Sophmore year finals

Question 1

radial symmetry

Answer 1

body parts are arranged around a central axis (jellyfish, sea anemones)

Question 2

bilateral symmetry

Answer 2

when you divide the body there are 2 superficial mirror images (humans, butterflies, dogs)

Question 3

asymmetrical

Answer 3

cannot be divided to make identical parts (sponge

Question 4

diploblasts

Answer 4

2 living germ layers - endoderm and ectoderm
1 non living germ layer

Question 5

tripliblasts

Answer 5

3 germ layers - endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm

Question 6

three main cavities in mammals

Answer 6

theracic, abdominal, cranial

Question 7

coelomates

Answer 7

develops a coelom (body cavity)
derived from mesoderm

Question 8

acoelomates

Answer 8

no coelom, their mesoderm is filled w tissue

Question 9

pseudocoelomates

Answer 9

“false” coelum
partly developing from endoderm and partly from mesoderm

Question 10

bioenergetics

Answer 10

study of how animals gain and use energy

Question 11

photoautotraughs

Answer 11

make their own food/energy from light (plants)

Question 12

heterotrophs

Answer 12

get energy from others (animals)

Question 13

chemoautotrophs

Answer 13

make own energy from chemicals/inorganic material

Question 14

endothermic

Answer 14

warm blooded
keep heat inside, can regulate body temp

Question 15

ectotherms

Answer 15

cold blooded
not able to regulate body temp

Question 16

torpor

Answer 16

way of decreasing energy expenditure by decreasing activity
hibernation - has to occur over long periods

Question 17

savanna

Answer 17

• grassland with scattered trees
• africa, south america, northern australia
• 3.9-15.7 inches (low)
• plants have elaborate roots systems

Question 18

temperate forests

Answer 18

• north america, western europe, eastern asia, chile, new zealand
• 29.5 - 59 inches
• temp varies
  less diversity of trees than tropical rainforest

Question 19

arctic tundra

Answer 19

• north of boreal forest
• 37-52 in summer
• (-29 average in winter)
• perma frost ( frozen layer of soul, roots can’t go through)
• 10-12 wks growing szn, plants grow fast cuz it’s always daylight

Question 20

abiotic factors

Answer 20

non living factors (temp, rain, sunlight)

Question 21

biotic factors

Answer 21

living (plants, animals)

Question 22

photic zone

Answer 22

part of the ocean that light penetrates (200m)

Question 23

aphotic zone

Answer 23

part of ocean where light does not penetrate (4000m)

Question 24

abyssal zone

Answer 24

deepest part, no light, some special types of life (10,000m)

Question 25

intertidal zone

Answer 25

beach variable environment bc of tides

Question 26

nertic zone

Answer 26

where plants and plankton are 200 meters (continental shelf) light penetrates

Question 27

pelagic or open ocean zone

Answer 27

not benthic includes most of what we call open waters

Question 28

benthic zone

Answer 28

composed of dead organisms and sand cold but above freezing where most life is found, rich because of dead organisms

Question 29

asexual reproduction

Answer 29

- offspring are genetically identical - harder to adapt cuz there’s no genetic diversity - faster and easier reproduction - works better in an unchanging environment

Question 30

binary fission

Answer 30

organism grows, and after, it splits in two (sea anemones, coral polyps)

Question 31

budding

Answer 31

outgrowth of a part of an animal that separates and becomes another animal

Question 32

fragmentation

Answer 32

the breaking of the body into parts with regeneration - one part is bigger than the other (starfish)

Question 33

parthenogenesis

Answer 33

an egg develops into complete individual w/out fertilization (mostly reptiles)

Question 34

sexual reproduction

Answer 34

reproductive cells (gametes) come together for fertilization - haploid cells come together to form a diploid - more genetic diversity, good for adaption, stronger against diseases and malformations - takes longer/less efficient

Question 35

hermaphroditism

Answer 35

one animal has both male and female reproductive systems (invertebrates, tapeworms, snails) - can fertilize themselves or be fertilized by a male

Question 36

female sex determination

Answer 36

true x chromosomes - 2 copies of x chromosomes

Question 37

male sex determination

Answer 37

- x and y chromosomes

Question 38

external fertilization

Answer 38

- usually done in the water - genetic diversity - makes a lot more but they have a lower chance of survival can be triggered by water temp or length of daylight

Question 39

internal fertilization

Answer 39

usually in land animals - oviparity - ovoviparity - viviparity

Question 40

oviparity

Answer 40

egg is fertilized inside, then laid outside, but still needs to develop (amphibians, birds)

Question 41

oVOviparity

Answer 41

egg fertilized inside, and stays inside female - egg still gets nutrients from yolk ( some sharks, some lizards, some snakes)

Question 42

viviparity

Answer 42

THATS US!!! offspring develop inside female, get nourishment from female, then are born alive (most mammals, some bony fish)

Question 43

gregor mendel

Answer 43

1822-1884 - father of genetics - proposed continuous variation theory

Question 44

trait

Answer 44

variation in the PHYSICAL appearance of a heritable characteristic

Question 45

hybridization

Answer 45

mating true breeding organisms with different traits

Question 46

dominant trait

Answer 46

traits that are inherited unchanged in hybridization

Question 47

recessive trait

Answer 47

trait that is dormant (disappears) in hybridization

Question 48

genotype

Answer 48

genetic component of a triat

Question 49

phenotype

Answer 49

physical component of a trait

Question 50

homozygous

Answer 50

2 dominant or 2 recessive

Question 51

heterozygous

Answer 51

1 dominant or 1 recessive

Question 52

allele

Answer 52

gene caries 1 copy of the gene

Question 53

incomplete dominance

Answer 53

a blend of the dominant and recessive alleles

Question 54

codominance

Answer 54

two alleles for the same trait are simultaneously expressed

Question 55

multiple alleles

Answer 55

more than 2 alleles that express the same trait

Question 56

x linked traits

Answer 56

only present in a x chromosome

Question 57

mendel’s experiment

Answer 57

he combined a yellow seeded pea plant and a green seeded pea plant and their offspring were all yellow. but then the then he allowed that second generation to reproduce and some were green, meaning that the green trait had been in there all along but had been hidden.