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RESP 110: Egan's Chapter 13 > Solutions, Colloids, and Suspensions > Flashcards

Solutions, Colloids, and Suspensions Flashcards

1
Q

A stable mixture of two or more substances that cannot be separated using a centrifuge.

A

Solution

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2
Q

A substance that dissolves in a solvent.

A

Solute

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3
Q

What are the 3 ways substances and particles combine with water?

A

Colloids, suspensions, solutions

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4
Q

The medium in which a solute dissolves.

A

Solvent

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5
Q

What is considered the universal solvent?

A

Water

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6
Q

What are the 3 basic types of physiologic solutions?

A

ionic, polar covalent, nonpolar covalent,

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7
Q

An example of an ionic (electrovalent) solution is?

A

saline solution (0.9% NaCl)

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8
Q

An example of a polar covalent solution is?

A

Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Acetic acid (CH3COOH)

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9
Q

An example of a nonpolar covalent solution is?

A

Glucose (C6H12O6)

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10
Q

A solution in which a solute dissociates into ions is called?

A

electrolyte solution

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11
Q

cations

A

positive ions that migrate to a cathode

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12
Q

anions

A

negative ions that migrate to an anode

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13
Q

Nonelectrolytes

A

nonpolar covalent solutions where the solute remains intact and does not carry a positive or negative charge

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14
Q

colloids (dispersions/gels)

A

consist of large molecules that attract and hold water; example=protoplasm inside cells

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15
Q

hydrophilic

A

water loving

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16
Q

hypotonic

A

having a lower concentration of electrolytes than body plasma

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17
Q

Suspensions

A

composed of larger particles that float within a liquid; capable of separation with a centrifuge; example=RBCs in plasma

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18
Q

solubility

A

the ease with which a solute dissolves in a solvent

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19
Q

What are the 5 factors that influence solubility

A
  1. nature of the solute
  2. nature of the solvent
  3. temperature
  4. pressure
  5. concentration
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20
Q

how does temperature affect solubility?

A

more gas dissolves in a liquid at lower temperatures; as temp increases the gas comes out of solution

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21
Q

Henry’s Law

A

describes the effect of pressure on solubility of a gas in a liquid; as pressure increases, more gas dissolves as the pressure increases

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22
Q

concentration

A

the amount of solute dissolved into the solvent

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23
Q

example of qualitative description of a solution

A

dilute

24
Q

example of quantitative description of a solution

A

50 mL of 4.0 M solution

25
Q

dilute solution

A

small amount of solute relative to the solvent

26
Q

saturated solution

A

solvent cannot dissolve anymore solute; additional solute would just settle to the bottom

27
Q

supersaturated solution

A

a solution where the solvent contains more solute than a saturated solution at the same temperature and pressure

28
Q

What are the Starling forces?

A

The four separate forces (2 hydrostatic, 2 colloid) driving fluid filtration across a capillary wall

29
Q

According to the Starling forces, if the net result of fluid transfer across a membrane is positive, that means what?

A

fluid from the capillary moves into the interstitium

30
Q

According to the Starling forces, if the net result of fluid transfer across a membrane is negative, that means what?

A

Fluid will be reabsorbed from the insterstitium back into the capillary.

31
Q

What is the most important physiologic characteristic of solutions within the body?

A

Their ability to exert pressure.

32
Q

What is osmotic/oncotic pressure?

A

the minimum pressure that must be applied to a solution to halt the flow of solvent particles through a semipermeable membrane

33
Q

What is a semipermeable membrane?

A

a membrane that permits passage of solvent molecules but not solute; example=capillary wall

34
Q

How can osmotic pressure be measured?

A

by connecting a pressure manometer to the expanding side of the semipermeable membrane

35
Q

What is osmolality?

A

the ratio of solute to solvent (water)

36
Q

What is tonicity?

A

the relative concentrations of solutions that determine the direction and extent of diffusion and is influenced by the amount of solute that cannot cross the membrane

37
Q

What is the tonicity of body cellular fluid?

A

0.9%

38
Q

What does isotonic mean?

A

solutions with the same tonicity; physiologically, this would be 0.9% saline solution and body cellular fluid

39
Q

What does hypertonic mean?

A

more tonicity (more oncotic pressure and higher concentration due to less water); example=sputum induction 3-7% saline

40
Q

What does hypotonic mean?

A

less tonicity (less oncotic pressure and lower concentration due to more water)

41
Q

What is turgor?

A

the pressure inside a cell that counteracts osmotic pressure

42
Q

2 ways to quantify the amount of solute in a solution

A
  1. weight (mg or g)
  2. electronegativity (chemical combining power, Na+ or HCO3-)
43
Q

What are equivalent weights?

A

Amounts of substances that have equal chemical combining power (gEq and mEq)

44
Q

1 gEq=? mEq

A

0.001 gEq

45
Q

What is valence?

A

the number of electrons that need to be added or removed to make a substance electrically neutral

46
Q

How do you calculate gram equivalent weights?

A

gEq=gram molecular weight/valence
Example= Fe3+ has an atomic weight of 55.8
so 55.8/3=18.6 g

47
Q

How do you calculate the gEq of an acid?

A

gEq of an acid=gram molecular weight of the acid/ the number of replaceable hydrogen atoms

48
Q

How do you calculate the gEq of a base?

A

gEq of a base=gram molecular weight/the number of OH- groups

49
Q

How do you convert gram weight to gEq?

A

gEq=gram weights/gEq
Example=58.5 g NaCl/gEq 58.5 g=1 gEq

50
Q

How do you convert gEq to milliequivalent weights?

A

mEq=gEq/1000

51
Q

How do you convert mg/dl to mEq/L?

A

mEq/L=(mg/dl x 10)/equivalent weight

52
Q

What are the 6 methods to quantify the amount of solute in solution?

A
  1. ratio solution
  2. weight per volume solution
  3. percent solutions
  4. Molal solutions
  5. molar solutions
  6. normal solutions
53
Q

What is the dilution equation?

A

V1C1=V2C2

54
Q

Dilute 10 mL of a 2% solution to a concentration of 0.5%.

A

V2=(10 mL x 0.02)/0.005
V2=40 mL

55
Q
A

RESP 110: Egan's Chapter 13 (1 decks)

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