Solutions

Question 1

solution

Answer 1

homogenous mixture of two or more compounds in a single phase

Question 2

solvent vs. solute

Answer 2

solvent = compound of which there is more
solute = less of
(both can be referred to as solvents)

Question 3

general rule for dissolution

Answer 3

like dissolved like

-refers to polarity of solute and solvent

Question 4

London dispersion forces

Answer 4

• highly polar molecules held together by strong molecular bonds formed by attraction between their partially charged ends
• nonpolar molecule held together by weak intermolecular bonds from instantaneous dipole moments

Question 5

ionic compounds dissolved by ___

Answer 5

polar substances

Question 6

solvation

Answer 6

ionic compounds break apart into cations and anions and are surrounded by the oppositely charged ends of the polar solvent

Question 7

____ is good solvent for ionic substances

Answer 7

water

Question 8

hydration

Answer 8

using water as a solvent…when several water molecules attach to one side of ionic compound, they can overcome ionic bonds and break apart compound, molecules surround ion

Question 9

aqueous phase

Answer 9

something that is hydrated

Question 10

electrolyte

Answer 10

compound that forms ions in aqueous solution, create solutions that conduct electricity

Question 11

NO2(-)

Answer 11

nitrite

Question 12

NO3(-)

Answer 12

nitrate

Question 13

SO3(2-)

Answer 13

sulfite

Question 14

SO4(2-)

Answer 14

sulfate

Question 15

ClO(-)

Answer 15

hypochlorite

Question 16

ClO2(-)

Answer 16

chlorite

Question 17

ClO3(-)

Answer 17

chlorate

Question 18

ClO4(-)

Answer 18

perchlorate

Question 19

CO3(2-)

Answer 19

carbonate

Question 20

HCO3(-)

Answer 20

bicarbonate

Question 21

PO4(3-)

Answer 21

phosphate

Question 22

Molarity

Answer 22

moles of the compound divided by the volume of the solution (mol/L)

Question 23

molality

Answer 23

moles of solute divided by kilograms of solvent (mol/kg).

Question 24

mole fraction

Answer 24

moles of a compound divided by total moles of all species in solution

Question 25

mass percentage

Answer 25

100 times the ratio of the mass of the solute to the total mass of the solution

Question 26

parts per million (ppm)

Answer 26

10^6 times the ratio of the mass of the solute to the total mass of the solution

Question 27

solution formation and heat of solution

Answer 27

step 1: breaking bonds of solute, endothermic, +delta H1 step 2: braking bonds of solvent, endothermic, +delta H2 step 3: formation of bonds between solvent and solute, exothermic, -delta H3 heat of solution = delta H1 + delta H2 + delta H3 ; overall change in energy of the reaction is equal to the change in enthalpy

Question 28

negative heat of solution

Answer 28

stronger intermolecular bonds, lower vapor pressure

Question 29

positive heat of solution

Answer 29

weaker intermolecular bonds, raise vapor pressure

Question 30

formation of solution usually involves ___ in entropy

Answer 30

increase in entropy....combined mixture is more disordered than the separated pure substances

Question 31

when gas dissolves in liquid or solid, entropy change is...

Answer 31

negative

Question 32

one condensed phase (liquid or solid) dissolving into another, ___ in entropy

Answer 32

increase

Question 33

vapor pressure

Answer 33

partial pressure of the compound necessary to create equilibrium between the liquid and gas phases of a compound

Question 34

vapor pressure is function of ___

Answer 34

temperature, increases with temp

Question 35

evaporates when...

Answer 35

vapor pressure of liquid phase is greater than partial pressure of gaseous phase

Question 36

condense when...

Answer 36

vapor pressure of liquid phase is smaller than partial pressure of gaseous phase

Question 37

boiling occurs when...

Answer 37

vapor pressure of liquid equals atmospheric pressure

Question 38

melting occurs when....

Answer 38

vapor pressure of solid phase equals vapor pressure of liquid phase above melting point - liquid vapor pressure is greater than solid below melting point - liquid vapor pressure is less than solid

Question 39

nonvolatile solute

Answer 39

solute with no vapor pressure

Question 40

Raoult's law (general)

Answer 40

vapor pressure of solution is proportional to the mole fraction of the liquid and vapor pressure of the pure liquid P_v = X_a * P_a for when nonvolatile solute added to liquid P_v = X_a * P_a + X_b * P_b

Question 41

volatile solute

Answer 41

solute with vapor pressure

Question 42

Raoult's law for nonvolatile solutes

Answer 42

if 97% of the solution is solvent, then the vapor pressure will be 97% of the vapor pressure of the pure solvent

Question 43

Raoult's law for volatile solutes

Answer 43

if 97% of the solution is solvent, then the vapor pressure will be 97% of the vapor pressure of the pure solvent plus 3% of the vapor pressure of the pure solute

Question 44

vapor pressure of ideal solution is

Answer 44

sum of the individual partial vapor pressures

Question 45

precipitation

Answer 45

reverse reaction of dissolving salt, slower rate than dissolution initially then equilibrate

Question 46

saturated

Answer 46

rate of dissolution and precipitation are equal, concentration of dissolved salt has reached a maximum

Question 47

solubility product K_sp

Answer 47

set equal to products over reactants raised to the power of their coefficients in the balanced equation, leave out pure solids and liquids changes with temperature

Question 48

crystallization is (exo/endothermic)

Answer 48

exothermic

Question 49

solubility depends on

Answer 49

temperature and ions in solution

Question 50

common ion added to a saturated solution...

Answer 50

will shift the equilibrium increasing precipitate, does not affect K_sp

Question 51

common ion added to solution that is not saturated

Answer 51

will not shift the equilibrium (no equilibrium to shift)

Question 52

spectator ions

Answer 52

no effect on equilibrium

Question 53

pressure on a gas ___ solubility

Answer 53

increases

Question 54

solubility of a gas is proportional to....

Answer 54

its vapor partial pressure

Question 55

partial vapor pressure of a solution is always proportional to its ___

Answer 55

mole fraction

Question 56

if component predominates as solvent,

Answer 56

Raoult's law says the partial vapor pressure is proportional to the pure vapor pressure

Question 57

if component represents tiny amount of solution,

Answer 57

vapor partial pressure is proportional to henry's law constant

Question 58

as temp increases, solubility of gas ...

Answer 58

decreases