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4200: Pharmaceutics > Solid State > Flashcards

Solid State Flashcards

1
Q

the design of a drug appropriate dosage form naturally depends on the _________ of the drug

A

physical properties

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2
Q

what are physical properties of a drug

A

the inherent characteristics of a substance that are dependent on its physical state

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3
Q

what is the primary property of a drug?

A

its physical state (solid, liquid, gas, ect)

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4
Q

is the physical state of a molecule an absolute property?

A

no, it is dependent upon the conditions under which it is placed

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5
Q

define physical change

A

when the form of a drug has changed, but the chemical properties are the same

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6
Q

what type of change is dissolution?

A

physical change

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7
Q

most pharmaceutical systems have _____ phases in _________

A

more than one phase, coexistence

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8
Q

what phases interact in suspension?

A

solid and liquid

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9
Q

what phases interact in emulsion?

A

liquid and liquid

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10
Q

what phases interact in tablets?

A

solid and solid

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11
Q

define component

A

chemically recognizable species in a system

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12
Q

what is a binary system?

A

a system that contains 2 component (ex. saline)

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13
Q

define phase

A

a homogenous, physically distinct portion of a system that is separated from the other portions by bounding surfaces; can contain one or more components

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14
Q

what is the term for a single phase system?

A

homogenous system (ex. solution)

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15
Q

what is the term for a system with 2 or more phases?

A

mixtures or heterogenous systems

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16
Q

how many phases and components do water and ethanol have?

A

1 phase

2 components

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17
Q

how many phases and components do water and ice have?

A

2 phases

1 component

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18
Q

how many phases and components do water and NaCl have?

A

1 phase

2 components

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19
Q

how many phases and components do water and oil have?

A

2 phases

2 components

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20
Q

precipitation is also known as _______

A

freezing

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21
Q

where does heat go when there is a solid to liquid phase change?

A

heat goes into the solid as it melts (phase change: melting)

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22
Q

where does heat go when there is a liquid to solid phase change

A

heat leaves the liquid as it freezes (phase change: freezing)

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23
Q

dissolving is also known as ________

A

melting

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24
Q

what type of dosage forms involve the vaporization process?

A

aerosols and inhalers

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25
what process involved sublimation?
freeze drying (lyophilization)
26
what is the term for a phase change from gas to solids?
deposition
27
what is the term for a phase change from gas to liquid?
condensation
28
gas molecules have a _____ kinetic energy
high
29
gas molecules have _____ intermolecular forces
weak
30
what are drugs are commonly used in the gas phase?
volatile anesthetics; generally stored as liquids
31
liquid molecules have _____ kinetic energy than gas molecules
less
32
most pharmaceutical solvents exist in the ____ state
liquid
33
what state exhibits freezing and boiling points, vapor pressure, and surface tension?
liquids
34
most drugs are ________ under ambient conditions
solid
35
what states exhibit compressibility, flow, dissolution rates, melting point, and particle size
solid
36
how does flow relate to solids
how to particle stick together (intermolecular forces)
37
name the distinct physical properties that drugs in the solid form can impact
1. bioavailability 2. therapeutic efficacy 3. stability of dosage form
38
can a solid dosage form interconvert spontaneously?
yes, under certain condition (ex. bathroom) due to heat, cold, moisture, etc.
39
define conformational polymorphism
>different crystalline forms as a result of conformation | >have different physical properties affecting bioavailability, therapeutic efficacy, and stability
40
what are causes of polymorphism in the crystallization process?
1. changes in equipment 2. solvent changes 3. temperature 4. rate of cooling 5. pressure
41
define McCrone's Law
every compound has different polymorphic forms, and in general the number of forms known for a given compound is proportional to the time and money spent in research on that compound infinite # of polymorphs)
42
polymorphism can also change ________
crystal habit
43
define monotropic
when only one polymorphic form is stable, and any other polymorph that is formed will eventually convert to the stable form
44
metastable forms _____ to be stable for a period of time but will eventually _____
appear; convert to the true stable form (equilibrium)
45
define enantropic
under different conditions, the material can reversibly transform between alternative stable forms (polymorphs)
46
what properties differ between polymorphs?
apparent solubility, melting point, spectroscopic properties, dissolution rate, stability, hardness, compressibility, and density
47
most stable polymorph is equal to ____ melting points is equal to _____ is equal to _____ dissolution rate
highest; strong; low
48
due to polymorphism, drugs may require ______
special storage to prevent conversion
49
in suspension, the interconversion of a ______ form to the ______ form can cause caking
metastable to stable
50
the difference in concentration from the metastable form to the stable form acts as a driving force towards ________
crystallization of the stable form (apparent solubility)
51
explain how cocoa butter relates to polymorphism
different heating and cooling temperatures and rates can create different polymorphs
52
define solvate
when a stoichiometric amount of crystallization solvent molecules incorporate into the drug crystal lattice, satisfying all valence forces
53
hydrate
same definition, but the solvent is water
54
solvates ______ polymorphic forms of anhydrates
are not
55
polymorphs have _______ chemical composition
identical
56
define anhydrate
crystal that has had water of crystallization removed via heating
57
how does the loss of water from a hydrate affect the crystal?
>formation of different crystal lattices (collapse and reform) >crystal lattice is unchanged (become void and unstable) >formation of amorphous material (collapses and never reforms)
58
physical properties of a hydrate can differ from anhydrous form in an _______ as polymorphs
``` analogous manner (NOT polymorphs) >habit, hardness, density, melting point, stability, apparent solubility, dissolution rate >ultimately impacts bioavailability ```
59
define pseudo-polymorphic solvates
>solvent is trapped in the voids of the crystal lattice as an impurity (not a part of the crystal lattice) >greater apparent solubility and dissolution rate due to water molecules pushing the lattice apart (causes strain)
60
how do psuedo-polymorphic solvates increase the apparent solubility?
solvent distorts the plane as an interstitial substitution, leading to stress on the crystal lattice
61
define hygroscopicity
the uptake of water from the atmosphere
62
define the 2 types of hygroscopicity
1. absorption to form a hydrate (re-crystallization) | 2. absorption without a major change in the lattice (surface water)
63
define deliquescence
the uptake of sufficient water from the atmosphere to form a solutions
64
define efflorescence
spontaneous loss of water molecules to form a lower hydrate or an anhydrate
65
what is a possible cause of efflorescence
drastic drop in humidity (ex. moving from GA to AZ)
66
define exsiccation
dehydration or partial dehydration produced by heat
67
water adds ______ to a dosage form
mass
68
what are the concerns when dispensing moisture sensitive drugs
storage, vials, desiccants
69
hygroscopic excipients
may absorb water and alter the physical state of the drug (starch)
70
gelatin capsules contain ______ moisture
high
71
describe a concern with granulation
water is added
72
define co-crystal
>crystal composed of drug and other molecules (substitutional defect) (mixed crystal) >a solid where one solid is dissolved/dispersed in another solid
73
what type of defect do co-crystals have?
substitutional defects
74
what is considered a "solid solution"
co-crystal
75
how many phases and components does a co-crystal have
1 phase | 2 components
76
define contact melting
mixtures of pharmaceutical solids will liquefy at a given temperature and composition
77
define eutectics
contact melting; 2 solids interacting together to form a liquid
78
define eutectic point
the lowest temperature in which a liquid phase can exist in a binary system
79
explain what happen below the eutectic point
solid A and B crystallize out, forming a microcrystalline mixture that is distinct from crystalline A or B (intimate crystalline mixture) >see slide
80
define intimate crystalline mixture
structure below the eutectic point that is distinct from crystal A or B
81
list the types of chemicals that form eutectics
1. urea 2. succinic acid 3. aromatics (salon, thymol, camphor, menthol)
82
physical state must be controlled if physical differences between forms have _________
biological significance

4200: Pharmaceutics (4 decks)

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