Franks became what in the European Medieval Period?
the Franks became a main force
643
Political, social, and economic order in Europe was disrupted by _____________ ________.
constant invasions (from the Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings)
644
The Angles and Saxons migrated from mainland _________ and settled in _________
The Angles and Saxons migrated from mainland EUROPE and settled in ENGLAND
645
The Magyars were from Central ______ and eventually settle in __________
The Magyars were from Central ASIA and eventually settle in HUNGARY
646
The Vikings lived in villages that were governed by chiefs known as _________
jarls
647
Swedish __________ set up the Kievan Rus
Vikings
648
Which two places did Norweigan Vikings explore?
Iceland and North America
649
What is a nation-state?
a large group of people sharing a common language, territory, and government
650
England, France, Spain, Germany, and Russia were some of the first _________-________
nation-states
651
Who was William the Conqueror?
The Duke of Normandy in France
652
King Edward's brother-in-law, Harold and his Cousin William fight for the throne of _____________
England
653
When Harold and William meet at the Battle of Hastings, it is known as the __________ __________
Norman Conquest
654
Who wins the Battle of Hastings?
William the Conqueror
655
What does Henry II inherit in 1154 CE?
the English throne
656
Which legal system did Henry II begin?
Common Law
657
What is Common Law?
a legal system based on customs and court decisions rather than centuries old feudal laws.
658
Common Law developed the first ______ _______.
jury system
659
Who is King Henry II's son?
King John
660
Describe the characteristics of King John.
- weak and abusive ruler, not well liked - forced extreme taxes and misused power
661
What did nobles create and force King John to sign?
Magna Carta
662
What do the words 'Magna Carta' mean?
great charter
663
What was the purpose of the Magna Carta?
to limit the power of the king
664
What are the principles that were included in the Magna Carta referred to as?
"by legal judgment of peers or law of land"
665
Feudal Nobles of which province elects Hugh Capet as the new king?
France
666
Which two places were fighting over land in the hundred years' war?
England and France
667
In the hundred years' war, ___________ won many early battles and seems like they will take over ___________
In the hundred years' war, ENGLAND won many early battles and seems like they will take over FRANCE
668
Christians fight Muslims to regain control of _______ during the Middle Ages.
Spain
669
The campaign to drive Muslims out of Spain is known as the ________________
Reconquista
670
Which two people finally drive the Muslims out of Spain and made an effort to expel the Jews?
Ferdinand and Isabella
671
Which group took over the Russian city-state and kept the power for 240 years.
Mongols
672
Ivan III (Ivan the Great) became the _________ of Russia
czar (tsar)
673
What did Ivan III (Ivan the Great) do during his reign?
- centralized power - set up a capital in Moscow - expanded the Russian nation-state
674
How did the Crusades begin?
the Muslim Turks invade Jerusalem, attack Christians, and close the city
675
________ _________ __ gave a speech and called for a battle to free the holy land
Pope Urban II
676
How many major Crusades were there in all?
9
677
Which three groups of people fought over Jerusalem?
Christians, Jews, Muslims
678
What were some effects of the Crusades? - power of the _______ weakened while ____________ gained strength - ___________ took advantage of dead nobles by taking their land - leads to the break down of ___________ system
- power of the POPE weakened while MONARCHS gained strength - MONARCHS took advantage of dead nobles by taking their land - leads to the break down of FEUDAL system
679
What were some effects of the Black Death?
- large decline in population - labor shortage - trade disrupted - food shortages and starvation
680
What happened to the manors after the Black Death hit?
- not enough labor - serfs could bargain for pay - led to the feudal system to break down
681
What happened to the Church after the Black Death?
people lost faith in the Church because they thought that the holy people should have been able to stop the plague or cure it
682
Where was Ghana located?
on the edge of Sahara
683
____________ was created by Soninke people
Ghana
683
What developed in the former Ghana territory?
Mali
684
Ghana headed which trade market?
the salt-gold trade
685
The people of Ghana were ___________, which meant that they believed in spiritual forces that resided in animals and nature.
animists
686
What becomes the dominant religion in Ghana?
Islam
687
Songhai profited from which two things?
the salt-gold trade and the slave trade
688
Songhai boomed until ________ ________ became king
Askia Muhammad
689
When Askia Muhammad became king, the ______________ quickly invaded and took over
Moroccans
690
Where is Axum located?
Ethiopian Highlands, near the Nile River
691
Axum was a prime trade center that was near the _______ river, ______ Sea, and central _________
Axum was a prine trade center that wsa near the NILE river, RED Sea, and central AFRICA
692
Axum was one of the few _____________ kingdoms
Christian
693
Zimbabwe was located near which two rivers?
Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers
694
States and empires flourished in ___________ during the Medieval Period due to trading
Africa
695
Trade brought ____________, _____________, and _______________ influences to Africa.
economic, cultural, and religious
696
Where did the Mayans develop?
the central american rainforest on the Yucatan Peninsula
697
The Mayans were groups of city-states that were ruled by king with ___________ and ____________ as the main components of the economy.
trade and agriculture
698
What is an aristocracy?
a form of government where the power is in the hands of the wealthy
699
What does the word "Renaissance" mean?
rebirth
700
What three things characterized the Renaissance?
it was period of increased creativity, thinking, and knowledge
701
Due to the increased trading during the Renaissance, the __________ __ _______ were created.
letters of credit
702
During the Renaissance, the church did not agree with lending money and charging interest on it, which was also called what?
Usury
703
Define Humanism.
terms used to describe movement of focusing artistic endeavors on worldly matters rather than religious matters

Adv. World History I SOL Review (1 decks)

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