Solid Foundation Full Curriculum Flashcards

Question

What is involved in the Appraisal stage of passage planning?

Answer 1

IMO Res.A893 (guidance and further clarification) & MCA guide SOLAS Chapter 5 Regulation 34. 1. The gathering of information for the intended passage and ensuring it is relevant, current, and correct. 2. We use the information to do a risk assessment of the intended voyage looking for hazards and limitations to find the safest and most economical route from berth to berth. Items included are: - Ensuring all charts (best scale, gnomic, mercator, port approach, routing) and publications are up to date for the intended passage - ALRS Volumes - MSN, MGN, MIN (Flag requirements for passage planning) - Annual, summary NTM - Weekly NTM - Sailing directions - Ocean passages of the world (distance tables) - Ship particulars - Mariners Handbook - List of light and fog signals - Nautical Almanac and time tables - Tide Tables/Atlases - Chart catalogs - Weather sources - Tidal heights, tidal windows and areas of strong current identification - Ports of refuge identified - Distances of the intended legs and due range of the vessel - Hazardous areas to be avoided identified Critical Ship Limitations: - Crew requirements, certification and documentation are in order and valid - Ensure the vessel is capable of the passage, stability, watertight - SMS requirements - MARPOL requirements - Manning, hours of rest - Provisions required, fuel, oil, water, food and consumables - Weather trends and tendencies for the intended passage Final Consultation with Master: Navigator, Chief Engineer, Purser

Answer 2

IMO Res.A893 Using results of Appraisal and established hazards to put in place the actual measures required for the passage: 1. Place a Safe Route on the Chart: Includes drawing your waypoints and ground tracks onto the chart from berth to berth. Plan to be made on primary means of navigation (Paper or Electric). Items to be included: 2. Planning a Safe Speed: Planning out contingency where possible. - For crossings, the route may be a combination of great circle route and rhumb lines otherwise known as “composite route”, switch to Rhumb line before going too far North where there may be bad weather or ice warnings. - Courses and distances for each leg marked (gives ETAs and helps calculate fuel needed) - Hazards to navigation and “no go zones” marked (Req UKC found in Captain’s Standing orders) Draft, UKC, Squat, Height of Tide = No Go Limit - PI lines drawn in pilotage and coastal areas - Select lights or conspicuous objects that may be used for taking bearings - Wheel over points - Tide critical areas marked (heights and strong currents) - Radio reporting requirements - Abort points - Ports of refuge/contingency plans - VTS radio reporting requirements - Pilot requirements - ETA - Call Master points - Ensure ECDIS system “Route Check” 3. Putting in Place Routines: Bridge manning 4. Checking Plan for Compliance

Answer 3

IMO Res.A893 1. During this stage we add additional information to the plan closer to the time of departure. Items included are: - Latest Weather conditions and forecast - Known draft - Nav Warnings - Unacceptable hazards (forcing to change plan where needed) - Seaworthiness (5 C’s of Seaworthiness - certification, compliance, condition, crew, also Rest Hours, Manning, Certificates - Determine time of departure and calculate accurate ETAs - With ETAs, mark tidal heights and currents in tidal critical areas determining your departure time) - Expected traffic concentration on your passage (e.g. for TSS, Anchorages, Pinch points in narrow channels, etc.), inability to achieve required CPA - Check for any hazards to navigation in place - Confirm logistical details such as Pilots, berthing, and bunkering - Complete pre-departure checklists - Logbook entries made - Any changes to the plan due to weather or other causes need to be approved by the Master and the bridge team informed - Night time can Day Time Passage, Day Time could be safer Also Reliability of Nav/Bridge Equipment: - Follow Bridge Procedure Guide for pre departures - Check Radars, compasses, AIS data - Test Main Engines - Test Autopilot - Test Whistle - Test Echo Sounder - Check GPS Position

Answer 4

IMO Res.A893 Here we are actually underway! - Position fixing (regular intervals never more than half the time to nearest danger, no single source, transits, 3 x position lines, electronic methods e.g. ECDIS knowing limitations see MGN 379, echo sounder, never buoys). - Unacceptable Hazards? follow contingency from Appraisal, change plan, appraise changes, then execute again and monitor.

Answer 5

Guidance in SOLAS Chapter 5, Reg 27 (Publications must be correct and up to date). - First thing I would do is to check bottom left hand corner for edition and corrections applied. - Refer to Latest Cumulative list (Issued Jan and Jul). - Check for corrections that apply to the chart, listed in the cumulative list. See library. - Then, Check all Weekly Notices to Mariners working back to Cumulative List, starting with most recent and working back, check publication date of hard copy (paper). - Check section 1 for new editions which may have been published since last Cumulative List. Then move to section 2 for a small list of corrections going by the “index of charts affected” section and looking for the appropriate CHART NUMBER. Paper takes long, another way is online. (www.admiralty.co.uk ➡️ Maritime Safety Information ➡️ Admiralty Notices to Mariners - When on page, check Weekly Cumulative List (in Tab “NP 234”) - Then click on “About Tab”, click on NWWEBSEARCH for T’s and P’s One can look back only 2 years, if a chart is older than 2 years then a new chart is required.

Answer 6

3. For young persons (Ages 16 and 17): 12 continuous hours of rest in every 24 (84 hrs per 7 days), no night work (9 hours continuous rest overnight including 0001 - 0500), 2 days off per week (may be reduced to 36 hours). Every 4.5 hours of work must include 30 minutes of rest. 4. - Min requirements for seafarers to work on a ship. - Conditions of employment. - Accommodation, recreational facilities, food and catering. - Health protection, medical care, welfare, social security protection. - Compliance and enforcement.

Answer 7

1. The purpose of this Code is to provide an international standard for the safe management and operation of ships and for pollution. The objective are to ensure safety at sea, prevention of human injury or loss of life, and avoidance of damage to the environment, in particular to the marine environment and to property.

Answer 8

See COSWOP chapter 6.

Answer 9

See MGN 379 Use of Electronic Navigation Aids

Answer 10

COSWOP Chapter 14. 1. Checklist to be completed with signature of CP, Person doing work, and Authorised Officer.

Answer 11

See COSWOP chapter 4. | Also see Large Yacht Code (LY3) for requirement of drills.

Answer 12

MGN 71 (M + F), and SOLAS chapter 3:

Answer 13

- Makers name or trademark - A serial number - Date of manufacture - Name of approving authority - Name and place of servicing station where it was last serviced - The number of persons it is permitted to accommodate - Type of SOLAS pack it is - Length of painter - Max height of stowage Provisions shall be made for making each life raft with the name and port of registry of the ship to which it is to be fitted, in such a form that the ship to which it is to be fitted can be changed at any time without opening the container.

Answer 14

Information on requirements found in LSA Code. - A life jacket shall not sustain burning or continue melting after being totally enveloped in a fire for a period of 2s. - If an adult life jacket is not designed to fit persons weighing up to 140kg and with a chest girth of 1750mm, suitable accessories shall be available to allow it to be secured to such persons. Adult life jacket design: - Can be donned in 1 minute without help, guidance, or preliminary demonstration for 75% of persons completely unfamiliar with life jackets. And AFTER demonstration, donned correctly within 1 minute by all persons. - Must be equipped with light and device to pump manually by hand or mouth - It can be worn in only one way and exclude possibility of incorrect putting on - Comfortable to wear - Allow owner to jump from at least 4.5m of water while holding life jacket without injury or damage to life jacket, and from 1m with arms held overhead without injury or or damage to life jacket. - Buoyancy not decreased by more than 5% after 24hr immersion - Turn unconscious body upright with mouth clean of water in 5 seconds or less Child life jacket design: - Child jacket marked with height and weight range - Child jacket marked with “Child’s Life Jacket”

Answer 15

Requirements found within LSA Code (2017): Every life buoy shall; - Have an outer diameter of not more than 800mm and not less than 400mm. - Be constructed of inherently buoyant material; it shall not depend on rushes, cork shavings or granulated cork, loose granulated material or any air compartment which depends on inflation. - Be capable of supporting not less than 14.5kg of iron in fresh water for a period of 24h. - Have a mass of not less than 2.5kg. - Not sustain burning or continue melting after being totally enveloped in a fire for a period of 2s. - Can withstand a drop from the height it is stowed above waterline in the lightest seagoing condition or 30m, whichever is greater. - If it is intended to operate the quick-release arrangement provided for the self-activated smoke signals and self-igniting lights, have a mass of not less than 4kg. - Be fitted with a grab-line not less than 9.5mm in diameter and not less than 4 times the outside diameter of the body of the buoy in length. The grab line shall be placed at 4 equidistant points around the circumference of the buoy to form four equal loops. At least one buoy on each side shall be fitted with buoyant lifeline, length of which shall not be less than twice the height at which it is stowed above water in lightest sea going condition, or 30 meters, whichever is greater.

Answer 16

SOLAS, Chapter 3, Reg 18 States that there should be at least one line throwing apparatus on board the vessel at all times.

Answer 17

More information in MGN 343 (M + F), also requirements found in LSA Code (2017): If used in float-free arrangements, it shall; 1. Be constructed of compatible materials so as to prevent malfunction of the unit. Galvanising or other forms of metallic coating on parts of the hydrostatic release unit shall not be accepted. 2. Automatically release the life raft at a depth of not more than 4m. 3. Have drains to prevent the accumulation of water in the hydro-static chamber when the unit when the unit is in its normal position. 4. Be so constructed as to prevent release when seas wash over the unit. 5. Be permanently marked on its exterior with its type and serial number . 6. Be permanently marked, on the unit or identification plate securely attached to the unit, with the date of manufacture, type and serial number and whether the unit is suitable for use with a life raft with a capacity of more than 25 persons. 7. Be such that each part connected to the painter system has a strength of not less than that required for the painter. 8. If disposable, in lieu of the requirement in paragraph 4.1.6.3.6, be marked with a means of determining its date of expiry. Also, as in SOLAS Chapter 3; - Expiry is 2 years (checked every year (as per SOLAS chapter 3) by flag approved shore company) - Must be connected to life rafts - Must have a painter with adequate length for drop height - It holds the painter line at the weak link after strap is lashed - As ship sinks, tension on painter line causes the life raft to inflate - Tension on weak link causes painter to break from ship and foot free - Must be secured tightly but not over tight as this may lead to improper functioning - HRU must be compatible with life rafts (e.g. smaller ones for less than 6 people are incompatible) - Check for weather damage

Answer 18

Solas Chapter 3, and LSA Code (2017); 1. Be contained in a water-resistant casing. 2. Have brief instructions or diagrams clearly illustrating the use of the hand flare printed on its casing. 3. Have a self-contained means of ignition. 4. Be so designed as not to cause discomfort to the person holding the casing and not endanger the survival craft by burning or glowing residues when used in accordance with the manufacturer’s operating instructions. It shall; - Burn a bright red colour - Burn evenly with average intensity of 15 000cd - Burn for at least 1 min - Continue to burn after immersion for 10 seconds under 100mm of water

Answer 19

Solas Chapter 3, and LSA Code (2017); 1. Be contained in water-resistant casing. 2. Have brief instructions or diagrams clearly illustrating the use of the rocket parachute flare printed on its casing. 3. Have integral means of ignition. 4. Be so designed as not to cause discomfort to the person holding the casing when used in accordance with the manufacturer’s operating instructions. 5. When fired vertically reach an altitude of not less than 300m. At or near the top of its trajectory eject a parachute flare which shall; - Burn bright red colour - Burn evenly with with average intensity of 30000 cd - Burn period of 40 sec - Speed of decent no more than 5m/sec - Not damage its parachute or attachments while burning. Not less than 12 rocket parachute flares shall be carried and stowed on or near the navigation bridge.

Answer 20

Solas Chapter 3, and LSA Code (2017); The buoyant smoke signal shall; 1. Be contained in water-resistant casing. 2. Not ignite explosively when used in accordance with the manufacturer’s operating instructions. 3. Have brief instructions or diagrams clearly illustrating the use of the buoyant smoke signal printed on its casing. It shall: - Emit smoke of a highly visible colour at a uniform rate for a period of not less than 3 min when floating in calm water. - Not emit any flame during the entire smoke emission time. - Not be swamped in a seaway. - Day time use only - Continue to smoke when immersed in water for 10 seconds under 100mm of water.

Answer 21

406MHz & 121.5MHz

Answer 22

1. 9GHz / X-Band / 3cm 2. 96hrs 3. 8 hrs - They should work between -20 and 55 degrees of temperature. - Distance between each of 12 dots is 0.6 miles - Distance to SART once is 1 mile once arcs appear

Answer 23

Things that affect the detection of targets include: - Aspect - Size - Shape (may bounce off round objects etc) - Texture (Rough better than smooth) - Material (good conductors of electricity make good reflectors) - Buildings (Light houses may be hard to detect due to poor return of radar energy vs flat face buildings) - Coastal features (cliffs make good targets while muddy shores may reflect radar energy away)

Answer 24

Refer to MGN 379 Use of Electronic Navigation Aids. ``` Radar Errors: Blind: Blind & shadow sectors Bears: Bearing/Range discrimination Usually: User input Head: Heading marker alignment Into: Indirect echoes Montreal: Multiple echoes In: Interference Summer: Side lobe errors ```

Answer 25

When; - They are first installed - They become unreliable - The ship undergoes structural repairs or alterations that could affect its permanent and induced magnetism - Electrical or magnetic equipment close to the compass is being added, removed, or altered - A period of two years has elapsed since the last adjustment and a record of compass - Deviations has not been maintained, or the recorded deviations excessive - The compass shows physical defects - Collision or major change of latitude

Answer 26

Gyroscopic inertia (tendency of revolving object to hold its plane) and precession (allows gyro to move in right angles to direction of added couple). This allows it to become north seeking. - Repeater compass - Course recorder - ECDIS - Autopilot

Answer 27

1. Sunrise and sunset, take bearing when sun is seen to be a semi diameter above the horizon. 2. Any time of the day Norrie’s Nautical Tables The Nautical Almanac

Answer 28

Info found in The Nautical Almanac.

Answer 29

See MGN 285 (M + F)

Answer 30

All ships over 300GT engaged in international travel, also all cargo ships over 500GT NOT engaged in international travel, and all passenger ships. Ships not required to use are leisure craft, fishing vessels, warships, coastal shore stations, even VTS centers may not be fitted with AIS. AIS produces static and active info via VHF broadcasting; - Static (ships type, size, beam, IMO no, call sign, mmsi, position, course, speed), helps reduce verbal mandatory ship reporting - Dynamic (SOG, heading, destination, ETA, rate if turn, Nav Status such as NUC, PDV underway, etc.) changed by OOW AIS improves information available to OOW but is not used for collision avoidance. Mention MGN 324 NAVIGATION: Watchkeeping Safety - Use of VHF Radio and AIS

Answer 31

- Place engines on standby - Advise master of sighted vessel aground - Carry out chart assessment to include own ship position and position of the vessel aground - Switch on echo sounder if not on, establish UKC - Switch to hand steering and position lookouts - Communicate with vessel aground to obtain their draught and assess the extent of shoal they ran aground on

Answer 32

Also: - Secure for sea (all openings, loose items, freeing ports clear, cargo, watertight doors closed, stability info ready) - All crew onboard? Bridge team fit for duty, ER and Mooring stations ready, MSI checked, Stowaway search complete)

Answer 33

Refer to MGN 137 (lookout) 315 (safe nav watch), and MGN 369 (nav in res vis)

Answer 34

Also see COSWOP chapter 14.

Answer 35

Refer to MGN 423, and COSWOP chapter 15: ``` Around: Atmosphere test Venus: Ventilate space Several: Secure entry Comets: Communications established Possess: Post attendant Real: Rescue or Resuscitation gear Core: Correct PPE Power: PTW complete ```

Answer 36

MGN 410 (M+F), and COSWOP chapter 17:

Answer 37

A service rendered by a person who saves or helps to save maritime property in danger.

Answer 38

Determines the method of assessing special compensation where the salvor has prevented or minimised damage to the environment.

Answer 39

Form of logbook that stays with the vessel throughout its whole life, it records all changes of owner, flag, name, Class, ISM, etc.

Answer 40

To ensure correct implementation of ship security plan, drills should be conducted at least once every 3 months, and when more than 25% of ships crew has been changed.

Answer 41

Now Red Ensign Group Yacht Code, Part A and B. - Part A (applicable to yacht which are 24 metres and over in load line length, in commercial use for sport or pleasure, do not carry cargo and do not carry more than 12 passengers. - Part B applicable to pleasure yachts of any size, in private use or engaged in trade, which carry more than 12 but not more than 36 passengers and which do not carry cargo. See MGN 1851 (M) The Large Commercial Yacht Code

Answer 42

See: MSN 1848 MSN 477 MGN 474

Answer 43

See MGN 477 (M)

Answer 44

Every seafarer working on a UK sea-going ship to which the MLC minimum requirements apply must have a written SEA.

Answer 45

When warm moist air flows over a relatively cold sea surface which cools it below its dew point, sea or advection fog light a formed. It may persist even with moderate or strong winds. In temperate and high latitudes, sea fog is most common in spring and early summer when sea temperature is at its lowest. It is particularly prevalent where the prevailing winds transport warm moist air over areas of cold water or over major ocean currents. Parts of world where it is prevalent include British Isles, especially SW approaches to the English Channel in spring and early summer.

Answer 46

The Mistral is strong North-Westerly winds that blows from Southern France into the Gulf of Lion in the Northern Mediterranean, with sustained winds often exceeding force 8.

Answer 47

- Barometer drops 3mb below the mean reading - Significant change in the direction or strength of the wind - A long low swell is observed from the approximate centre of the storm - Heavy rain, oppressive atmosphere - High cirrus cloud the Altostratus followed by broken Cumulus

Answer 48

- Stiff vessel, large GM distance (G sits very low), short rolling periods - highly stable - Tender vessel, short GM distance (G sits very high) Small righting movements, slow to return to upright, long rolling period, large angle of heel - highly unstable Large cargo vessels will be less affected and may be called stiff, small sail boats may be tender as they have large righting movements

Answer 49

Ability of a vessel to return to the upright when introduced to an external force.

Answer 50

1. List: When the vessel is inclined by forces within the vessel, e.g. movement weight within the vessel. A horizontal movement of G, e.g. recovering a tender. 2. Heel: A vessel is said the be heeled when it is inclined by an external force, e.g. from waves or wind. 3. Loll: Describes the state of the vessel, which is unstable when upright, and which floats at an angle from the upright to one side or the other, caused by a vertical movement of G.

Answer 51

1. Tune to 8219KHz and listen for message 2. Do not acknowledge 3. If no shore acknowledgment, relay ashore by any means

Answer 52

MGN 40 (M): The ISM Code provides a safety culture for personnel both ashore and afloat. It sets an international standard for the safe management and operation of ships. The objectives of the Code are to ensure safety at sea, prevention of human injury or loss of life, and avoiding damage to the environment, and damage to property. i.e. - Safety of human life - Safety of the environment - Safety of ship and cargo Three parties: - The owner - The master - Flag state

Answer 53

Flag State Control is responsible for ensuring that British vessels are inspected in accordance with both UK regulations and the appropriate international memoranda, conventions and protocols the UK has ratified and adopted.

Answer 54

Inspection of foreign ships in international ports to verify that the condition of the ship and its equipment comply with the requirements of international regulations and that the ship is manned and operated in compliance with these rules.

Answer 55

See MGN 199 (M). This is due to the combined effects of hydrodynamic interaction and shallow water, that is depth of water less than twice the draught.

Answer 56

MGN 280 (M)

Answer 57

MGN 299 (M + F) INTERFERENCE WITH SAFE NAVIGATION THROUGH INAPPROPRIATE USE OF MOBILE PHONES ``` Also good information for look-outs in: MGN 315 (M) KEEPING A SAFE NAVIGATIONAL WATCH ON MERCHANT VESSELS ```

Answer 58

MGN 332 (M + F)

Answer 59

Information found in MGN 379. Compulsory Alarms: - Crossing safety contour - Area with special conditions - Deviation from route - Positioning system failure - Approach to critical point - Different geodetic datum Other alarms/indications: - Malfunction of ECDIS - Default safety contour - Information over scale - Different reference system - Customised display - System test failure - Sensor input failure

Answer 60

MSN 422 (M)

Answer 61

MSN 1849 (M) MLC 2006 - On-board Complaints Procedure

Answer 62

COSWOP chapter 22.

Answer 63

1. A means of continuously monitoring a vessel’s position in relation to the passage plan. Practised on coastal routes or Pilotage, helps Watch-keepers remain familiar with the technique and improves confidence of position during demanding situations. 2. Set PI parallel to set course of 055 degrees

Answer 64

Admiralty Tidal Tables - Detail the times and heights of high and low water for standard and secondary ports in the UK and Ireland, Europe, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, and South China sea for each day of the year. Used to predict the height of tide at a specific time, perhaps for clearing a sand bar or clearing under a bridge, etc. Admiralty Tidal Streams Atlas - A quick and visual way of knowing what the tides or tidal flow will be when out on your boat, providing information about tidal stream direction and flow.

Answer 65

Difference between HW and LW heights: HW - LW = Range Describe between SP or NP curve, you may need to interpolate.

Answer 66

1. Tilt bowl until the “filter hole” comes upper most. This hope is provided on the side of the bowl. 2. Unscrew the stud or screw. 3. Top up with ethyl alcohol. 4. Screw the stud or screw back into place. 5. Gently let the bowl return to upright.

Answer 67

A combination of great circle and parallel sailing in navigation. Composite sailing may save time and distance over the thumb line track without leading the vessel into danger.

Answer 68

Requirements for the SMS can be found in SOLAS chapter 9. The SMS should comply with the requirements of the ISM Code, and include objective as defined; thus sets out guidelines on the following: ``` Permits to work Voyage planning Masters overriding authority Hours of rest Familiarisations Risk Assessment Planned Maintenance Hand-over procedures Health and Safety policy Reporting procedures Job Descriptions Drill requirements Emergency procedures ```

Answer 69

Exam example: Person was shown an error reading OFF. It was reading 45 min, decimal 4. Thus needed to calculate 60 - 45.4 = 14.6 error OFF. Not acceptable, to fix: Index error: When the arc is set to zero, index and horizon mirrors are not parallel to each other.

Answer 70

1. Compass rose. 2. The amount of variation you need to account for each year to calculate variation for current year in that area of the chart. Also shows N, E, S, and W including all points in between. 3. 32 points, 11.25 degrees each.

Answer 71

- Can occur in restricted waters - Positive pressure created pushes bow away - Suction effect pulls the amidships towards to bank

Answer 72

See MGN 199 Dangers of Interaction. Can occur when passing or overtaking another vessel, and also in shallow waters (depth less than twice the value of own vessel’s draught). Smaller vessels draw closer to larger vessels when they are in line.

Answer 73

Shipboard instructions under the ISM code.

Answer 74

- Air temperature - Approximate humidity Wet bulb depression. With two temperatures you can work out relative humidity (approximately) but not the dew point as you would need a table (using wet bulb depression).

Answer 75

The difference between the wet and dry bulb temperature.

Answer 76

- Measure wet and dry bulb temps - Plot sea surface temp against dew point temp - Keep repeating the above on regular intervals to build a trend - Use this info to use the dew point temp

Answer 77

- NAVTEX - SAT C (Safety Net info from Inmarsat) - Publications (ALRS Vol 3) - Internet - Own Ship - VHF - Weather fax - Local or National Forecast posted on the Marina

Answer 78

- Pressure stops falling - Wind force evens out - Wind begins to veer - Temperature rises - Clouds become nimbostratus, then stratus - Rain would stop or change to drizzle - Visibility could be poor

Answer 79

1. - Wind direction - Ballot’s Law 2. Here (to right of if direction of movement of the storm, in N hemisphere, TRS spins and travels at the same time creating higher apparent wind and therefore worse sea state, wind in northern section of TRS moves east to west, same as TRS therefore. THUS: If wind is veering you are in dangerous semi circle, if wind is backing then you are in the navigable semi circle. “Veer into danger”. “Backing is safety”. 3. In N hemisphere it’s the forward quadrant of dangerous semi circle because the wind’s rotation pulls us towards the center with maximum apparent wind speed.

Answer 80

Large Yacht Code 3 now Red Ensign Group Yacht Code (REG Yacht Code).

Answer 81

There is no upper limit. However Large Yacht Code 3 is updated and is now REG Yacht Code.

Answer 82

No, the danger must be such that any prudent Master would consider it reasonable to accept an offer of salvage assistance. This means that a real peril must be threatening the property at the commencement of the salvage service, but it need not be present or imminent.

Answer 83

Deep Water Route, unless you need it you should avoid it.

Answer 84

Yes, it ha also been accepted that a sailing vessel which has becalmed at sea with no engine is acceptable as NUC under 1972 rules.

Answer 85

You appear not to be complying with the TSS.

Answer 86

Rule 36, direct a search light towards the towline, to draw attention to the danger of the towing operation.

Answer 87

- Used for large scale charts, and harbour plans - Drawn as a Mercator but turned through 90 degrees, thus parallels of latitude now equally spaced, distance can be measured at any point on scale - Parallels of Longitude not equally spaced, land would become distorted as one moved east or west from center of chart - due to this only used for large-scale charts covering small geographic areas

Answer 88

Report it to the UKHO via form H.102 found in the weekly Notice to Mariners, also look in The Mariner’s Handbook as they have the email address to send the report to.

Answer 89

“Isogonal Variation Chart” which shows the variation, given by a series of isogonal lines connecting points of equal variation; usually a separate line represents each degree of variation.

Answer 90

At the start as an EP is past it happened.

Answer 91

A position line.

Answer 92

IAMSAR vol 3; Most search patterns consist of straight, parallel, equally spaced tracks covering a rectangular area. The distance between adjacent tracks is called the track spacing (S). Distance may be determined OSC, depending on weather, visibility, number of assisting craft, time of day, effectiveness of observers, etc.

Answer 93

It is advisable for vessels, especially when searching for a person in the water with either an expanding square search (SS) or a vector search (VS), to use dead reckoning (DR) navigation rather than more accurate navigation methods. DR minimises pattern distortion relative to the datum or search object, GNSS systems only assist with accurate patterns in relation to ocean floor. It’s advisable to use smoke or other highly visible object at datum position.

Answer 94

- Most effective when the location of the object is know within relatively close limits. - The commence search point is always at the datum position. - Often appropriate for vessels or small boats to use when searching for persons in the water or other search objects with little or no leeway. - Due to the small area involved, this procedure must not be used simultaneously by multiple aircraft at similar altitudes or by multiple vessels. - Accurate navigation is required; the first leg is usually oriented directly at not the wind to minimise navigational errors. - It is difficult for fixed-wing aircraft to fly legs close to datum if S is less than 2NM.

Answer 95

- Most effective when the position of the search object is accurately known and the search area is small. - Used to search a circular area centred on a datum point. - Due to the small area involved, this procedure must not be used simultaneously by multiple aircraft at similar altitudes or by multiple vessels. - An aircraft and a vessel may be used together to perform independant sector searches of the same area.

Answer 96

Refer to IAMSAR vol 3 (International Aeronautical and Marine Search and Rescue Manual). - Expanding square search (SS). - Sector search (VS). - Parallel track search (PS).

Answer 97

A straight line on a Mercator chart and cuts each longitude line at the same angle and can be plotted as a true course. Cons are waisting fuel as it is not the shortest distance between two points on the earth’s surface.

Answer 98

Part 1: 1. General Provisions 2. Construction - Structure, subdivision and stability, machinery and electrical installations 3. Life-saving appliances and arrangements 4. Radiocommunications 5. Safety of Navigation 6. Carriage of cargoes and oil fuels 7. Carriage of dangerous goods 8. Nuclear ships 9. Management of the safe operation of ships 10. Safety measures for high-speed craft 11 - (1). Special measures to enhance maritime safety 11 - (2). Special measures to enhance maritime security 12. Additional safety measures for bull carriers 13. Verification of compliance 14. Safety measures for ships operating in polar waters Appendix. Certificates Part 2: Annex 1. Certificates and documents required to be carried on board ships Annex 2. List of resolutions adopted by the SOLAS Conferences

Answer 99

Bad, a vessel is not seaworthy with an angle of lull. Vessel must first be brought into stable equilibrium, having G below M. Two phases required, to correct the resultant list that has developed: 1. Load on high side or, discharge from low side of the ship, once into stable equilibrium; 2. Bring G back onto centreline by loading weight onto opposite side to correct resultant list

Answer 100

The Letter of Appointment passes responsibility to the Captain as representative of the owner. It can be said that his responsibility comes from the provisions described in SOLAS Chapter 5. SMS backs up ch 5. There is a legal understanding that the Master is in full command of the ship and ha all the privileges of that command including to act as the agent for the owner.

Answer 101

Different quantity of contents of the life-raft.

Answer 102

18 Hours - The electrical power available shall be sufficient to supply all those services that are essential for safety in an emergency.

Answer 103

Short Long Short Long - —— - ——

Answer 104

To provide international standards for life-saving appliances required by chapter 3 of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974. The requirements of the Code is mandatory under the International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974.

Answer 105

Self- activating smoke signals shall; 1. Emit smoke of a highly visible colour at a uniform rate for a period of at least 15 min when floating in calm weather 2. Not ignite explosively or emit any flame during the entire smoke emission time of the signal 3. Not be swamped in a seaway 4. Continue to emit smoke when fully submerged in water for a period of at least 10s 5. Be capable of withstanding the drop test from the height at which it is stowed above the waterline in the lightest seagoing condition or 30m, whichever is greater 6. Be provided with a quick-release arrangement that will automatically release and activate the signal and associated self-igniting light connected to a lifebuoy having a mass of not more than 4kg.

Answer 106

1. Be non-kinking. 2. Have a diameter of not less than 8mm. 3. Have a breaking strength of not less than 5kN.

Answer 107

1. Variation: Effect on Magnetic compass caused by the earth’s magnetic field, it’s present because magnetic north is not in the same place as as true north, the difference is called variation. 2. Deviation: The effect on the magnetic compass from the ship’s own magnetic field, made up of hard and soft iron components.

Answer 108

Downwind - The weight of line acts as a drag on the flight of the rocket, providing essential weight to the directional flight.

Answer 109

FFS Code (Fire Fighting Systems).

Answer 110

Stable, Neutral, Unstable.

Answer 111

The position of G in relation to M, and the under water profile.

Answer 112

Virtual, due to the free surface effect it’s as if we have moved G up to a virtual position.

Answer 113

- Scuppers and freeing ports clear - Extra lashing and stowage - Reduce free surface to a minimum - Increase stability (GM) - Check emergency comms

Answer 114

Add it to the reading.

Answer 115

Side and Index error.

Answer 116

- Take a bearing of the object you can see out of the window and on the chart - Measure the angle between the top of the object and the waterline - Use Norries to calculate the range from the table - Hence I have a range and bearing and thus a fix - The height is measured from MHWS so from all other states of tide I will be further away

Answer 117

Approximately 1 hour from pilot station: Advise the master of the expected estimated time of arrival (ETA) to the pilot boat rendezvous. Establish communications with the pilot station and advise the pilot of the ships name and ETA. Continuous position monitoring should be ongoing throughout the approach. Under kelp clearance should be monitored throughout, on approach, by use of the echo sounder. An effective lookout would be maintained throughout the approach period. The bridge team would be established to include changing from auto to manual steering and the positioning of extra lookouts. Log book entries would be made throughout.

Answer 118

The OOW remains the masters representative despite the presence of the pilot and the absence of the master from the bridge. The OOW maintains an effective lookout throughout the watch and pilotage period by all available means. The OOW will continuously monitor the ships position and ensure that the vessel is not stood into danger. The OOW will ensure that the pilot’s instructions are carried out in a correct manner provided that they do not endanger the ships progress. The OOW will continue to monitor performance of bridge equipment and instruments, and report any defects to the master.

Answer 119

A heading input thus Gyro.

Answer 120

Heading and STW.

Answer 121

Yes, a doppler log works in SOG mode in shallow water and then STW in deeper water.

Answer 122

LSA Code (2017); - General alarm 7 or more short blasts followed by one long blast on the ship’s whistle or siren, and additionally on an electrically operated bell or klaxon or other equivalent warning system. Powered by ship’s main supply and emergency source. More in LSA Code.

Answer 123

Big Randy Girls Take Cock Check the scanner is free so as not to foul rigging and that no crew members are working in the vicinity of the scanner. After switching to standby wait until the set warms up, usually 3 minutes. Once in standby mode the transmitter can be turned on. - Brilliance: Up first so time-base trace is just visible - Range: usually radars middel ranges (rain, clutter, IR/interference rejection off) - Gain: from 0 set up to 70% till light speckle can just be seen, then turn down until speckle disappears - Tune: fine tuning ability of magnetron to receive frequency back. - Clutter (sea and rain): Sea - from center of screen out till about 3M, Rain - Entire screen, set to check through rain and set set back to normal as tuned to high may cut out target After 10 minutes set gain again as it may gradually drift out of tune.

Answer 124

``` Side lobe errors Spurious echoes and effects Radar interference Indirect echoes Multiple echoes Shadow sectors Blind sectors Radar horizon ```

Answer 125

OA is the relative motion line which if extended gives the CPA and TCPA.

Answer 126

- Range - Bearing - CPA - Predicted time to CPA (TCPA) - Calculated true course of the target - Calculated true speed of the target

Answer 127

Magnetic Compass, not reliant on electricity, can be used to follow a heading, can be used to establish position.

Answer 128

``` Autopilot Radar ECDIS AIS SAT C ```

Answer 129

An Azimuth mirror or circle sits on top of a gyro repeater or a compass binnacle and gives bearings in relation to North.

Answer 130

Transits and bearings of sun.

Answer 131

- When 2 well charter objects are in transit a compass bearing is taken. - A transit bearing when 2 or more objects lie on the same line - A true bearing is taken from the chart using parallel rulers - Comparison of the compass bearing and true bearing gives the compass error - If the deviation is required it is calculated by applying the charter variation to the compass error - Hence we can confirm the actual deviation for ship’s head and compare it to the deviation card

Answer 132

Amplitude of the sun. - Take a bearing of the sun at rising or setting. - Find the declination of the sun for the day. - Note our latitude - Use the correct table in Norries to get the true bearing of the sun. - Compare the two and you can see either gyro error or compass error.

Answer 133

One gets a certificate to prove it is IMO approved.

Answer 134

Sunrise or Sunset: By amplitude of the sun at rising or setting. Recently also known as True Azimuths at rising and setting (Norries). “Azimuth” at times other than sunrise or sunset.

Answer 135

Conventions are written agreements with several part. A Code is a set of minimum standards and requirements.

Answer 136

- In no circumstances leave the bridge until properly relieved by an appropriate officer. - Continue to be responsible for the safe navigation of the vessel despite the presence of the Master on the bridge until informed specifically that the Master has assumed the con and this is mutually understood. - Notify the Master when in any doubt as to what action to take in the interest of safety. - Continue to be responsible for the safe navigation of the vessel despite the presence of a pilot onboard. - If in any doubt as to the pilots intentions, seek clarification from the pilot; if doubt still exists, they should notify the Master immediately and take whatever action is necessary until the Master arrives. - At sufficiently frequent intervals during the watch check the vessel’s position, course, and speed using all appropriate navigational aids and means necessary to ensure that the vessel follows the planned track, cannot “sometimes” use Radar, use it ALWAYS

Answer 137

3: Two portable VHF transceivers for use in survival craft under 500GT, three of over 500GT

Answer 138

1. The heading marker is heading upwards. 2. Course up or North Up, NOT Ships Head Up because Ship Head Up makes targets move around and isn’t Gyro Stabilised. 3. Own ship would show no Vector for Relative Vectors. Whatever own ship does not have, is Relative. If own ship has a vector then it is True Vector. 4. If own ship does not have a trail, then it’s relative trails. Own trail reflects True track of heading for True Trails, and would be visible on the radar. With a relative trail we can say that it’s relative motion. 5. When a fixed object shows no True Trail or True Vector. Fixed targets may show racon. 6. No, then you use own ships speed and heading over ground to arrive the course and speed over ground of other target. Therefore True Motion and True Trails are over ground, not True Motion through water - cannot determine ASPECT of other targets. 7. Uses our Heading and Speed through water to derive Heading and Speed through water by other vessels, as we are affected by same set and drift, we can calculate accurate aspects - this is needed in order to comply with COLREGS. Fixed targets will show a True Trail for example. Showing how it is affected by tide.

Answer 139

The angular difference between the reciprocal of the bearing at A and heading of the other vessel. Stated “Red/Green” with the angle in degrees. One can use the EBL line on the radar to derive quickly what the aspect is of the other vessel.

Answer 140

Cannot run radar performance monitor checks with targets on screen, otherwise they will disappear. It will be performed in accordance with radar’s instruction manual and the requirements of the SMS. They are normally part of pre departure checks, pre-arrival checks, and part of the checks prior to entering restricted visibility (cannot conduct this within restricted vis). It is activated through the menu on the radar, but before activation, Radar is put to 24M range, put into Ships Head Up display so that it is subject to no inputs whatsoever, then radar performance monitor is switched on. A plume would appear, use VRM to measure outer limit of plume and inner circle, then check radar’s instruction manual to make sure it meets the requirements. If the measurements do not comply then it will need to get serviced as soon as possible as it cannot be fixed by the user.

Answer 141

Information in NP100 Mariner’s Handbook; 1 to 4 hours.

Answer 142

Maritime Telemedical Assistance Service (TMAS), sometimes referred to as Medico Services, because of its radio code, is a medical advice service for seafarers that can provide distant assistance and support through maritime radio, e-mail, telephone or fax.

Answer 143

- Ships certified to carry more than 15 persons. | - Over 100GT

Answer 144

Refer to IMO Res A.893 Appraisal is the gathering of Information, putting together information that is Relevant, Current (latest edition), and Correct (up to date with Notice to Mariners). Then using this information to perform a berth to berth risk assessment of the intended voyage, looking for hazards and limitations. Information will include: - Charts (of best scale, port approach (pilot chart), Routing (all natural conditions on it historically), Gnomic (specifically for us to plan shortest ocean route for ocean voyage) - ALRS: 1. Maritime Radio Stations, 2. EMS inc Time Signals, 3. Maritime Safety Info, 4. Met obs Stations, 5. GMDSS, 6. Port, Pilot, VTS - MSN, MGN, MIN - Annual Summary NTM - Weekly NTM Cumulative - Sailing Directions (Pilot Books) - Ocean Passage/Distance - Ships Particulars - Weather Sources - Mariner’s Handbook NP100 - Guide to Symbols 5011, and for ECIDS 5012 - Chart Catalogues - Nautical Almanac/Tables - Tide Tables/Atlases Objectives with Appraisal include: - Taking into account any relevant ships routing systems - Sufficient sea room for safe passage of ship throughout - Anticipate all known navigational hazards and adverse weather conditions - Marine environmental protection measures that apply, avoids any activities that can cause damage Risk Assessment Include for Nav Hazards: - Reduced UKC - Shallow areas - Squat interaction - TSS - VTS/Reporting - Tidal Flow and Rate - TRS - Traffic Density - Fog - Poor Navigation - Narrow Channels Seaworthiness (Critical Ship Limitations): - Fuel and Water - Watertight - Publications - MARPOL - Certificates and Insurance - Stability - SMS Requirements - Manning Final Consultation Before “Planning”: Navigator: - Charts - Exact Nav Required Route - Calls - Bridge Manning Chief Engineer: - Fuel - Water - E/R Manning - Planned Maintenance - Reliability Chief Stew: - Visas - Food - Medical

Answer 145

www.admiralty.co.uk - Maritime Safety Information - Admiralty Notices to Mariners - Check Weekly Cumulative List in weekly tab - Then click “about” tab and find T’s and P’s - Find any corrections to be applied - Confirm Chart in question is affected - See bottom left corner for edition date and number, and previous corrections applied to chart - Verify Previous Update Applied so no information is missing (always given on new corrections) - Apply Correction to Chart (Magenta ink and note number on bottom left corner), note T’s and P’s in pencil on back of chart and file printed copies - Update Correction Log - Check cumulative list that all correct corrections have been applied

Answer 146

- Temporary Notice (“T”) is of a Temporary Nature - notification of something happening that will NOT result in any permanent changes to the chart (perhaps temporary buoys, etc) - Preliminary Notice informs mariners of works which WILL result in a permanent change to the chart or a new edition. T’s and P’s are written on the outside of the Chart (in little printed box) in pencil and plotted if necessary on the chart in PENCIL (if it directly affects our passage plan). Lastly T’s and P’s are filed for quick reference when needed.

Answer 147

5 C’s of Seaworthiness: - Certification - Compliance with Class and Flag - Compliance being fit for voyage - Crew - Condition (Stability, Watertight integrity, Manning, Equipment in good condition, Main Machinery Reliability)

Answer 148

Provide a direct link between the vessel and the highest level of management, which in the company is the Managing Director. DPA has overall responsibility for the content, introduction, and document control of all matters relating to the Company’s SMS. Additionally the DPA is to monitor the safety, pollution free operations of the yacht as well as applicable Maritime Labour Convention aspects he has full access to the Managing Director and is supported in this function by the operations department.

Answer 149

Can: 1. Coast Radio Stations Randy: 2. Radio Navigation Aids Maidens: 3. Maritime Safety Information Make: 4. Meteorology Observation stations Good: 5. GMDSS Partners: 6. Pilot services, VTS & Port Operations

Answer 150

Special structures such as light houses, beacons, buoys, that are used to enhance safety by providing more opportunities to obtain LOP’s. Standard buoys shapes include:

Answer 151

The time in seconds needed for one complete cycle of changes.

Answer 152

Maximum distance at which a given light signal can be seen by the eye of the observer at a given time, as determined by the meteorological visibility prevailing at that time. It does not take into account height of eye, or curvature of the earth. Standards to describe reduced visibility: Very poor: <0.5 NM Poor: 0.5 - 2 NM Moderate: 2 - 5 NM Good: >5 NM

Answer 153

The luminous range when the daytime meteorological visibility is 10 NM, which is 74% transmission. Nominal range is generally the figure used in official documentation such as nautical chart, lists of lights, etc. Nominal range assumes that the light is observed against a dark background, free of background lighting. If not stated in the chart, consult the list of lights. The luminous range is the effective nominal range when the atmospheric visibility is NOT 10 NM.

Answer 154

Geographic range is based on the elevation of the light, the height of the observer and the curvature of the earth. A higher light means that it’s horizon is farther away, see distance of horizon. Similarly, if the observers height of eye is higher than sea level the light can be seen beyond its geographic range. i.e. the dipping range. So, a light - perched at 70m high - with a geographic range of 20 NM will not be detectable by the human eye (eye at 2m) at a distance of 6 NM, if… 1. …the nominal range is just 5 NM, since the light is not very bright. 2. …the luminous range is just 5 NM, due to a “light haze”.

Answer 155

When comparing the geographic range with the light’s luminous range, then the lesser of the two ranges is the range at which the light will first be sighted: the visible range.

Answer 156

When first sighting a light, an observer can determine if it is on the horizon by immediately reducing his height of eye. If the light disappears and the reappears when the observer returns to his original height, the light is on the horizon. This process is called “bobbing a light”. Loom: it is possible to derive a compass bearing from the loom of a light by the reflection of the light against the clouds (due to limiting factor of geographic range one may be further away still and only see loom).

Answer 157

The range of a lighted buoy is never indicated, but on a clear night the maximum range is 3 NM, yet often considerably less. There are two visual clues to determine your distance from a buoy, at about 0.5 NM, the light will rise up from the horizon, and at about 200m, the light will reflect in the surface.

Answer 158

- Call Master - Sound General emergency alarm - Shut down ventilation system - Muster crew to fire control stations - Conduct fire control procedures - Assess proximity to navigational hazards; traffic, etc. and manoeuvre as appropriate - Broadcast URGENCY / DISTRESS as appropriate - Inform VTS or Port Authorities as appropriate - Maintain log of events

Answer 159

Northern Hemisphere: - If in dangerous semicircle, proceed as fast as possible with wind on stb bow. - If in navigable semicircle, proceed as fast as possible with wind on stb quarter. Southern Hemisphere: - If in dangerous semicircle, proceed as fast as possible with wind on port bow. - If in navigable semicircle, proceed as fast as possible with wind on port quarter.

Answer 160

Legislation and guidance is promulgated in various forms, e.g. COSWOP, Shipping Notices, REG code, Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code). Regulatory function.

Answer 161

Described in MGN 1858: - MCA COC - Passport - Seaman’s Discharge Book - Signed SEA - STCW (First Aid, Sea Survival, Fire Fighting, Security Awareness) - PSSR Personnel Safety and Security Responsibilities

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