Solids, liquids and gases

Question 1

What is the formula for density?

Answer 1

Density = mass / volume

Question 2

What units are used to measure mass, volume, and density?

Answer 2

Mass in kg, volume in m³, density in kg/m³

Question 3

How are particles arranged in dense materials?

Answer 3

Particles are packed closer together

Question 4

What is the first step in measuring the density of a regular object?

Answer 4

Use a top pan balance to measure the mass

Question 5

How do you calculate the volume of a solid object?

Answer 5

Measure the sides and calculate using xh x w

Question 6

What method is used to find the volume of a liquid?

Answer 6

Use a measuring cylinder or syringe

Question 7

What is the formula to calculate density?

Answer 7

Density = mass / volume

Question 8

What is the first step in measuring the density of a large irregular object?

Answer 8

Find out the mass using a top pan balance

Question 9

What is a eureka can used for?

Answer 9

To measure the volume of water displaced by an irregular object

Question 10

What do you do after filling a eureka can to the brim?

Answer 10

Wait for it to stop dripping

Question 11

How do you measure the volume of overflow when using a eureka can?

Answer 11

Catch the overflow in a measuring cylinder

Question 12

What is the method for measuring the density of a small irregular solid?

Answer 12

Measure the change in level of water in a measuring cylinder

Question 13

What is the formula for pressure?

Answer 13

Pressure = force / area

Question 14

In what units is pressure measured?

Answer 14

Pascals (Pa) or N/m²

Question 15

What effect does having the same force over a larger area have on pressure?

Answer 15

It reduces the pressure

Question 16

How does pressure act in gases and liquids?

Answer 16

Equally in all directions

Question 17

What happens to pressure as depth increases in gases and liquids?

Answer 17

Pressure increases with depth

Question 18

What is the formula to calculate pressure increase with height?

Answer 18

Pressure increase = height (m) x density x gravity (10N/kg)

Question 19

What is specific heat capacity?

Answer 19

Energy required to raise 1 kg of material by 1°C

Question 20

Do different materials require the same amount of energy to heat?

Answer 20

No, different materials take different amounts of energy

Question 21

What is the formula for calculating change in thermal energy?

Answer 21

Change in (thermal) energy = specific heat capacity (J/kg/°C) x mass (kg) x Change in temperature

This formula highlights the relationship between energy change, specific heat capacity, mass, and temperature change.

Question 22

Define specific heat capacity.

Answer 22

The energy required to raise a 1 kg mass of a material through 1°C

Specific heat capacity varies between different materials.

Question 23

True or False: Materials that require a lot of energy to heat up also release a lot of energy when they cool down.

Answer 23

True

This is a fundamental property of materials with high specific heat capacities.

Question 24

How do you measure the mass of a liquid for specific heat capacity experiments?

Answer 24

Mass of the liquid + container - mass of the container

This method ensures accurate measurement of the liquid’s mass alone.

Question 25

What equipment is used to measure the specific heat capacity of liquids?

Answer 25

Electric immersion heater and a thermometer ## Footnote These tools are essential for heating the liquid and monitoring temperature changes.

Question 26

What is the first step in measuring the specific heat capacity of a liquid?

Answer 26

Measure the starting temperature of the liquid ## Footnote This provides a baseline for calculating temperature change.

Question 27

What should you do after turning on the power supply during the specific heat capacity experiment?

Answer 27

Start a timer ## Footnote Timing is crucial to determine how long the liquid is heated.

Question 28

Fill in the blank: To calculate specific heat capacity, you divide the change in energy by _______.

Answer 28

(mass x change in temperature) ## Footnote This formula allows for the determination of specific heat capacity based on experimental data.

Question 29

What method is used to measure the specific heat capacity of solids?

Answer 29

Use a block of solid with holes for the heater and thermometer, wrapped in insulation ## Footnote This setup minimizes heat loss and allows for accurate measurements.

Question 30

Describe the arrangement of atoms in solids.

Answer 30

Atoms are packed together in a regular structure ## Footnote This arrangement contributes to the rigidity and stability of solids.

Question 31

What is the movement of atoms in a solid?

Answer 31

Atoms cannot move out of their fixed position, but can vibrate.

Question 32

What characterizes the arrangement of atoms in a liquid?

Answer 32

Atoms are close together, but can flow over each other.

Question 33

How do the forces of attraction between particles in liquids compare to those in solids?

Answer 33

Weaker forces of attraction between the particles.

Question 34

What happens to the energy of particles when a substance is heated?

Answer 34

When heated, particles gain internal energy which can cause a rise in temperature or a change in state.

Question 35

What is the primary difference in particle energy between gases and liquids?

Answer 35

Particles in gases have more energy than in liquids and solids.

Question 36

What is the term for the energy stored in particles due to heating?

Answer 36

Thermal energy.

Question 37

True or False: A solid changes state at a variable temperature.

Answer 37

False.

Question 38

What is latent heat?

Answer 38

Energy that causes a change in state without a rise in temperature.

Question 39

List the changes of state from solid to gas.

Answer 39

* Solid - melts → Liquid * Liquid - boils → Gas

Question 40

What occurs during sublimation?

Answer 40

Solid changes directly to gas.

Question 41

What is the relationship between the density of solids and gases?

Answer 41

Densities of solids and liquids are usually much higher than gases.

Question 42

What happens to the volume of a solid when it melts?

Answer 42

There is an increase in volume as the particles are further apart.

Question 43

What is boiling?

Answer 43

Boiling happens at the boiling point when a liquid changes state into a gas.

Question 44

What is the behavior of gas particles in terms of volume and compressibility?

Answer 44

Gases can expand to fill any volume and can also be compressed.

Question 45

What is the key difference in particle movement between solids and gases?

Answer 45

Particles in gases are free to move and travel in random directions and at high speeds.

Question 46

What happens to particle vibrations as temperature increases?

Answer 46

More vibrations occur as particles gain kinetic energy.

Question 47

What is the process of condensation?

Answer 47

Gas changes back to liquid.

Question 48

What does the term 'deposition' refer to?

Answer 48

Gas changing directly to solid.

Question 49

What happens during evaporation?

Answer 49

Evaporation occurs at temperatures lower than the boiling point as particles near the surface can escape if they are fast enough to overcome attractive forces.

Question 50

What occurs during cooling at a constant temperature?

Answer 50

Energy is released while bonds are being formed, and there is no temperature change.

Question 51

What is absolute zero?

Answer 51

Absolute zero is 0K or -273°C, where molecular movement stops due to minimal kinetic energy.

Question 52

How do you convert Celsius to Kelvin?

Answer 52

Add 273 to the Celsius temperature.

Question 53

How do you convert Kelvin to Celsius?

Answer 53

Subtract 273 from the Kelvin temperature.

Question 54

What is the process of condensation?

Answer 54

Condensation is the process of a gas turning into a liquid.

Question 55

What is the freezing point in relation to a liquid?

Answer 55

The freezing point is when a liquid turns into a solid.

Question 56

What is a temperature-time graph used for?

Answer 56

To plot temperature changes over time during heating or cooling processes.

Question 57

What is the first step in obtaining a temperature-time graph?

Answer 57

Fill a beaker with crushed ice and place a thermometer into the beaker.

Question 58

What should you do every twenty seconds during the temperature recording?

Answer 58

Record the temperature.

Question 59

What is the initial state for obtaining a cooling curve?

Answer 59

Start with boiling water.

Question 60

What happens to molecular movement as temperature decreases?

Answer 60

The average speed of the molecules' movement decreases.

Question 61

Fill in the blank: The process of a solid turning into a liquid is called _______.

Answer 61

melting

Question 62

Fill in the blank: A liquid turning into a solid is called _______.

Answer 62

freezing

Question 63

What is the relationship between a change of 1 kelvin and a change of 1 degree Celsius?

Answer 63

A change of 1 kelvin is also a change of 1 degree Celsius.

Question 64

What happens to gas pressure when particles collide with the walls of a sealed container?

Answer 64

They exert a force on it, causing an outwards pressure from inside the container.

Question 65

What could happen to a gas container if it is cooled enough?

Answer 65

The pressure outside the container could be greater than the pressure inside, causing it to crumple.

Question 66

What is the relationship between Kelvin temperature and average kinetic energy of gas molecules?

Answer 66

The Kelvin temperature of a gas is proportional to the average kinetic energy of its molecules.

Question 67

What does the pressure law state?

Answer 67

The pressure of a fixed mass of gas at a constant volume is proportional to its Kelvin temperature.

Question 68

How is the relationship between pressure and temperature expressed mathematically?

Answer 68

Pressure 1 / temperature 1 (in kelvin) = pressure 2 / temperature 2 (in kelvin).

Question 69

What happens to the pressure of a gas as its temperature increases?

Answer 69

The pressure increases.

Question 70

Why does pressure increase when the temperature of a gas rises?

Answer 70

Molecules have more energy, move quicker, and collide more frequently and strongly with the container walls.

Question 71

What is Boyle's law?

Answer 71

The pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume at a constant mass and temperature.

Question 72

How is Boyle's law mathematically represented?

Answer 72

Pressure 1 x volume 1 = pressure 2 x volume 2.

Question 73

What occurs to the pressure of a gas when its volume decreases?

Answer 73

The pressure increases as the gas particles have a smaller space to move around in and so collisions are more frequent and so more force is exerted and thus more pressure.

Question 74

Fill in the blank: Pressure of a gas is _______ proportional to its volume at a constant mass and temperature.

Answer 74

inversely