Solutions and Electro Chemistry

Question 1

Dissolving principle

Answer 1

Like dissolves like

Question 2

Nitrite

Answer 2

NO2-

Question 3

Nitrate

Answer 3

NO3-

Question 4

Sulfite

Answer 4

SO3^2-

Question 5

Sulfate

Answer 5

SO4^2-

Question 6

Hypochlorite

Answer 6

CIO-

Question 7

Chlorite

Answer 7

CIO2-

Question 8

Chlorate

Answer 8

ClO3-

Question 9

Perchlorate

Answer 9

CIO4-

Question 10

Carbonate

Answer 10

CO3^2-

Question 11

Bicarbonate

Answer 11

HCO3-

Question 12

Phospahte

Answer 12

PO4^3-

Question 13

Ammonium

Answer 13

NH4+

Question 14

Molarity (M)

Answer 14

moles solute/vol of soln in mol/L

Question 15

Molality (m)

Answer 15

moles solute/kg of solvent in mol/kg

Question 16

Mole fraction (x)

Answer 16

moles of com/total moles

Question 17

Mass percentage

Answer 17

Mass solute/mass soln X 100

Question 18

Parts per million (ppm)

Answer 18

10^6 X mass solute/mass soln

Question 19

Vapor Pressure

Answer 19

Pressure created by molecules in open space and equilibrium (T dependent)

Question 20

Evaporation

Answer 20

When partial pressure of water vapor is lower than the vapor pressure

Question 21

Condense

Answer 21

When partial pressure of water vapor is higher than the vapor pressure

Question 22

Boiling

Answer 22

When vapor pressures equals local atmospheric pressure

Question 23

Melting

Answer 23

Vapor pressure of solid equals vapor pressure of liquid

Question 24

Non-volatile solute

Answer 24

No vapor pressure

Pv=xa Pa

Question 25

Volatile solution

Answer 25

has vp | Pv = xa Pa + xb Pv

Question 26

Spectator ions

Answer 26

Don't have effect on equilibrium

Question 27

Common ion effect

Answer 27

Ion in "common" with an ion in equilibrium equation

Question 28

Solubility guidelines: Soluble in water

Answer 28

- Nitrate (NO3-), ammonium (NH4+), alkali metals (Li+, Na+,K+), - Halogens (Cl-,Br-,I-) except (Hg, Pb, Ag comp), - Sulfate compounds (SO4^2-) except (Hg, Pb, Ca, Sr, Ba), -Heavier alkaline metals (Ca^2+, Sr^2+,Ba^2+) when paired with sulfides (S^2-) - Smaller and less charged compounds in general

Question 29

Solubility guidelines: Insoluble in water

Answer 29

-Carbonates (CO3^2-), phosphates (PO4^3-), Hydroxides (OH-), sulfides (S^2-)

Question 30

Factors that affect solubility

Answer 30

Pressure: increases solubility of gas Temperature: increases solubility of most salts (decreases with gas dissolved into liquid)

Question 31

Reducing agent

Answer 31

Atom losing e- is oxidized

Question 32

Oxidizing agent

Answer 32

Atom gaining e- is reduced

Question 33

Oxidation State

Answer 33

``` Must add up to charge of molecule Atom in element form: 0 Grp 1: +1 Grp2: +2 Grp 15: +3 Grp 16: -2 Grp 17: -1 ```

Question 34

Electric Potential (E)

Answer 34

Due to e- being transferred Large E, stronger oxidizing agent Small E, stronger reducing agents Switch sign for oxidizing potential

Question 35

Balancing Redox Rxns

Answer 35

``` Divide rxn into 1/2 rxns Balance elements other than H and O Add H20 to balance O Add H+ to balance H Add e- to balance charge Multiply rxns by # to make equal # of e- Add two 1/2 rxns and simplify ```

Question 36

Galvanic/voltaic cell

Answer 36

T-E-I-E'-T' Cathode + (reduction) Anode - (oxidation) e- flow anode -> cathode

Question 37

Free energy

Answer 37

ΔG=-nFEmax F=96,486 c/mol

Question 38

Nerst Equation

Answer 38

Used to express resting potential | E=E° - RT/nF log (Q) or E=E° - .06/n log(Q)

Question 39

Concentration cell

Answer 39

reduction 1/2 rxn takes place in one 1/ cell while reerse rxn occurs in other

Question 40

Electrolytic cell

Answer 40

Hooks power source across resistance of falvanc cell and forces rxn to run in reverse