Solutions Flashcards by Hashem Louzi

Positive heat vs negative heat

Solutions

+ve Higher temp=higher solubility

-ve higher temp=lower solubility

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Factors affect solubility of solutions

1-chemical constitution
2-PH of solution
3-additives I vs KI NaI
4-Temperature

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Weak bases are soluble in:

Weak acids are soluble in:

Diluted acids
Diluted alkaline(bases)

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Salt formation is?———because———

Might be advantageous

Because it might increase solubility

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What is the affect of these in aqueous  solubility
Polar groups
Halogens
Branches
High m.wt

1-like dissolves like +ve
2- lower the solubility the halogens
3-branches are more soluble +ve
4-High molecular weight is hard to solute -ve

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Why we cant use acetone or ether or isopropyl alcohol

Because they are very toxic even though they are perfect solvents for organic compounds

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Alcohol usp

Ethanol C2H5OH
94.9-96%
Dehydrated contains 99.5%
1-can dissolve many water insoluble 
2-water miscible (solution with water)

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FDA REGULATION FOR
less than 6 yrs
6-12
Adults

0.05% less than six
5% for yrs 6-12
10% for adults

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Diluted alcohol volume 50mlH2O + 50ml ethanol

Will give 97ml because it contracts upon mixing by 3%

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Rubbing alcohol:
Denaturants and examples
Cautioins
Uses

70%alcohol+ preservatives and so on
Denaturants=to prevent accidental use or miss use
Cautions= Volatile and flammable
Uses rubefacient/germicidal/pre injection

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Glycerine usp (glycerole)
Charectarestecs
Uses

Charecterstics:clear syrupy
Viscous
Miscible with alcohol and water
Good preservative
Uses:auxiliary with H2O and OH and stabilizer

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Isopropyl rubbing alcohol

With or without additives and oil and perfume stabilizers
Uses are EXTERNALLY 
Rubefecant and soothing rub
Viechle for topical
Pre injection
Disinfectant

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Propylene glycol

Viscous and miscible with alcohol and water

Frequently substituted for glycerine in modern pharmaceutical formulation

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Signs of incompatibilites

Effervesce
Discoloration
Precipitation

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Methods to prepare purified water

1-distillation
2-ionization ION EXCHANGE
3-reverse osmosis

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Parabens and flavoring oils are an example of

Incompatability preservatives and flavors

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Teaspoon
2 teaspoons
Tablespoon

5ml
10ml
15ml

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Example of oral huge dosage drugs

Mg citrate 200ml for adults

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After reconstitution the solution is stable for — to — days in refregerator

7-14

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Reconstitution examples

Cloxacillin sodium
Penicillin v potassium
Potassium chloride KCL(supplement)

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What is the goal for rehydration solutions

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Not to stop diarrhea but to replace lost water and electolytes

What salts do we lose from diarrhea

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Na
K
Bicarbonate

For maximum absorption isotonic solution is needed from: By conc:

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Glucose concentration=mM60

Sodium concentration=mEq 110

One liter of oral rehydration need (substances with mEq)

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45 Na+
35 Cl-
30 citrate
25 glucose
20 K+

Magnisium citrate

Slighltly yellow /clear / effervescent /sweet acidous taste (lemon) 1.55-1.9g in 100ml Fizzy effect= potassium carbonate or pressured carbon dioxide Laxative 300ml bottels Onset 30-2hr

Citric acid (sodium citrate)

67 mg per 100 citric acid Maintenance of alkaline urine and gout therapy since crystallization in acidic urine 10-30ml dose

Sucrose substitutes

Glycogenic Sorbitol -glycerine- propylene glycol Non glycogenic Cellulose methyl and ethyl

Taste maskin from…

Syrup

60-80% 85% + Syrups

60-80 most syrups | 85+ requires mo preservative

Why saturate syrups are not recommended

Might cause crystallization which dilutes the syrup from sucrose and cause M.O to grow

Factors that determine the amount of preservative to be used

1-the proportion of water for M.O growth 2-the nature and inherit preservative 3-the capability for self preserving

Syrups preservation

Maintain high sucrose concentration Storage at low tempreture Ass preservatives

Preservative examples

Benzoic acid 0.1-0.2% Sodium benzoate 0.1-0.2% Parabins combination —0.1%

Flovorsnts

Vanillin and volatile oils

Over heating whould cause sweeter taste and more suciptable to M.O

Excess over-heating would cause in carmelization

Solution without heart but vigorously mixing

Maximum stability | Time consuming

Ipecac syrup

Porcelation

Elixers vs syrup🫥

Elixirs are less sweet and less viscous so bad masking agent compared to syrup Elixirs have improved solubility because it is hydroalcoholic solution

If we have poor solubility elixirs then

We add more alcohol

Artifical sweetners can be advantegous in alcohol why

Because it is slightly soluble in alcohol so not much needed to flavor it

Elixers advantages(but its alcoholic -ve)

Conveniant dosing | Flexability of adminstration

Elixers simple solution with agitation or admixture

Admixture by water soluble togather and alcohol solubile togather After that add water to alcohol to maintain alcohol high conc at all times

Examples of elixers

Phenobarbital elixirs Digoxin elixirs Diphenhydramine

Tinctures

Use amber glass Always close tightly Most not for oral use so advice them

Timctures can be sprays that are | Easy for delevary /non invasive/local and systematic

They can be use to treat sunburn antiseptic/local anesthetics/ skin protect Can be through sprays for laryngitis antiseptic Can be used for foot and fungal infections

Burow’s solution(aluminum acetate solution)

``` Colorless faint acetous odor A tincture Use as skin wash or dressing 10-40parts dilution Comes in tablets or packets of to prepared ```

Calcium hydroxide (limewater)

``` -ve heat 140mg(Ca(OH)2) per 100ml water 300mg to 100ml Then mix 1hr Don’t remove excess and allow it to settle down Only clear supernatent is dispensed ```

Coal tar solutions (LCD solutions)

``` 20% cosl tar 5% polysorbate 80 Black viscous naphtalene like odor 5% poly sorbate prevents seperation of solution 1:10 to skin with water ```

Hydrogen peroxide

H2O2 From reaction of 1-barium oxide with sulpharic or phosphoric acid 2- electromic oxidation of cold concentrated sulfaric acid wich give persulfarice acid that yields hydrogen peroxide Uses:wond cleanser and germicidal(ant-infective)

Why do we use acetanilide with hydrogen peroxide

Stabilizer for decomposition

Solutions Flashcards

(50 cards)